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Deng M, Chen D, Zhang G, Cheng H. Policy-driven variations in oxidation potential and source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Wuhan, central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158255. [PMID: 36028034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China has implemented several control measures to mitigate PM2.5 pollution and improve air quality, such as the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (APPCAP). To comprehensively assess the changes in ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the corresponding health risk with the implementation of APPCAP, this study examined PM2.5 samples collected in Wuhan in 2012/2013 and 2018 for water-soluble ions, carbonaceous fractions, and elements, respectively. Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay was used to determine the oxidation potential (OP) of PM2.5. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the multiple linear regression (MLR) model were used to analyze PM2.5 sources and the contribution of each source to the OP of PM2.5. The results showed that PM2.5 concentrations in Wuhan decreased significantly, however, there was little change in the health risk and a significant increase in intrinsic toxicity. DTTv (the volume-normalized dithiothreitol) showed high correlations (r > 0.5, p < 0.01) with water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic carbon (OC), secondary ions (NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+), and elements. Compared to 2012/2013, the contribution of vehicle emissions and secondary aerosol sources to PM2.5 increased significantly in 2018. Biomass burning sources significantly contribute to DTTv in the summer and autumn, and secondary aerosol sources significantly contribute to DTTv in winter. The human health impacts from coal combustion sources remained high, while vehicle emission sources increased. In the context of decreasing PM2.5 concentrations, the role of vehicle emissions health impacts is increasingly significant due to the large increment in vehicle ownership and high inherent OP. Therefore, targeting vehicle emissions for control is of great importance for human health and needs to be given great attention in future policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Danhong Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Zhang X, Zhu Z, Cao F, Tiwari S, Chen B. Source apportionment of absorption enhancement of black carbon in different environments of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142685. [PMID: 33049540 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is an important pollutant for both air quality and earth's radiation balance because of its strong absorption enhancement. The enhanced light absorption of BC caused by other pollutants is one of the most important sources of uncertainty in global radiative forcing. The light absorption of BC is highly dependent on the emission source and very few studies have been carried out for the source apportionment of BC absorption enhancement. Thus, with this objective, continuous measurements of particulate matter (PM2.5) were performed at three different sites: a traffic site in Nanjing, an urban site in Jinan, and a rural site in Yucheng; the BC absorption enhancement and its source contributions were determined. The mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of BC aerosols was reduced after the removal of the coating material. The maximum MAC enhancement (EMAC) was found to be 2.25 ± 0.5 at the rural site, followed by 2.07 ± 0.7 at the urban site and 1.7 ± 0.6 at the traffic site, suggesting an approximately double enhancement in BC absorption due to different coating materials. The source apportionment of absorption enhancement of BC analysis using the positive matrix factorization model suggests five major emission sources. Among them, secondary sources were the main source of EMAC at all the three sites with a percentage contribution of 43.4% (rural site), 34.6% (traffic site), and 31% (urban site). However, other emission sources, such as biomass burning (21.1% at rural site) and vehicular emissions (33.8% at traffic site) also had a significant contribution to EMAC, suggesting that there could be large variations in BC absorption enhancement due to differences in emission sources together with aerosol aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhejing Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Feiyan Cao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shani Tiwari
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China.
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Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds in Water Samples and Inorganic Elements Levels in Ores for Characterizing a High Anthropogenic Polluted Area in the Northern Latium Region (Italy). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041628. [PMID: 33567749 PMCID: PMC7915735 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper shows a characterization of the organic and inorganic fraction of river waters (Tiber and Marta) and ores/soil samples collected in the Northern Latium region of Italy for evaluating the anthropogenic/natural source contribution to the environmental pollution of this area. For organic compounds, organochloride volatile compounds in Tiber and Marta rivers were analyzed by two different clean-up methods (i.e., liquid–liquid extraction and static headspace) followed by gas chromatography–electron capture detector (GC-ECD) analysis. The results show very high concentrations of bromoform (up to 1.82 and 3.2 µg L−1 in Tiber and Marta rivers, respectively), due to the presence of greenhouse crops, and of chloroform and tetrachloroethene, due to the presence of handicrafts installations. For the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the inorganic fraction, it is highlighted the use of a nuclear analytical method, instrumental neutron activation analysis, which allows having more information as possible from the sample without performing any chemical-physical pretreatment. The results have evidenced high levels of mercury (mean value 88.6 µg g−1), antimony (77.7 µg g−1), strontium (12,039 µg g−1) and zinc (103 µg g−1), whereas rare earth elements show levels similar to the literature data. Particular consideration is drawn for arsenic (414 µg g−1): the levels found in this paper (ranging between 1 and 5100 µg g−1) explain the high content of such element (as arsenates) in the aquifer, a big issue in this area.
