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Lyu RL, Joy S, Packianathan C, Laganowsky A, Burgess K. Small molecule peptidomimetic trypsin inhibitors: validation of an EKO binding mode, but with a twist. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2075-2080. [PMID: 35225309 PMCID: PMC10365224 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Examination of a series of naturally-occurring trypsin inhibitor proteins, led to identification of a set of three residues (which we call the "interface triplet") to be determinant of trypsin binding affinity, hence excellent templates for small molecule mimicry. Consequently, we attempted to use the Exploring Key Orientation (EKO) strategy developed in our lab to evaluate small molecules that mimic the interface triplet regions of natural trypsin inhibitors, and hence potentially might bind and inhibit the catalytic activity of trypsin. A bis-triazole scaffold ("TT-mer") was the most promising of the molecules evaluated in silico. Twelve such compounds were synthesized and assayed against trypsin, among which the best showed a Kd of 2.1 μM. X-ray crystallography revealed a high degree of matching between an illustrative TT-mer's actual binding mode and that of the mimics that overlaid the interface triplet in the crystal structure. Deviation of the third side chain from the PPI structure seems to be due to alleviation of an unfavorable dipole-dipole interaction in the small molecule's actual bound conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Liang Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Shaon Joy
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Charles Packianathan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Arthur Laganowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
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Kaushik CP, Sangwan J, Luxmi R, Kumar K, Pahwa A. Synthetic Routes for 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles: A Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190514074146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic compounds like 1,2,3-triazoles serve as a key scaffolds among organic compounds having diverse applications in the field of drug discovery, bioconjugation, material science, liquid crystals, pharmaceutical chemistry and solid phase organic synthesis. Various drugs containing 1,2,3-triazole ring which are commonly available in market includes Rufinamide, Cefatrizine, Tazobactam etc., Stability to acidic/basic hydrolysis along with significant dipole moment support triazole moiety for appreciable participation in hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions with biological targets. Huisgen 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition culminate into a mixture of 1,4 and 1,5- disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. In 2001, Sharpless and Meldal came across with a copper(I) catalyzed regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles by cycloaddition between azides and terminal alkynes. This azide-alkyne cycloaddition has been labelled as a one of the important key click reaction. Click synthesis describes chemical reactions that are simple to perform, gives high selectivity, wide in scope, fast reaction rate and high yields. Click reactions are not single specific reaction, but serve as a pathway for construction of simple to complex molecules from a variety of starting materials. In the last few decades, 1,2,3-triazoles attracted attention of researchers all over the world because of their broad spectrum of biological activities. Keeping in view the biological importance of 1,2,3-triazole, in this review we focus on the various synthetic routes for the syntheisis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. This review involves various synthetic protocols which involves copper and non-copper catalysts, different solvents as well as substrates. It will boost synthetic chemists to explore new pathway for the development of newer biologically active 1,2,3-triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander P. Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
| | - Jyoti Sangwan
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
| | - Raj Luxmi
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
| | - Ashima Pahwa
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
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Selected applications of N-protected (S)-2-(diazoacetyl)pyrrolidines (microreview). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-016-1848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sarmiento-Sánchez JI, Ochoa-Terán A, Rivero IA. Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of enantiomerically pure bis-(1,2,3-triazolylmethyl)amino esters from modified α-amino acids. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:264762. [PMID: 25386592 PMCID: PMC4216715 DOI: 10.1155/2014/264762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The efforts for synthesis of enantiomerically pure bis-(1,2,3-triazolylmethyl)amino esters 6 are reported in good yields from an in situ generated α-azidomethyl ketone. Optimum experimental conditions were established for preparation of α-halomethyl ketones 10 and α-N,N-dipropargylamino esters 11, all derived from α-amino acids. The starting materials reacted under conventional click chemistry conditions, revealing a specific reactivity of bromomethyl ketones over chloromethyl ketones. The antioxidant activity of compounds 6 was assayed by DPPH method. The compound 6c with an IC50 of 75.57 ± 1.74 μg mL(-1) was the most active. Technically, this methodology allows the preparation of a combinatorial library of analogues with different structural characteristics depending on the nature of the modified α-amino acids employed in the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Sarmiento-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Boulevard de las Américas S/N, 80040 Culiacán, SIN, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ochoa-Terán
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación del Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Boulevard Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, Apdo. Postal 1166, 22500 Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Ignacio A. Rivero
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación del Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Boulevard Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, Apdo. Postal 1166, 22500 Tijuana, BC, Mexico
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Krishnamurthy M, Basavaprabhu, Sharanabai K, Sureshbabu VV. A facile route for the synthesis of novel S-linked 1,3,5-triazine tethered peptidomimetics. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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