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Abraham O, McCarthy TJ, Zaborek J. Assessing the Impact of a Serious Game (MedSMARxT: Adventures in PharmaCity) in Improving Opioid Safety Awareness Among Adolescents and Parents: Quantitative Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e51812. [PMID: 38060287 PMCID: PMC10739249 DOI: 10.2196/51812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opioid crisis continues to worsen across the United States, affecting people of all demographics. Few evidence-based interventions exist for educating families, particularly those with adolescents, about opioid prescription safety. Serious games have demonstrated impacts in improving medication-related outcomes for various health conditions. The characterizing goal of this serious game is to improve opioid safety knowledge and awareness among adolescents and their families. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the impact of a serious game, MedSMARxT: Adventures in PharmaCity, designed to foster opioid safety awareness among adolescents and their parents. METHODS A national sample of parents and their adolescent children was recruited through Qualtrics research panels, social media, listservs, and snowball sampling. Eligible participants were adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years and their parents. Study participants were required to reside in the United States; speak, read, and understand English; and have access to a computer with a webcam. Parent-child dyads completed pregame and postgame surveys and participated in gameplay for up to 30 minutes. Primary outcome scales have been previously evaluated by the study team. RESULTS A total of 60 adolescent participants and 68 parent participants met full attention criteria for inclusion in this study. Statistical analysis confirmed that both adolescents' and parents' concept scores improved from baseline regarding opioid safety self-efficacy (adolescent: mean 0.35, SD 0.60; P<.001; parent: mean 0.28, SD 0.42; P<.001), perceived knowledge (adolescent: mean 1.08, SD 1.04; P<.001; parent: mean 0.56, SD 0.55; P<.001), behavioral intent (adolescent: mean 0.26, SD 0.39; P<.001; parent: mean 0.25, SD 0.32; P<.001), safe storage (adolescent: mean 0.12, SD 0.27; P<.001; parent: mean 0.03, SD 0.11; P=.03), disposal knowledge (adolescent: mean 0.10, SD 0.27; P=.006; parent: mean 0.07, SD 0.16; P<.001), and knowledge about misuse behavior (adolescent: mean 0.05, SD 0.14; P=.002; parent: mean 0.04, SD 0.10; P<.001). Participant groups, stratified by who completed and who did not complete gameplay, improved their knowledge and awareness, with no significant differences between subgroups. CONCLUSIONS The use of this serious game to improve opioid prescription safety practices among parents and adolescents was supported by the study findings. MedSMARxT: Adventures in PharmaCity is an intervention with the capability of teaching parents and adolescents about safe opioid prescription practices. Further studies and game refinement are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of a game-based intervention in clinical settings and community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilola Abraham
- Social and Administrative Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler James McCarthy
- Social and Administrative Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jen Zaborek
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Arfiansyah MR, Ushuluddin A, Affan M, Riyant WF. Intention as a determinant of Islamic work culture in Indonesia based on the modified theory of planned behavior. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.4102/sajhrm.v21i0.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
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Yeganeh R, Mohammadfam I, Soltanian A, Aliabadi MM. An integrative fuzzy Delphi Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) study on the risk perception influencing factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35979919 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Risk perception is one of the factors that can guide human behavior in the workplace. The resent study aimed to identify the most important factors affecting risk perception. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study had three phases. In the first, factors affecting risk perception were extracted based on librarian resources and studies. Then, using the fuzzy-Delphi method and based on the expert's opinion, the most important factors affecting risk perception were identified. Finally, using the fuzzy-DEMATEL technique and relying on the opinions of experts, the relationships between these factors were analyzed and their role as cause or effect was determined. RESULTS Eleven variables were identified as the most important factors influencing risk perception, among which safety knowledge, quality, and quantity of safety training, and safety climate had the greatest effect on risk perception with defuzzified scores of 0.826, 0.817, and 0.808, respectively. Seven of the variables had the role of cause and four of them had the role of effect. Experience of Accident along with safety climate had the highest interaction with other variables. CONCLUSION Precise investigation of risk perception influencing factors can play an important role in improving risk perception and safe behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Yeganeh
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Mohammadfam
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Soltanian
- Modeling of Non Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Mirzaei Aliabadi
