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In-situ interfacial compatibilization via edge-sulfurated few layer graphene during the formation of crosslinked graphene-rubber nanocomposites. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4013. [PMID: 35256732 PMCID: PMC8901685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report various physico-chemical approaches to probe the nature of the interface between few layers graphene (FLG) and carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) nanocomposites prepared through efficient blending of XNBR latex with an aqueous dispersion of FLG. The extent of physical interaction between FLG and XNBR was investigated using Lorentz–Park and Cunneen–Russell models. The chemical interface between FLG and sulfur crosslinked XNBR was studied using model reactions between sulfur and graphene in presence of zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (ZMBT). We propose that an edge sulfurated FLG is formed, which could chemically bond with XNBR during the vulcanization process. Density Functional Theory (DFT) was employed to unravel the mechanistic insights, which support this hypothesis and suggest a kinetically favorable sulfuration of both XNBR and FLG. The formation of a chemical bond between edge-FLG and XNBR through the proposed intermediacy of sulfurated FLG leads to the observed improvement in mechanical properties of the nanocomposites.
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Shafeeq VH, Unnikrishnan G. Matrix-filler interactions and solvent sorption features of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) embedded ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA)-millable polyurethane (MPU) blends. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23627-23636. [PMID: 33048089 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the solvent sorption features and matrix filler interactions of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) embedded ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA)-millable polyurethane (MPU) blends, using toluene, xylene, and t-butylacetate as probe molecules. The EVA/MPU blends were initially loaded with different quantities of n-HA, and the interfacial interactions were evaluated through FTIR and XRD techniques. The modulation of solvent resistance was subsequently examined in terms of filler loading, temperature and molar volume of the probes. With an increase in the amount of nHA, the solvent resistance of the matrix has been found to be enhanced, with the mechanism of transport regularly deviating from the conventional Fickian mode normally followed by elastomer matrices. The Flory-Rehner equation was employed to compute the molecular mass between crosslinks (Mc) and the crosslink density (γ). The observed enhancement in the crosslink density and the degree of reinforcement has been attributed to the increased polar-polar interactions after nHA loading into the matrix. The experimentally obtained values of Mc have been compared with phantom and affine models, to identify the type of deformation happening under solvent stress. The reinforcement effect within the matrix, as a function of filler loading, has been verified by using the Kraus equation. The swelling resistance of the composites has also been verified in biological fluids in view of the possible biofield applications of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Shafeeq
- Polymer Science and Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala 673607, India.
| | - G Unnikrishnan
- Polymer Science and Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala 673607, India.
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Jafari F, Razzaghi‐Kashani M, Hosseini SM, Pourhossaini MR. Effects of modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene) on the p
hysico‐mechanical
and tribological properties of carbon‐black filled nitrile‐butadiene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Jafari
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Razzaghi‐Kashani
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Mostaffa Hosseini
- Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourhossaini
- Composite Research Center, Material Science and Manufacturing Technologies Malek Ashtar University of Technology Tehran Iran
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M B, G U. Transport features of nano-hydroxylapatite (n-HA) embedded silicone rubber (SR) systems: influence of SR/n-HA interaction, degree of reinforcement and morphology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:25380-25390. [PMID: 28894865 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04146b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the transport characteristics of silicone rubber/nano-hydroxylapatite (SR/n-HA) systems at room temperature with reference to the effects of n-HA loading, morphology and penetrant nature, using toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate in the liquid phase and methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and butanol in the vapour phase as probe molecules. The interaction between the n-HA particles and SR matrix has been confirmed by FTIR analysis. As the n-HA content in the SR matrix increased, the penetrant uptake has been found to decrease. The observations have been correlated with the density and void content of the systems. Scanning electron microscopy images have been found to be complementary to the observed transport features. The reinforcement effect of n-HA particles on the SR matrix has been verified by Kraus equation. Molecular mass between the cross links has been observed to decrease with an increase in n-HA loading. The results have been compared with affine, phantom network, parallel, series and Maxwell models. The transport data have been complemented by observations on biological fluid uptake with urea, d-glucose, KI, saline water, phosphate buffer and artificial urine as the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu M
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India.
