Design of Tripeptides as a Competitive Inhibitor for HMG-CoA Reductase

Biological Effects of Calceolarioside A as a Natural Compound: Anti-Ovarian Cancer, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Anti-HMG-CoA Reductase Potentials with Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Studies

One kind of hydroxycinnamic acid is calceolarioside A. Plantago coronopus, Cassinopsis madagascariensis, and other organisms for whom data are available are known to have this naturally occurring compound. IC50 values of Calceolarioside A for ovarian cell lines (NIH-OVCAR-3, ES-2, UACC-1598, Hs832.Tc, TOV-21G, UWB1.289) were 24.42, 13.50, 9.31, 14.90, 20.07, and 16.18 µM, respectively. IC50 values were 19.83 and 73.48 µM for tyrosinase and HMG-CoA reductase enzymes. The chemical activities of Calceolarioside A against HMG-CoA reductase and tyrosinase were assessed by conducting the molecular docking study, MM/GBSA calculation, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The anticancer activities of this compound were evaluated against some ovarian cancer cells, such as NIH-OVCAR-3, ES-2, UACC-1598, Hs832.Tc, TOV-21G, and UWB1.289 cell lines. The chemical activities of Calceolarioside A against some of the expressed surface receptor proteins (folate receptor, CD44, EGFR, Formyl Peptide Receptor-Like 1, M2 muscarinic receptor, and estrogen receptors) were investigated using computational methods. The results exhibited the interplay among atoms. The compound formed robust associations with both the enzymes and receptors. Calceolarioside A can hinder the functioning of these enzymes and the proliferation of malignant cells.

Bioactive Peptides: An Understanding from Current Screening Methodology

Bioactive peptides with high potency against numerous human disorders have been regarded as a promising therapy in disease control. These peptides could be released from various dietary protein sources through hydrolysis processing using physical conditions, chemical agents, microbial fermentation, or enzymatic digestions. Considering the diversity of the original proteins and the complexity of the multiple structural peptides that existed in the hydrolysis mixture, the screening of bioactive peptides will be a challenge task. Well-organized and well-designed methods are necessarily required to enhance the efficiency of studying the potential peptides. This article, hence, provides an overview of bioactive peptides with an emphasis on the current strategy used for screening and characterization methods. Moreover, the understanding of the biological activities of peptides, mechanism inhibitions, and the interaction of the complex of peptide–enzyme is commonly evaluated using specific in vitro assays and molecular docking analysis.