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Wang X, Jin Y, Tian M, Zhuo Q, Lin CL, Hu P, Wang T. Safe-Sex Behavioral Intention of Chinese College Students: Examining the Effect of Sexual Knowledge Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Front Psychol 2022; 13:805371. [PMID: 35656495 PMCID: PMC9152212 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous contemporary studies have examined safe sexual behavior among college students. In China, families are reluctant to discuss sexual behavior, thus understanding and exploring the sexual knowledge of college students and the promotion of safe sexual behavior is essential. On the basis of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), a cognitive behavioral theory that is widely used to predict human social behavior, we conducted an in-depth investigation of the factors influencing the sexual behavioral intentions of Chinese college students. We referenced the relevant literature to develop a TPB-based model for analyzing differences in sexual knowledge. Our statistical analysis revealed the following: (1) subjective norms and behavior control are key variables that influence the safe sexual behavior of college students; (2) attitudes and safe-sex behavioral intentions are influential in groups with extensive sexual knowledge; (3) behavioral control and subjective norms influence the differences in the comparative sexual knowledge of students. On the basis of the present results, we propose research recommendations and directions for the development of sex education in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuanqing Jin
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | | | | | - Chien-Liang Lin
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Abraham O, Rosenberger C, Tierney K, Birstler J. Investigating the Use of a Serious Game to Improve Opioid Safety Awareness Among Adolescents: A Quantitative Study. JMIR Serious Games 2021; 9:e33975. [PMID: 34747712 PMCID: PMC8738992 DOI: 10.2196/33975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The misuse of opioid medications among adolescents is a serious problem in the United States. Serious games (SGs) are a novel way to promote safe and responsible management of opioid medications among adolescents, thereby reducing the number of adolescent opioid misuse cases reported annually. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the effect of the SG MedSMA℞T: Adventures in PharmaCity on adolescents' opioid safety knowledge, awareness, behavioral intent, and self-efficacy. METHODS A nationally representative sample of adolescents age 12 to 18 years old were recruited online through Qualtrics panels from October to November 2020. Data collection consisted of a pre-game survey, 30 minutes of gameplay, and a post-game survey. The pre- and post-game survey included 66 items examining participants' baseline opioid knowledge, safety, and use, and demographic information. The post-game survey had 25 additional questions regarding the MedSMA℞T game. Gameplay scenarios included five levels intended to mimic adolescents' daily life while educating players about appropriate opioid storage and disposable practices, negative consequences of sharing opioid medications, and use of Narcan®. Survey questions were divided into 10 categories to represent key concepts and summarized into concept scores. Differences in concept scores were described by overall mean (SD) when stratified by gender, race, school, grade, and age. Differences of change in concept score were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and correlation tests. RESULTS A total of 117 responses were analyzed. Results showed significant improvement on all concept scores except for Narcan® knowledge (mean change = -0.04, SD = 0.29, p = 0.600) and safe storage (mean change = 0.03, SD = 0.20, p = 0.088). Female participants had greater improvement than males for safe disposal (female mean (SD) = 0.12 (0.25), male = 0.04 (0.17), p = 0.050). Male participants had higher improvement than females for misuse behavior (female mean (SD) = 0.05 (0.28) male = 0.14 (0.27), p = 0.043). Perceived knowledge for participants who were non-white or Hispanic had higher improvement than non-Hispanic white participants (non-white mean (SD) = 1.10 (1.06), white = 0.75 (0.91), p = 0.026). Older grades were associated with greater improvement in opioid knowledge (correlation coefficient -0.23 (95% CI -0.40 to -0.05), p = 0.012). There were 28 (23.9%) participants who played all 5 levels of the game and had better improvement in opioid use self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest MedSMA℞T: Adventures in PharmaCity can be used as an effective tool to educate adolescents on the safe and responsible use of prescribed opioid medications. Future testing of the effectiveness of this SG should involve a randomized control trial. Additionally, the feasibility of implementing and disseminating MedSMA℞T: Adventures in PharmaCity in schools and healthcare settings, such as adolescent health or primary care clinics, emergency departments, and pharmacies, should be investigated. CLINICALTRIAL
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilola Abraham
- Social and Administrative Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, US
| | - Claire Rosenberger
- Social and Administrative Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, US
| | - Kathleen Tierney
- Social and Administrative Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, US
| | - Jen Birstler
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, US
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Dissemination and Implementation Science Approaches for Occupational Safety and Health Research: Implications for Advancing Total Worker Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111050. [PMID: 34769573 PMCID: PMC8583149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Total Worker Health® (TWH), an initiative of the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, is defined as policies, programs, and practices that integrate protection from work-related health and safety hazards by promoting efforts that advance worker well-being. Interventions that apply the TWH paradigm improve workplace health more rapidly than wellness programs alone. Evidence of the barriers and facilitators to the adoption, implementation, and long-term maintenance of TWH programs is limited. Dissemination and implementation (D&I) science, the study of methods and strategies for bridging the gap between public health research and practice, can help address these system-, setting-, and worker-level factors to increase the uptake, impact, and sustainment of TWH activities. The purpose of this paper is to draw upon a synthesis of existing D&I science literature to provide TWH researchers and practitioners with: (1) an overview of D&I science; (2) a plain language explanation of key concepts in D&I science; (3) a case study example of moving a TWH intervention down the research-to-practice pipeline; and (4) a discussion of future opportunities for conducting D&I science in complex and dynamic workplace settings to increase worker safety, health, and well-being.