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Li SW, Chang M, Li H, Cui XY, Ma LQ. Chemical compositions and source apportionment of PM 2.5 during clear and hazy days: Seasonal changes and impacts of Youth Olympic Games. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127163. [PMID: 32470742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in chemical compositions and source apportionment of PM2.5 during clear and hazy days help to develop effective control policy, but limited information is available in megacity Nanjing. In this study, 102 PM2.5 samples were collected during clear and hazy days from 4 seasons in 2014-2015. Their chemical compositions (organic and elemental carbon, 8 water-soluble ions, and 22 inorganic elements) were determined, which were used for PM2.5 source apportionment using the PMF model. The mean PM2.5 concentration was lower during clear days than hazy days (42 vs. 122 μg m-3), so were mean concentrations of metals (0.48 vs. 0.82 ng m-3 for Co and 2.0 vs. 2.4 μg m-3 for Na), water soluble ions (0.10 vs. 0.16 μg m-3 for Mg2+ and 12 vs. 23 μg m-3 for SO42-), and carbon species (3.2 vs. 5.4 μg m-3 for elemetal C and 20 vs. 35 μg m-3 for organic C). Based on the PMF model, five main sources of PM2.5 were identified including secondary aerosols (31%), coal combustion (27%), road & construction dust (26%), oil combustion (8.5%), and iron & steel industry (5.1%) for all samples. The PM2.5 concentrations from the 5 sources were 0.01-46.5, averaging 9.8 μg m-3 during clear days (PM2.5 < 75 μg m-3), which increased to 1.83-60.1, averaging 18 μg m-3 during hazy days. However, based on their contributions to PM2.5, only secondary aerosols increased during hazy days compared to clear days in all seasons (11 vs. 42%), indicating its dominant contribution to haze in Nanjing. For different seasons, road & construction dust was a major contributor to PM2.5 in the summer, while oil combustion (4.86 vs.16.8%) contributed more in spring. However, coal combustion became the main source of PM2.5 during the summer (44-85%) due to the pollution controls for the Youth Olympic Games. Our results suggest that secondary aerosols play an important role in haze formation and season-dependent pollution measures should be implemented for effective control of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Minghui Chang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Long-Term Assessment of Air Quality and Identification of Aerosol Sources at Setúbal, Portugal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155447. [PMID: 32731647 PMCID: PMC7432894 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding air pollution in urban areas is crucial to identify mitigation actions that may improve air quality and, consequently, minimize human exposure to air pollutants and their impact. This study aimed to assess the temporal evolution of the air quality in the city of Setúbal (Portugal) during a time period of 10 years (2003–2012), by evaluating seasonal trends of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO, NO2 and NOx) measured in nine monitoring stations. In order to identify emission sources of particulate matter, PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were characterized in two different areas (urban traffic and industrial) in winter and summer and, afterwards, source apportionment was performed by means of Positive Matrix Factorization. Overall, the air quality has been improving over the years with a decreasing trend of air pollutant concentration, with the exception of O3. Despite this improvement, levels of PM10, O3 and nitrogen oxides still do not fully comply with the requirements of European legislation, as well as with the guideline values of the World Health Organization (WHO). The main anthropogenic sources contributing to local PM levels were traffic, industry and wood burning, which should be addressed by specific mitigation measures in order to minimize their impact on the local air quality.
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Characterization of Human Health Risks from Particulate Air Pollution in Selected European Cities. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to estimate health risk indexes caused by the inhalation of particulate matter (PM) by adult males and children using data sampled in three European cities (Athens, Kuopio, Lisbon). Accordingly, the cancer risk (CR) and the hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated from particle-bound metal concentrations whilst the epidemiology-based excess risk (ER), the attributable fraction (AF), and the mortality cases were obtained due to exposure to PM10 and PM2.5. CR and HQ were estimated using two methodologies: the first methodology incorporated the particle-bound metal concentrations (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb) whereas the second methodology used the deposited dose rate of particle-bound metals in the respiratory tract. The indoor concentration accounts for 70% infiltration from outdoor air for the time activity periods allocated to indoor environments. HQ was lower than 1 and the cumulative CR was lower than the acceptable level (10−4), although individual CR for some metals exceeded the acceptable limit (10−6). In a lifetime the estimated number of attributable cancer cases was 74, 0.107, and 217 in Athens, Kuopio, and Lisbon, respectively. Excess risk-based mortality estimates (due to outdoor pollution) for fine particles were 3930, 44.1, and 2820 attributable deaths in Athens, Kuopio, and Lisbon, respectively.
