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MacMillan Uribe AL, Leung CW, Crawford SD, Leak TM. Association Between Birthplace and Time in the United States With Diet Quality in US Adolescents: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007 to 2018. J Nutr 2022; 152:2505-2513. [PMID: 36774116 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During adolescence, diet quality reaches its lowest point compared to other childhood life stages. Acculturation is associated with decreased diet quality among many groups of US immigrant adults, but research is limited among adolescents. OBJECTIVES We investigated the associations between birthplace and length of time living in the United States, 2 proxy measures of acculturation, and diet quality among adolescents (12-19 years old). METHODS Data were from the NHANES (2007-2018), which included two 24-hour dietary recalls (n = 6113) to estimate Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) total scores and component scores. Multivariate linear regression and generalized linear models were performed to compare HEI-2015 total scores and component scores between US-born adolescents (n = 5342) and foreign-born adolescents with <5 years (n = 244), 5 to <10 years (n = 201), and ≥10 years (n = 290) of US residency. RESULTS Foreign-born adolescents with <5 years (53.3 ± 1.2), 5 to <10 years (51.4 ± 1.5), and ≥10 years of US residency (49.9 ± 0.8) had higher HEI-2015 total scores than US-born adolescents (47.0 ± 0.3; P < 0.0001) and higher component scores for total vegetables, seafood and plant proteins, and added sugars (P values ≤ 0.0001). Foreign-born adolescents with more years of US residency had higher component scores for total fruits, whole fruits, and saturated fats than those with fewer years of US residency. A sensitivity analysis revealed this pattern held for Mexican-American and other Hispanic adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Being born outside the United States and living in the United States for less time (among foreign-born adolescents) are associated with higher diet quality. Culturally informed health promotion programs may help to reduce diet-related disparities related to acculturation among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy W Leung
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott D Crawford
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tashara M Leak
- Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Omer Gilon M, Balmakov Y, Gelman S, Twig G. Adolescent Immigration and Type-2 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:60. [PMID: 34902101 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type-2 diabetes (T2D) in children and adolescents has become an increasingly important public health concern, currently accounting for nearly half of all diabetes cases in this age group in some countries. With immigration growing worldwide, immigrants as a subpopulation warrant special attention. Although the association of immigration and T2D has been explored in older persons, few studies have examined it in adolescent immigrants. RECENT FINDINGS Of 64 studies, only 8 were relevant and elaborated on in this review. Our findings show that adolescent immigrants to Western countries seem to benefit an overall favorable metabolic profile that is associated with lower odds to dysmetabolism. However, this protective effect wanes over time with longer years of residency and plateaus at approximately a decade from arrival. As immigration becomes a global phenomenon, pediatric T2D in these special populations has major public health and socioeconomic implications. Improving immigrants' access to healthcare, healthcare education and utilization, and specific cultural programs for prevention and treatment of T2D are important to ensure the accessibility of preventive medical services to young immigrants. Further research should be considered to help identify at-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma'ayan Omer Gilon
- The Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yulia Balmakov
- The Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Gelman
- The Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilad Twig
- The Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Wolf RM, Nagpal M, Magge SN. Diabetes and cardiometabolic risk in South Asian youth: A review. Pediatr Diabetes 2021; 22:52-66. [PMID: 32666595 PMCID: PMC8191592 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asians are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease at lower body mass index compared to other ancestral groups. Many factors contribute to this increased risk, including genetics, maternal-fetal factors, diet, fitness, body composition, and unique pathophysiology. Increased cardiometabolic risk is also seen at younger ages in South Asian individuals as compared to their White counterparts. This risk persists in migrant communities outside of South Asia. With the growing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the South Asian population, it is imperative that we had better understand the mechanisms underlying this increased risk and implement strategies to address this growing public health problem during childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa M Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Mohika Nagpal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Sheela N. Magge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Copeland JK, Chao G, Vanderhout S, Acton E, Wang PW, Benchimol EI, El-Sohemy A, Croitoru K, Gommerman JL, Guttman DS. The Impact of Migration on the Gut Metagenome of South Asian Canadians. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-29. [PMID: 33794735 PMCID: PMC8023248 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1902705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
South Asian (SA) Canadian immigrants have a higher risk of developing certain immune-mediated inflammatory diseases compared to non-migrant SAs. We sought to investigate the effect of migration on the gut metagenome and to identify microbiological associations between migration and conditions that may influence the development of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Metagenomic analysis of 58 first-generation (GEN1) SA immigrants and 38 unrelated Canadian born children-of-immigrants (GEN2) determined that the time lived in Canada was associated with continued changes in gut microbial communities. Migration of GEN1 to Canada early in life results in a gut community with similarities to GEN2 SA Canadians and non-SA North Americans. Conversely, GEN1 immigrants who arrived recently to Canada exhibited pronounced differences from GEN2, while displaying microbial similarities to a non-migrating SA cohort. Multivariate analysis identified that community composition was primarily influenced by high abundance taxa. Prevotella copri dominated in GEN1 and non-migrant SAs. Clostridia and functionally related Bacteroidia spp. replaced P. copri dominance over generations in Canada. Mutually exclusive Dialister species occurred at differing relative abundances over time and generations in Canada. This shift in species composition is accompanied by a change in genes associated with carbohydrate utilization and short-chain fatty acid production. Total energy derived from carbohydrates compared to protein consumption was significantly higher for GEN1 recent immigrants, which may influence the functional requirements of the gut community. This study demonstrates the associations between migration and the gut microbiome, which may be further associated with the altered risk of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases observed for SA Canadians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K. Copeland