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James J, Thomas GV, Pramoda K, Thomas S. Transport behaviour of aromatic solvents through styrene butadiene rubber/poly [methyl methacrylate] (SBR/PMMMA) interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) membranes. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Pei L, Chi J, Zhang L. Transport behavior of R134a refrigerant through rubber composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Abraham J, Maria HJ, George SC, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S. Transport characteristics of organic solvents through carbon nanotube filled styrene butadiene rubber nanocomposites: the influence of rubber-filler interaction, the degree of reinforcement and morphology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:11217-28. [PMID: 25829168 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00719d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transport behaviour of some aromatic and aliphatic solvents through carbon nanotube filled styrene butadiene rubber composites has been investigated. The aim of the present work is to investigate the role of the sorption technique in analysing the compatibility and the reinforcing effect of MWCNTs as a filler in the SBR matrix. It also focuses on the investigation of the relationship between the dispersion of CNTs in the SBR matrix and its transport behaviour. The diffusion and transport of organic solvents through the membranes have been investigated in detail as a function of CNT content, nature of solvent and temperature in the range of 28-60 °C. Solvent uptake, diffusion, sorption and permeation constants were investigated and were found to decrease with the increase of CNT loading. Transport properties could be related to the morphology of the nanocomposites. At high concentration CNT particles form a local filler-filler network in the rubber matrix. As a result, the transport of solvent molecules through the polymer is hindered. The rubber-solvent interaction parameter, enthalpy and entropy of sorption have also been estimated from the transport data. The values of rubber-solvent interaction parameters obtained from the diffusion experiments have been used to calculate the molecular mass between the crosslinks of the network polymer. The better reinforcement at higher filler loading was confirmed from the cross-link density values. The extent of reinforcement was evaluated using Kraus and Cunneen and Russel equations. The Affine and Phantom models for chemical crosslinks were used to predict the mobility of the crosslinks. The Phantom model gave better fitting indicating that the chains can move freely through one another, i.e. the junction points fluctuate over time around their mean position without any hindrance from the neighbouring molecule. The diffusivity datas of the systems have shown dependence on the temperature and microstructure of the nanocomposite. Finally, the diffusion data have been compared with theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiji Abraham
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D. Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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Jose JP, Thomas S. XLPE based Al2O3–clay binary and ternary hybrid nanocomposites: self-assembly of nanoscale hybrid fillers, polymer chain confinement and transport characteristics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20190-201. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03403a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transport mechanism through binary (A & C) and ternary hybrid (AC) XLPE nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josmin P. Jose
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam, India
- International and Interuniversity Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Mahatma Gandhi University
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Sonia A, Priya Dasan K. Celluloses microfibers (CMF)/poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) composites for food packaging applications: A study based on barrier and biodegradation behavior. J FOOD ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ersali M, Fazeli N, Naderi G. Preparation and Properties of EPDM/NBR/Organoclay Nanocomposites. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this research work, three different types of nano-composites based on EPDM/NBR blend (70/30 wt.%) have been prepared: one type including Cloisite 20A in EPDM phase, the other one containing Cloisite 30B in NBR phase and the third type consisting of Cloisite 20A in EPDM and Cloisite 30B in NBR phases simultaneously (called EN-xAB). XRD and TEM techniques showed intercalated or exfoliated structures for all types of nano-composites. According to SEM results, the most roughness of the surface was observed at EN-xAB nano-composites. Cure characteristics of the samples showed that the lowest scorch and cure time and highest crosslink density was devoted to EN-xAB samples. Comparison of mechanical properties of the nano-composites showed that the best properties were found in the samples consisted of both types of organo-clays simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ersali
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - N. Fazeli
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gh. Naderi
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Polymer Processing Society, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Balachandran M, Bhagawan SS. Mechanical, thermal, and transport properties of nitrile rubber-nanocalcium carbonate composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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P. V. AK, Varughese KT, Thomas S. Effect of Rubber–Filler Interaction on Transport of Aromatic Liquids through High Density Polyethylene/Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer Rubber Blends. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie202408s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar P. V.
- School of Technology and Applied
Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Pullarikunnu
Campus, Malloossery P.O., Kottayam, Kerala, India 686 041
| | | | - Sabu Thomas
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P.O.,
Kottayam, Kerala, India 686 560
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selongor,
Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for Polymer Materials and Technologies, Tehnoloski Park
24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Anil Kumar PV, Kumar SA, Varughese KT, Thomas S. Permeation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Vapors through High Density Polyethylene/Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer Rubber Blends. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2011.630053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Mechanical, thermal and transport properties of nitrile rubber (NBR)—nanoclay composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-011-9809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Anil Kumar PV, Anilkumar S, Varughese KT, Thomas S. Transport behavior of aromatic hydrocarbons through high density polyethylene/ ethylene propylene diene terpolymer blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-011-9794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Chaudhari CV, Dubey KA, Bhardwaj YK, Sabharwal S. Radiation Processed Styrene-Butadiene Rubber/Ethylene-Propylene Diene Rubber/Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites: Effect of MWNT Addition on Solvent Permeability Behavior. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2011.610228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. V. Chaudhari
- a Radiation Technology Development Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay Mumbai , India
| | - K. A. Dubey
- a Radiation Technology Development Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay Mumbai , India
| | - Y. K. Bhardwaj
- a Radiation Technology Development Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay Mumbai , India
| | - S. Sabharwal
- a Radiation Technology Development Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay Mumbai , India
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