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Estimation of the Personal Deposited Dose of Particulate Matter and Particle-Bound Metals Using Data from Selected European Cities. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9070248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu B, Wu J, Zhang J, Wang L, Yang J, Liang D, Dai Q, Bi X, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q. Characterization and source apportionment of PM 2.5 based on error estimation from EPA PMF 5.0 model at a medium city in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:10-22. [PMID: 28088626 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Heze city, a medium-size city in Shandong province, Eastern China. Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected in urban area of Heze from August 2015 to April 2016, and chemical species and sources of PM2.5 were investigated in this paper. The results indicated that the average concentration of PM2.5 was 100.9 μg/m3 during the sampling period, and the water-soluble ions, carbonaceous species included elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), as well as elements contributed 32.7-51.7%, 16.3% and 12.5%, respectively, to PM2.5. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the existing form of NH4+ was more complex and diverse in spring/summer, and ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate might be major form of NH4+ in autumn/winter. Correlation analysis between PM2.5 and SO42-/NO3-, PM2.5 and OC/EC during different seasons suggested that mobile sources might make an important impact on the increase of PM2.5 concentrations in spring/summer, and stationary sources might play a critical role on the increase of PM2.5 concentrations in autumn/winter. Seven factors were selected in Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) models analysis based on the Error Estimation (EE) diagnostics during different seasons. Secondary source had the highest contribution to PM2.5 in Heze for the whole year, and followed by coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, soil dust, construction dust, biomass burning and metal manufacturing, and their annual contributions to PM2.5 were 26.5%, 17.2%, 16.5%, 11.5%, 7.7%, 7.0% and 3.8%, respectively. The air masses that were originated from Mongolia reflected the features of large-scale and long-distance air transport; while the air masses that began in Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan showed the features of small-scale and short-distance. Shandong, Henan and Jiangsu were identified as the major potential sources-areas of PM2.5 by using potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Danni Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qinxun Zhang
- Heze Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Heze, 274000, China
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Almeida-Silva M, Faria T, Saraga D, Maggos T, Wolterbeek HT, Almeida SM. Source apportionment of indoor PM10 in Elderly Care Centre. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7814-7827. [PMID: 26758302 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Source contribution to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been exhaustively modelled. However, people spend most of their time indoors where this approach is less explored. This evidence worsens considering elders living in Elderly Care Centres, since they are more susceptible. The present study aims to investigate the PM composition and sources influencing elderly exposure. Two 2-week sampling campaigns were conducted-one during early fall (warm phase) and another throughout the winter (cold phase). PM10 were collected with two TCR-Tecora(®) samplers that were located in an Elderly Care Centre living room and in the correspondent outdoor. Chemical analysis of the particles was performed by neutron activation analysis for element characterization, by ion chromatography for the determination of water soluble ions and by a thermal optical technique for the measurement of organic and elemental carbon. Statistical analysis showed that there were no statistical differences between seasons and environments. The sum of the indoor PM10 components measured in this work explained 57 and 53 % of the total PM10 mass measured by gravimetry in warm and cold campaigns, respectively. Outdoor PM10 concentrations were significantly higher during the day than night (p value < 0.05), as well as Ca(2+), Fe, Sb and Zn. The contribution of indoor and outdoor sources was assessed by principal component analysis and showed the importance of the highways and the airport located less than 500 m from the Elderly Care Centre for both indoor and outdoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Almeida-Silva
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation, Radionuclides and Reactors, Section RIH, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - T Faria
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - D Saraga
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR 'DEMOKRITOS', Athens, Greece
| | - T Maggos
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR 'DEMOKRITOS', Athens, Greece
| | - H T Wolterbeek
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation, Radionuclides and Reactors, Section RIH, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 ao Km 139.7, 2695-066, Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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Source apportionment by positive matrix factorization on elemental concentration obtained in PM10 and biomonitors collected in the vicinities of a steelworks. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lage J, Wolterbeek H, Almeida SM. Contamination of surface soils from a heavy industrial area in the North of Spain. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Exposure and inhaled dose of susceptible population to chemical elements in atmospheric particles. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ramos CA, Reis JF, Almeida T, Alves F, Wolterbeek HT, Almeida SM. Estimating the inhaled dose of pollutants during indoor physical activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 527-528:111-8. [PMID: 25958360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is undeniable that many benefits come from physical activity. People exercise in fitness centers to improve their health and well-being, prevent disease and to increase physical attractiveness. However, these facilities join conditions that cause poor indoor air quality. Moreover, increased inhalation rates during exercise have influence on inhaled doses of air pollution. OBJECTIVES This study aims to calculate the inhaled dose of air pollutants during exercise, by estimating minute ventilation of participants and measuring air pollutant concentrations in fitness centers. METHODS Firstly, the 20 participants performed an incremental test on a treadmill, where heart rate and minute ventilation were measured simultaneously to develop individual exponential regression equations. Secondly, heart rate was measured during fitness classes and minute ventilation was estimated based on the calculated regression coefficients. Finally, the inhaled dose of air pollutants was calculated using the estimated minute ventilation and the concentrations of the pollutants measured in a monitoring program performed in 63 fitness classes. RESULTS Estimated inhaled doses were higher in aerobic classes than in holistic classes. The main difference was registered for PM10 inhaled dose that presented an average ratio between aerobic and holistic classes greater than four. Minute ventilation and PM10 concentrations in aerobic classes were, on average, 2.0 times higher than in holistic classes. Results showed that inhalation of pollutants is increased during heavy exercise, demonstrating the need to maintain high indoor air quality in fitness centers. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates the importance of inclusion minute ventilation data when comparing inhaled doses of air pollution between different population groups. This work has estimated for the first time the minute ventilation for different fitness classes. Also constitutes an important contribution for the assessment of inhaled dose in future studies to be performed in fitness centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Ramos
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation, Radionuclides and Reactors, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - J F Reis
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Almeida
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Alves
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H T Wolterbeek
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation, Radionuclides and Reactors, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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Almeida SM, Lage J, Fernández B, Garcia S, Reis MA, Chaves PC. Chemical characterization of atmospheric particles and source apportionment in the vicinity of a steelmaking industry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 521-522:411-420. [PMID: 25864153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to provide a chemical characterization of atmospheric particles collected in the vicinity of a steelmaking industry and to identify the sources that affect PM10 levels. A total of 94 PM samples were collected in two sampling campaigns that occurred in February and June/July of 2011. PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were analyzed for a total of 22 elements by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis and Particle Induced X-ray Emission. The concentrations of water soluble ions in PM10 were measured by Ion Chromatography and Indophenol-Blue Spectrophotometry. Positive Matrix Factorization receptor model was used to identify sources of particulate matter and to determine their mass contribution to PM10. Seven main groups of sources were identified: marine aerosol identified by Na and Cl (22%), steelmaking and sinter plant represented by As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb, Sb and Zn (11%), sinter plant stack identified by NH4(+), K and Pb (12%), an unidentified Br source (1.8%), secondary aerosol from coke making and blast furnace (19%), fugitive emissions from the handling of raw material, sinter plant and vehicles dust resuspension identified by Al, Ca, La, Si, Ti and V (14%) and sinter plant and blast furnace associated essentially with Fe and Mn (21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 139.7km, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - J Lage
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 139.7km, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | | | - S Garcia
- Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade, Av. Prof. Dr. Cavaco Silva, 33, 2740-120 Porto Salvo, Portugal
| | - M A Reis
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 139.7km, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - P C Chaves
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 139.7km, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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Cruz AMJ, Sarmento S, Almeida SM, Silva AV, Alves C, Freitas MC, Wolterbeek H. Association between atmospheric pollutants and hospital admissions in Lisbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5500-10. [PMID: 25471710 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is recognised as one of the potential environmental risk factors causing health hazards to the exposed population, demonstrated in numerous previous studies. Several longitudinal, ecological and epidemiological studies have shown associations between outdoor levels of outdoor atmospheric pollutants and adverse health effects, especially associated with respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions. The aim of this work is to assess the influence of atmospheric pollutants over the hospital admissions in Lisbon, by Ordinary Least Squares Linear Regression. The pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5) were obtained from 13 monitoring stations of the Portuguese Environmental Agency, which provide hourly observations. Hospital admission data were collected from the Central Administration of the Health System and were compiled by age: <15, 15-64, >64 years old. The study period was 2006-2008. Results showed significant positive associations between the following: (1) the pollutants CO, NO, NO2, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 and circulatory diseases for ages between 15 and 64 years (0.5% hospital admissions (HA) increase with 10 μg m(-3) NO increase) and above 64 years (1.0% stroke admission increase with 10 μg m(-3) NO2 increase); (2) the pollutants CO, NO, NO2, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 and respiratory diseases for ages below 15 years (up to 1.9% HA increase with 10 μg m(-3) pollutant increase); and (3) the pollutants NO, NO2 and SO2 and respiratory diseases for ages above 64 years (1.3% HA increase with 10 μg m(-3) CO increase).