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Abraham O, Rosenberger CA, Birstler J, Tierney K. Examining adolescents' opioid knowledge and likelihood to Utilize an educational game to promote medication safety. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 18:3191-3198. [PMID: 34561172 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents' knowledge on opioids is seldom studied, despite the fact young people are one of the groups most affected by the opioid crisis within the United States. There is a need to understand adolescents' perceptions about opioid misuse and safety to create the necessary tools to educate adolescents on safe opioid use. OBJECTIVE This study sought to understand adolescents' knowledge and perceptions of opioid use and safety as well as their receptiveness to using an educational game for improving medication safety knowledge. METHODS A 67-item survey was developed to assess adolescents' opioid perceptions, knowledge, and the likelihood of an educational game to enhance their opioid medication safety. A nationally representative sample of US adolescents aged 12 to 18 were recruited via a Qualtrics participant panel to complete the online survey from October through November 2020. Survey questions were grouped into 10 categories to represent key concepts and summarized into concept scores. Concepts were described through means, median, and range as well as percent correct for individual questions. Differences between groups were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Concept scores and their relation to the participant's age were described by the Pearson's correlation coefficient and the linear model coefficient. RESULTS A total of 592 responses were analyzed. Male and older participants reported greater perceived opioid knowledge than females. White participants reported higher rates of perceived opioid knowledge, behavioral intent, and knowledge of safe medication disposal than any other racial group. About 80% of participants were receptive to the use of an educational game to increase their opioid safety knowledge. CONCLUSIONS There are discrepancies in adolescents' knowledge on opioid safety and harm amongst genders, race, and age. Study findings support the use of an educational game to increase adolescents' opioid knowledge. Future studies should design an educational game intended for a diverse audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilola Abraham
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, Social and Administrative Sciences Division, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Claire A Rosenberger
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, Social and Administrative Sciences Division, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jen Birstler
- University of Wisconsin- Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Kathleen Tierney
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, Social and Administrative Sciences Division, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Tamers SL, Streit J, Pana‐Cryan R, Ray T, Syron L, Flynn MA, Castillo D, Roth G, Geraci C, Guerin R, Schulte P, Henn S, Chang C, Felknor S, Howard J. Envisioning the future of work to safeguard the safety, health, and well-being of the workforce: A perspective from the CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:1065-1084. [PMID: 32926431 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The future of work embodies changes to the workplace, work, and workforce, which require additional occupational safety and health (OSH) stakeholder attention. Examples include workplace developments in organizational design, technological job displacement, and work arrangements; work advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, and technologies; and workforce changes in demographics, economic security, and skills. This paper presents the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Future of Work Initiative; suggests an integrated approach to address worker safety, health, and well-being; introduces priority topics and subtopics that confer a framework for upcoming future of work research directions and resultant practical applications; and discusses preliminary next steps. All future of work issues impact one another. Future of work transformations are contingent upon each of the standalone factors discussed in this paper and their combined effects. Occupational safety and health stakeholders are becoming more aware of the significance and necessity of these factors for the workplace, work, and workforce to flourish, merely survive, or disappear altogether as the future evolves. The future of work offers numerous opportunities, while also presenting critical but not clearly understood difficulties, exposures, and hazards. It is the responsibility of OSH researchers and other partners to understand the implications of future of work scenarios to translate effective interventions into practice for employers safeguarding the safety, health, and well-being of their workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Tamers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Jessica Streit
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Rene Pana‐Cryan
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Tapas Ray
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Laura Syron
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Spokane Washington USA
| | - Michael A. Flynn
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Dawn Castillo
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Gary Roth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Charles Geraci
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Rebecca Guerin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Paul Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Scott Henn
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Chia‐Chia Chang
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Sarah Felknor
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - John Howard
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Washington District of Columbia USA
