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Nelson BJB, Leier S, Wilson J, Wuest M, Doupe J, Andersson JD, Wuest F. 64Cu production via the 68Zn(p,nα) 64Cu nuclear reaction: An untapped, cost-effective and high energy production route. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 128-129:108875. [PMID: 38199184 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Copper-64 (64Cu, t1/2 = 12.7 h) is a positron emitter well suited for theranostic applications with beta-emitting 67Cu for targeted molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy. The present work aims to evaluate the radionuclidic purity and radiochemistry of 64Cu produced via the 68Zn(p,nα)64Cu nuclear reaction. Macrocyclic chelators DOTA, NOTA, TETA, and prostate-specific membrane antigen ligand PSMA I&T were radiolabeled with purified 64Cu and tested for in vitro stability. [64Cu]Cu-PSMA I&T was used to demonstrate in vivo PET imaging using 64Cu synthesized via the 68Zn(p,nα)64Cu production route and its suitability as a theranostic imaging partner alongside 67Cu therapy. METHODS 64Cu was produced on a 24 MeV TR-24 cyclotron at a beam energy of 23.5 MeV and currents up to 70 μA using 200 mg 68Zn encapsulated within an aluminum‑indium-graphite sealed solid target assembly. 64Cu semi-automated purification was performed using a NEPTIS Mosaic-LC synthesis unit employing CU, TBP, and TK201 (TrisKem) resins. Radionuclidic purity was measured by HPGe gamma spectroscopy, while ICP-OES assessed elemental purity. Radiolabeling was performed with NOTA at room temperature and DOTA, TETA, and PSMA I&T at 95 °C. 64Cu incorporation was studied by radio-TLC. 64Cu in vitro stability of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA, [64Cu]Cu-DOTA, [64Cu]Cu-TETA, and [64Cu]Cu-PSMA I&T was assessed at 37 °C from 0 to 72 h in human blood serum. Preclinical PET imaging was performed at 1, 24, and 48 h post-injection with [64Cu]Cu-PSMA I&T in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice and compared with [68Ga]Ga-PSMA I&T. RESULTS Maximum purified activity of 4.9 GBq [64Cu]CuCl2 was obtained in 5 mL of pH 2-3 solution, with 2.9 GBq 64Cu concentrated in 0.5 mL. HPGe gamma spectroscopy of purified 64Cu detected <0.3 % co-produced 67Cu at EOB with no other radionuclidic impurities. ICP-OES elemental analysis determined <1 ppm Al, Zn, In, Fe, and Cu in the [64Cu]CuCl2 product. NOTA, DOTA, TETA, and PSMA I&T were radiolabeled with 64Cu, resulting in maximum molar activities of 164 ± 6 GBq/μmol, 155 ± 31 GBq/μmol, 266 ± 34 GBq/μmol, and 117 ± 2 GBq/μmol, respectively. PET imaging in PSMA-expressing LNCaP xenografts resulted in high tumor uptake (SUVmean = 1.65 ± 0.1) using [64Cu]Cu-PSMA I&T, while [68Ga]Ga-PSMA I&T yielded an SUVmean of 0.76 ± 0.14 after 60 min post-injection. CONCLUSIONS 64Cu was purified in a small volume amenable for radiolabeling, with yields suitable for preclinical and clinical application. The 64Cu production and purification process and the favourable PET imaging properties confirm the 68Zn(p,nα)64Cu nuclear reaction as a viable 64Cu production route for facilities with access to a higher energy proton cyclotron, compared to using expensive 64Ni target material and the 64Ni(p,n)64Cu nuclear reaction. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE Our 64Cu production technique provides an alternative production route with the potential to improve 64Cu availability for preclinical and clinical studies alongside 67Cu therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce J B Nelson
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Samantha Leier
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - John Wilson
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jonathan Doupe
- Edmonton Radiopharmaceutical Center, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Jan D Andersson
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada; Edmonton Radiopharmaceutical Center, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
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Qaim SM, Spahn I, Scholten B, Spellerberg S, Neumaier B. The role of chemistry in accelerator-based production and separation of radionuclides as basis for radiolabelled compounds for medical applications. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiochemical separations used in large scale routine production of diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides at a particle accelerator for patient care are briefly outlined. The role of chemistry at various stages of development of a production route of a novel radionuclide, namely nuclear data measurement, high-current targetry, chemical processing and quality control of the product, is discussed in detail. Special attention is paid to production of non-standard positron emitters (e.g. 44gSc, 64Cu, 68Ga, etc.) at a cyclotron and novel therapeutic radionuclides (e.g. 67Cu, 225Ac, etc.) at an accelerator. Some typical examples of radiochemical methods involved are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernhard Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Stefan Spellerberg
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