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Affiliation(s)
- A M J Cruz
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Oliveira do Hospital, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Rua General Santos Costa, 3400-124, Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal,
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16
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Chemical profile of fugitive particulate emissions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-2980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Avino P, Capannesi G, Rosada A. Source identification of inorganic airborne particle fraction (PM10) at ultratrace levels by means of INAA short irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4527-4538. [PMID: 24338000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have focused their attention on the determination of elements of toxicological and environmental interest in atmospheric particulate matter using analytical techniques requiring chemical treatments. The instrumental nuclear activation analysis technique allows achieving high sensitivity, good precision, and excellent limit of detection without pretreatment, also considering the problems related to the radioisotope characteristics (e.g., half-life time, interfering reactions, spectral interferences). In this paper, elements such as Al, As, Br, Cl, Cu, I, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Sb, Si, Ti, and V are studied in atmospheric PM10 sampled in downtown Rome: The relative radionuclides after activation of the sample are characterized by very short (ranging from 2.24 to 37.2 min) and short (ranging from 2.58 h to 2.70 days) half-lives. Furthermore, As, Br, La, Mn, and Sb were also determined for evaluating the aerosol characteristics. The results, elaborated considering the matrix effects and the interfering reaction contribution to the radioisotope formation (e.g., (28)Al generated by both (n,γ) reaction from (27)Al and (n,p) reaction from (28)Si), show interesting values of As (0.3-6.1 ng m(-3)), Cu (22-313 ng m(-3)), Mn (17-125 ng m(-3)), V (7-63 ng m(-3)), higher than those determined in an area not influenced by autovehicular traffic, and significant levels of I (1-11 ng m(-3)) and Ti (25-659 ng m(-3)) in Rome PM10. The other elements show a pattern similar to the very few data present in the literature. It should be underlined the good correlation (r (2)) of Al vs. Mg (0.915) and Al vs. La (0.726), indicating a same sources for these species as well as Br-Sb showing a little lower correlation (0.623). This last hypothesis is confirmed by the study of the enrichment factors: Sb and Br may be attributed to anthropogenic sources; Cu, Cl, and I show a mixed origin (natural and anthropogenic), whereas Al, Si, Ti, Mn, Na, Mg, and As are of crustal origin. For having more information, a statistical approach based on the principal component analysis and the canonical discriminant analysis has been performed: All the samples (except one) are grouped in a cluster, and elements such as As, Br, Cu, I, La, Mn, Sb, Ti, and V are highly correlated, whereas Na and Cl and Mg and Al assemble in two different clusters. Finally, a comparison with other similar studies is reported showing interesting values for Al, As, Mg, Mn, and Ti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Avino
- DIPIA, INAIL Settore Ricerca, via IV Novembre 144, 00187, Rome, Italy,
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19
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Assessment of the Portuguese k 0-INAA laboratory performance by evaluating internal quality control data. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-2987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Almeida-Silva M, Almeida SM, Cardoso J, Nunes T, Reis MA, Chaves PC, Pio CA. Characterization of the aeolian aerosol from Cape Verde by k 0-INAA and PIXE. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-2957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Canha N, Almeida SM, Freitas MC, Wolterbeek HT. Indoor and outdoor biomonitoring using lichens at urban and rural primary schools. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:900-915. [PMID: 25072722 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.911130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring particulate matter (PM) and its chemical constituents in classrooms is a subject of special concern within the scientific community in order to control and minimize child exposure. Regulatory sampling methods have presented several limitations in their application to larger number of classrooms due to operational and financial constraints. Consequently, passive sampling methodologies using filters were developed for indoor sampling. However, such methodologies could not provide parallel information for outdoors, which is important to identify pollution sources and assess outdoor contribution to the indoors. Therefore, biomonitoring with transplanted lichens, a technique usually applied for outdoor studies, was used both indoor and outdoor of classrooms. Three main objectives were proposed, to (i) characterize simultaneously indoor and outdoor of classrooms regarding inorganic air pollutants, (ii) investigate