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Preparing Teens to Stay Safe and Healthy on the Job: a Multilevel Evaluation of the Talking Safety Curriculum for Middle Schools and High Schools. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2020; 20:510-520. [PMID: 30904978 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-019-01008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
US adolescents experience a higher rate of largely preventable job-related injuries compared with adults. Safety education is considered critical to the prevention of these incidents. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a foundational curriculum from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Talking Safety, to change adolescents' workplace safety and health knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy, and behavioral intention to engage in workplace safety actions. The study also examines the impact of teacher fidelity of curriculum implementation on student outcomes. A multilevel evaluation, based on a modified theory of planned behavior, was conducted in 2016 with 1748 eighth-graders in Miami-Dade, Florida. Post-intervention, students had statistically significant increases (p < .05) in mean scores across outcomes: workplace safety knowledge (34%), attitude (5%), subjective norm (7%), self-efficacy (7%), and behavioral intention (7%). Consistent with theory, gains in attitude (b = 0.25, p < .001), subjective norm (b = 0.07, p < .01), and self-efficacy (b = 0.55, p < .001) were associated with gains in behavioral intention. Higher levels of implementation fidelity were associated with significant gains across outcome measures: knowledge (b = 0.60, p < .001), attitude (b = 0.08, p < .01), subjective norm (b = 0.04, p < .001), self-efficacy (b = 0.07, p < .01) and behavioral intention (b = 0.07, p < .01). Findings demonstrate the effectiveness of Talking Safety, delivered with fidelity, at positively changing measured outcomes, and provide support for using this curriculum as an essential component of any school-based, injury prevention program for young workers.
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Factorial Invariance, Latent Mean Differences of the Panas and Affective Profiles and Its Relation to Social Anxiety in Ecuadorian Sample. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12072976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) are related with aspects that are part of people’s psychological well-being, and the possibility of combining both dimensions to create four affective profiles, self-fulfilling (high PA and low NA), low affective (low PA and low NA), high affective (high PA and high NA) and self-destructive (low PA and high NA), has recently appeared. The current work aims to validate the short version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in Ecuador, test the existence of the four affective profiles and analyze its relation with social anxiety. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents was employed in a sample of 1786 Ecuadorian students aged from 15 to 18 years (M = 16.31, SD = 1.01). The factorial invariance of the scale across sex and age groups was proved and latent mean analyses showed that girls and 18-year-old students obtained the highest scores in negative affect. With regard to the affective profiles, the cluster analyses confirmed the existence of the four mentioned profiles, and the self-fulfilling profile obtained the lowest scores in all the dimensions of social anxiety, whereas the self-destructive profile obtained the highest scores.
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Guerin RJ, Toland MD. An application of a modified theory of planned behavior model to investigate adolescents' job safety knowledge, norms, attitude and intention to enact workplace safety and health skills. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2020; 72:189-198. [PMID: 32199561 PMCID: PMC8605621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For many reasons, including a lack of adequate safety training and education, U.S. adolescents experience a higher rate of job-related injury compared to adult workers. Widely used social-psychological theories in public health research and practice, such as the theory of planned behavior, may provide guidance for developing and evaluating school-based interventions to prepare adolescents for workplace hazards and risks. METHOD Using a structural equation modeling approach, the current study explores whether a modified theory of planned behavior model provides insight on 1,748 eighth graders' occupational safety and health (OSH) attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy and behavioral intention, before and after receiving instruction on a free, national young worker safety and health curriculum. Reliability estimates for the measures were produced and direct and indirect associations between knowledge and other model constructs assessed. RESULTS Overall, the findings align with the theory of planned behavior. The structural equation model adequately fit the data; most path coefficients are statistically significant and knowledge has indirect effects on behavioral intention. Confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and behavioral intention measures each reflect a unique dimension (reliability estimates ≥0.86), while the subjective norm measure did not perform adequately. CONCLUSION The findings presented provide support for using behavioral theory (specifically a modified theory of planned behavior) to investigate adolescents' knowledge, perceptions, and behavioral intention to engage in safe and healthful activities at work, an understanding of which may contribute to reducing the downstream burden of injury on this vulnerable population-the future workforce. Practical application: Health behavior theories, commonly used in the social and behavioral sciences, have utility and provide guidance for developing and evaluating OSH interventions, including those aimed at preventing injuries and promoting the health and safety of adolescent workers in the U.S., who are injured at higher rates than are adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Guerin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1090 Tusculum Ave. MS C-10, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
| | - Michael D Toland