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
| | - Gary Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
| | - Shelley Vanderhout
- Nutrigenomix, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
| | - Erica Acton
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
| | - Pauline W. Wang
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
| | - Eric I. Benchimol
- Department of Pediatrics, and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CA, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
| | - Ken Croitoru
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, CA, Canada
| | | | - David S. Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
| | - the GEMINI Research Team
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
- Nutrigenomix, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CA, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, CA, Canada
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Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D) is at epidemic proportions in western dwelling South Asian populations, including severe deficiency (<12⋅5 nmol/l) in 27-60% of individuals, depending on season. The paper aimed to review the literature concerning vitamin D concentrations in this population group. Research from the UK and Europe suggests a high prevalence of South Asians with 25(OH)D concentration <25 nmol/l, with most having a 25(OH)D concentration of <50 nmol/l. In Canada, South Asians appear to have a slightly higher 25(OH)D concentration. There are few studies from the United States, South Africa and Australasia. Reasons for vitamin D deficiency include low vitamin D intake, relatively high adiposity, sun exposure avoidance and wearing of a covered dress style for cultural reasons. Possible health effects of deficiency include bone diseases such as rickets and hypocalcaemia in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D deficiency may also increase the risk of other chronic diseases. Increased fortification of food items relevant to South Asian groups (e.g. chapatti flour), as well as increased use of vitamin D supplements may help reduce this epidemic. Introducing culturally acceptable ways of increasing skin exposure to the sun in South Asian women may also be beneficial but further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of different approaches. There may be a need for a South Asian specific vitamin D dietary intake guideline in western countries. To conclude, vitamin D deficiency is epidemic in South Asians living in western countries and there is a clear need for urgent public health action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Darling
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, GuildfordGU2 7XH, UK
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Noor S, Dehghan M, Lear SA, Swaminathan S, Ibrahim Q, Rangarajan S, Punthakee Z. Relationship between diet and acculturation among South Asian children living in Canada. Appetite 2020; 147:104524. [PMID: 31756412 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diet and South Asian ethnicity are both associated with early onset of cardiovascular risk factors. Among youth of South Asian origin, little is known about the role of culture in determining healthy dietary patterns. We aimed to assess dietary patterns and their relationships with acculturation to Western and traditional lifestyles among South Asian youth in Canada. METHODS The Research in Cardiovascular Health - Lifestyles, Environments and Genetic Attributes in Children and Youth (RICH LEGACY) study targeted South Asian children and adolescents aged 7-8 and 14-15 years in two Canadian cities. In this cross-sectional study, acculturation questionnaires and food frequency questionnaires were administered to assess the correlations between Western and traditional culture scores, immigration status (generation and length of residency) in Canada and intake frequency of various foods. RESULTS Among 759 youth, those who ate fruits and vegetables more often consumed dairy and whole grains more often (all r = 0.17-0.22, all p < 0.001), while those who ate fast food more often consumed meat, sweets and sugared drinks more often (all r 0.24-0.38, all p < 0.001). Traditional culture scores were weakly positively correlated with whole grain intake frequency (r = 0.12, p = 0.001), and negatively with meat intake frequency (r = -0.14, p < 0.001). Western culture scores positively correlated with high intake frequency of meat (r = 0.23, p < 0.001), fast food (r = 0.14, p < 0.001) and sweets (r = 0.14, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Children who are more acculturated with Western lifestyle consumed foods associated with increased metabolic risk. However, whether this eating pattern translates into increased risk of obesity and cardiovascular diseases needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salmi Noor
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Scott A Lear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Quazi Ibrahim
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Zubin Punthakee
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Verruck S, Balthazar CF, Rocha RS, Silva R, Esmerino EA, Pimentel TC, Freitas MQ, Silva MC, da Cruz AG, Prudencio ES. Dairy foods and positive impact on the consumer's health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:95-164. [PMID: 31351531 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present chapter was to demonstrate the state of the art in the recent advances in nutritional and functional components of dairy products research. In this chapter, the main mechanisms responsible and essential for a better understanding of nutritional and functional values of the components of milk and dairy products are highlighted. It also includes a discussion about the positive impacts of fermented milk, cheese, butter, ice cream, and dairy desserts components on the consumer's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvani Verruck
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Ramon Silva Rocha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade de Veterinária, Niterói, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ramon Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade de Veterinária, Niterói, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcia Cristina Silva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes da Cruz
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Elane Schwinden Prudencio
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, Brazil
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