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Sinhorin AP, Kerkhoff J, Dall'Oglio EL, de Jesus Rodrigues D, de Vasconcelos LG, Sinhorin VDG. Chemical profile of the parotoid gland secretion of the Amazonian toad (Rhinella margaritifera). Toxicon 2020; 182:30-33. [PMID: 32387184 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The secreted poisonin bufonids (Anura: Bufonidae) include proteins, biogenic amines, toxic bufadienolides and alkaloids. The chemical composition of the methanolic extract of parotoid gland secretions by the Amazonian toad Rhinella margaritifera was evaluated in a UFLC-DAD-micrOTOF system. Of the twenty three compounds found in the methanolic extract, eighteen were identified by the mass/charge ratio as: five arginine diacids, six bufagenins (telocinobufagin, marinobufagin, bufotalin, cinobufotalin, bufalin and cinobufagin), six bufotoxins, and an alkaloid (dehydrobufotenin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Paulo Sinhorin
- Laboratórios Integrados de Pesquisa em Química (LIPEQ), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus de Sinop. Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, nº 1200, Bairro Setor Industrial, CEP 78557-267, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Kerkhoff
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - PPG-BIONORTE, Coordenação Geral do Doutorado em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Predio da Veterinária. Av. Lourenço Vieira da Silva, nº 1000, CEP: 65.055-310, São Luis, MA, Brazil; Laboratórios Integrados de Pesquisa em Química (LIPEQ), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus de Sinop. Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, nº 1200, Bairro Setor Industrial, CEP 78557-267, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Evadro Luiz Dall'Oglio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - PPG-BIONORTE, Coordenação Geral do Doutorado em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Predio da Veterinária. Av. Lourenço Vieira da Silva, nº 1000, CEP: 65.055-310, São Luis, MA, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciência Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, nº 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues
- Laboratórios Integrados de Pesquisa em Química (LIPEQ), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus de Sinop. Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, nº 1200, Bairro Setor Industrial, CEP 78557-267, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Gomes de Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciência Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, nº 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Dornelles Gindri Sinhorin
- Laboratórios Integrados de Pesquisa em Química (LIPEQ), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus de Sinop. Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, nº 1200, Bairro Setor Industrial, CEP 78557-267, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Cao Y, Cui K, Pan H, Wu J, Wang L. The impact of multiple climatic and geographic factors on the chemical defences of Asian toads (Bufo gargarizans Cantor). Sci Rep 2019; 9:17236. [PMID: 31754241 PMCID: PMC6872595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical defences are widespread in nature, yet we know little about whether and how climatic and geographic factors affect their evolution. In this study, we investigated the natural variation in the concentration and composition of the main bufogenin toxin in adult Asian toads (Bufo gargarizans Cantor) captured in twenty-two regions. Moreover, we explored the relative importance of eight climatic factors (average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average relative humidity, 20-20 time precipitation, maximum continuous precipitation, maximum ground temperature, and minimum ground temperature) in regulating toxin production. We found that compared to toads captured from central and southwestern China, toads from eastern China secreted higher concentrations of cinobufagin (CBG) and resibufogenin (RBG) but lower concentrations of telocinobufagin (TBG) and cinobufotalin (CFL). All 8 climatic variables had significant effects on bufogenin production (ri>0.5), while the plastic response of bufogenin toxin to various climate factors was highly variable. The most important climatic driver of total bufogenin production was precipitation: the bufogenin concentration increased with increasing precipitation. This study indicated that the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in chemical defences may depend at least partly on the geographic variation of defensive toxins and their climatic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Keke Cui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongye Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiheng Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Longhu Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Hettyey A, Üveges B, Móricz ÁM, Drahos L, Capon RJ, Van Buskirk J, Tóth Z, Bókony V. Predator-induced changes in the chemical defence of a vertebrate. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1925-1935. [PMID: 31408536 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Inducible defences are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, but little is known about facultative changes in chemical defences in response to predators, especially so in vertebrates. 2. We tested for predator-induced changes in toxin production of larval common toads (Bufo bufo), which are known to synthesize bufadienolide compounds. 3. The experiment included larvae originating from three permanent and three temporary ponds reared in the presence or absence of chemical cues of three predators: dragonfly larvae, newts or fish. 4. Tadpoles raised with chemical cues of predation risk produced higher numbers of bufadienolide compounds and larger total bufadienolide quantities than predator-naive conspecifics. Further, the increase in intensity of chemical defence was greatest in response to fish, weakest to newts and intermediate to dragonfly larvae. Tadpoles originating from temporary and permanent ponds did not differ in their baseline toxin content or in the magnitude of their induced chemical responses. 5. These results provide the first compelling evidence for predator-induced changes in chemical defence of a vertebrate that may have evolved to enhance survival under predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Hettyey
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Üveges
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes M Móricz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Josh Van Buskirk
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Zoology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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