spatial patterns of lichen conductivity, and (iii) assess pollution sources that contribute to a poor indoor air quality in schools. Lichens Flavoparmelia caperata were transplanted to indoor and outdoor of classrooms for 59 d. After exposure, electric conductivity of lichens leachate was measured to evaluate lichen vitality and cell damage. Outdoors lichen conductivity was higher near the main highways, and indoors there was great variability in levels, which indicates different emissions sources and different ventilation patterns. Chemical content of lichens was assessed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and As, Br, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Th, Yb, and Zn were determined. Element accumulation, crustal enrichment factors, and spatial variability of elements were analyzed and contaminants from anthropogenic sources, such as traffic (As, Sb, and Zn) and indoor chalk (Ca) found. Classrooms with potential indoor air quality problems were identified by presenting higher accumulations of inorganic pollutants in exposed biomonitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Canha
- a C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares , Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Bobadela LRS , Portugal
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Lage J, Almeida SM, Reis MA, Chaves PC, Ribeiro T, Garcia S, Faria JP, Fernández BG, Wolterbeek HT. Levels and spatial distribution of airborne chemical elements in a heavy industrial area located in the north of Spain. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:856-866. [PMID: 25072718 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.910156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The adverse health effects of airborne particles have been subjected to intense investigation in recent years; however, more studies on the chemical characterization of particles from pollution emissions are needed to (1) identify emission sources, (2) better understand the relative toxicity of particles, and (3) pinpoint more targeted emission control strategies and regulations. The main objective of this study was to assess the levels and spatial distribution of airborne chemical elements in a heavy industrial area located in the north of Spain. Instrumental and biomonitoring techniques were integrated and analytical methods for k0 instrumental neutron activation analysis and particle-induced x-ray emission were used to determine element content in aerosol filters and lichens. Results indicated that in general local industry contributed to the emissions of As, Sb, Cu, V, and Ni, which are associated with combustion processes. In addition, the steelwork emitted significant quantities of Fe and Mn and the cement factory was associated with Ca emissions. The spatial distribution of Zn and Al also indicated an important contribution of two industries located outside the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lage
- a C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Bobadela LRS , Portugal
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Almeida-Silva M, Almeida SM, Gomes JF, Albuquerque PC, Wolterbeek HT. Determination of airborne nanoparticles in elderly care centers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:867-878. [PMID: 25072719 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.910157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
According to numerous studies, airborne nanoparticles have a potential to produce serious adverse human health effects when deposited into the respiratory tract. The most important parts of the lung are the alveolar regions with their enormous surface areas and potential to transfer nanoparticles into the blood stream. These effects may be potentiated in case of the elderly, since this population is more susceptible to air pollutants in general and more to nanoparticles than larger particles. The main goal of this investigation was to determine the exposure of institutionalized elders to nanoparticles using Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitor (NSAM) equipment to calculate the deposited surface area (DSA) of nanoparticles into elderly lungs. In total, 193 institutionalized individuals over 65 yr of age were examined in four elderly care centers (ECC). The occupancy daily pattern was achieved by applying a questionnaire, and it was concluded that these subjects spent most of their time indoors, including the bedroom and living room, the indoor microenvironments with higher prevalence of elderly occupancy. The deposited surface area ranged from 10 to 46 μm(2)/cm(3). The living rooms presented significantly higher levels compared with bedrooms. Comparing PM10 concentrations with nanoparticles deposited surface area in elderly lungs, it is conceivable that living rooms presented the highest concentration of PM10 and were similar to the highest average DSA. The temporal distribution of DSA was also assessed. While data showed a quantitative fluctuation in values in bedrooms, high peaks were detected in living rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Almeida-Silva
- a Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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