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Fan FL, Li HW, Cheng NW, Huang QG, Chen DS, Wu XL, Qin Z. Selective adsorption and separation of Cu(II) from Zn solution by CU resin. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ali SKI, Khandaker MU, Al-Mugren KS, Latif SA, Bradley DA, Okhunov AA, Sulieman A. Evaluation of production cross-sections for theranostic 67Cu radionuclide via proton-induced nuclear reaction on 68Zn target. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 173:109735. [PMID: 33915407 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper-67 (T1/2 = 61.83 h, Eβ-mean=141 keV, Iβ-total=100%; Eγ = 184.577 keV, Iγ = 48.7%) is a promising radionuclide for theranostic applications especially in radio immunotherapy. However, one of the main drawbacks for its application is related to its limited availability. Various nuclear reaction routes investigated in the last years can result in 67Cu production, although the use of proton beams is the method of choice taken into account in this work. The goal of this work is a revision of the cross-sections aimed at 67Cu yield, which were evaluated for the 68Zn(p,2p)67Cu reaction route up to 80 MeV proton energy. A well-defined statistical procedure, i.e., the Simultaneous Evaluation on KALMAN (SOK), combined with the least-squares concept, was used to obtain the evaluated data together with the covariance matrix. The obtained evaluated data were also compared to predictions provided by the nuclear reaction model codes TALYS and EMPIRE, and a partial agreement among them has been found. These data may be useful for both existing and potential applications in nuclear medicine, to achieve an improvement and validation of the various nuclear reaction models, and may also find applications in other fields (e.g., activation analysis and thin layer activation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer K I Ali
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - K S Al-Mugren
- Department of Physics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11144, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sk A Latif
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - A A Okhunov
- Department of Science in Engineering, International Islamic University Malaya, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Sulieman
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 422, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Qaim SM, Scholten B, Spahn I, Neumaier B. Positron-emitting radionuclides for applications, with special emphasis on their production methodologies for medical use. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A survey of the positron-emitting radionuclides over the whole mass range of the Periodic Table of Elements was carried out. As already known, positrons are preferably emitted from light mass neutron deficient radionuclides. Their emission from heavier mass nuclides is rather rare. The applications of positron annihilation in three areas, namely materials research, plant physiology and medical diagnosis, are reported. The methods of production of positron emitters are discussed, with emphasis on radionuclides presently attracting more attention in theranostics and multimodal imaging. Some future perspectives of radionuclide development technologies are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernhard Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Jülich , Germany
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Aliev RA, Belyshev SS, Kuznetsov AA, Dzhilavyan LZ, Khankin VV, Aleshin GY, Kazakov AG, Priselkova AB, Kalmykov SN, Ishkhanov BS. Photonuclear production and radiochemical separation of medically relevant radionuclides: 67Cu. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Target development for diversified irradiations at a medical cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 104:106-12. [PMID: 26142809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The irradiation facility at an old medical cyclotron (Ep=17 MeV; Ed=10 MeV) was upgraded by extending the beam line and incorporation of solid state targetry. Tests performed to check the quality of the available beam are outlined. Results on nuclear data measurements and improvement of radiochemical separations are described. Using solid targets, with the proton beam falling at a slanting angle of 20°, a few radionuclides, e.g. (75)Se, (120)I, (124)I, etc. were produced with medium currents (up to 20 µA) in no-carrier-added form in quantities sufficient for local use. The extended irradiation facility has considerably enhanced the utility of the medical cyclotron.
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Paúrová M, Havlíčková J, Pospíšilová A, Vetrík M, Císařová I, Stephan H, Pietzsch HJ, Hrubý M, Hermann P, Kotek J. Bifunctional Cyclam-Based Ligands with Phosphorus Acid Pendant Moieties for Radiocopper Separation: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies. Chemistry 2015; 21:4671-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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High specific activity 61Cu via 64Zn(p,α)61Cu reaction at low proton energies. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 72:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Thieme S, Walther M, Pietzsch HJ, Henniger J, Preusche S, Mäding P, Steinbach J. Module-assisted preparation of 64Cu with high specific activity. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:602-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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