- University of Kentucky, Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, 251C Dickey Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0017
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Nykänen M, Puro V, Tiikkaja M, Kannisto H, Lantto E, Simpura F, Uusitalo J, Lukander K, Räsänen T, Teperi AM. Evaluation of the efficacy of a virtual reality-based safety training and human factors training method: study protocol for a randomised-controlled trial. Inj Prev 2019; 26:360-369. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe construction industry has a high risk of occupational accidents and injuries. More randomised controlled trials are needed to identify effective techniques for improving the occupational safety of construction sector workers. New technologies such as virtual reality (VR) offer the potential to develop engaging learning tools for safety training. Although the number of VR applications in occupational safety training is increasing, only a few studies have evaluated the learning outcomes of VR safety training. Furthermore, previous studies indicate that learning to recognise human factors at work has positive outcomes for safety skills. However, there is lack of knowledge regarding the efficacy of human factors-related training in the construction industry.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and the implementation process of a VR-based safety training and a human factors-related safety training.MethodsIn Finland, 8 study organisations and approximately 130 construction sector workers will participate in a randomised controlled trial. The study participants will be randomly assigned to one of four intervention arms: (1) immersive VR safety training alone, (2) lecture-based safety training alone, (3) combined immersive VR safety training and HF Tool training or (4) combined lecture-based safety training and HF Tool training. We will test the efficacy of the safety training processes in these four arms. Randomisation of study participants is stratified by work experience. Baseline assessment will take place before randomisation. The short-term follow-up measurements of all study participants will be conducted immediately after the VR safety training and lecture-based safety training. The study participants will complete second measurements immediately after the HF Tool training approximately 1 month after previous safety training. The second measurement of the intervention arms 1 and 2 study participants will be conducted during the same week as that of the intervention arms 3 and 4 participants, who will not take part in the HF Tool training. Finally, semistructured individual interviews will be conducted to evaluate the learning process.Outcome measuresOutcome measures include safety knowledge, safety locus of control, safety self-efficacy, perceived control over safety issues, safety-related outcome expectancies, safety motivation and safety performance.DiscussionStudy results will provide knowledge on the efficacy of VR safety training and human factors-related safety training. Furthermore, study provides knowledge on pedagogical techniques that can be used to guide future intervention plans and development.Trial registration numberISRCTN55183871.
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Guerin RJ, Toland MD, Okun AH, Rojas-Guyler L, Baker DS, Bernard AL. Using a Modified Theory of Planned Behavior to Examine Teachers' Intention to Implement a Work Safety and Health Curriculum. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2019; 89:549-559. [PMID: 31106864 PMCID: PMC7243411 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace safety and health is a major public health concern, but largely absent from the school health curriculum. Little is known about teachers' perceptions of teaching workplace safety and health topics. METHODS We administered a 41-item questionnaire reflecting the theory of planned behavior, modified to measure knowledge, to 242 middle and high school teachers in career and technical education and academic subjects. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis to assess the measures' psychometric properties and factorial ANOVAs to compare differences among participants' knowledge, attitude toward, self-efficacy, and intention (to teach) workplace safety and health by sex, prior work injury, and main subject taught. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses indicated the measures reflected the theory. Factorial ANOVAs suggested female teachers had statistically significantly lower mean self-efficacy scores than did male teachers to teach workplace safety and health. Male occupational career and technical education teachers demonstrated higher mean knowledge scores than male teachers in other subjects. Participants not injured at work had higher knowledge scores than those who had been injured. CONCLUSION Self-efficacy (influenced by sex) and knowledge (influenced by subject taught and previous workplace injury) revealed factors that may affect teachers' provision of workplace safety and health education, a critical yet overlooked component of school health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Guerin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1090 Tusculum Ave. MS C-10, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
| | - Michael D Toland
- University of Kentucky College of Education, 251C Dickey Hall, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0017
| | - Andrea H Okun
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1090 Tusculum Ave. MS C-10, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
| | - Liliana Rojas-Guyler
- University of Cincinnati College of Education, Criminal Justice and Human Services, 2610 McMicken Circle, Teachers-Dyer Complex, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0068
| | - Devin S Baker
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1090 Tusculum Ave. MS C-10, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
| | - Amy L Bernard
- University of Cincinnati College of Education, Criminal Justice and Human Services, 2610 McMicken Circle, Teachers-Dyer Complex, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0068
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