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Zhou C, Dong C, Wang Q, Fu C, Xie Z, Hao W, Sun H, Zhu D. Healthy lifestyle and all-cause and cause-specific dementia in individuals with type 2 diabetes and the roles of diabetes duration and insulin use in UK Biobank cohort. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:3202-3211. [PMID: 37435782 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the effect of a healthy lifestyle score derived from seven lifestyle factors recommended by the diabetes management guidelines on all-cause and cause-specific dementia in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and how diabetes duration and insulin use status modify their association. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study analysed data of 459 840 participants from the UK Biobank. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals for the association of an overall healthy lifestyle score with all-cause and cause-specific dementia of Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and non-Alzheimer non-vascular dementia. RESULTS Using diabetes-free participants who scored 5-7 as the reference group, in diabetes-free participants, we observed higher healthy lifestyle score was related to lower risk of all-cause and cause-specific dementia. However, in people with T2DM, those scored 2-3, 4 and 5-7 all had around the two-time risk of all-cause dementia (HR: 2.20-2.36), while those scored 0-1 had over a three-time risk (HR: 3.14, 95% confidence interval 2.34-4.21). A dose-response trend was observed with vascular dementia (each 2-point increase: 0.75, 0.61-0.93) and no significant association with Alzheimer's disease (0.95, 0.77-1.16). The reduced risk of all-cause and cause-specific dementia with higher lifestyle score was observed in patients with a diabetes duration less than 10 years, or in patients with no insulin use. CONCLUSION In people with T2DM, higher healthy lifestyle score was associated with lower risk of all-cause dementia. Diabetes duration and insulin use moderated the association between healthy lifestyle score and risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Halth, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Caiyun Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Halth, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Chunying Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Halth, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ziwei Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Halth, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenting Hao
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Huizi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Halth, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongshan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Halth, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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2
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Shekarchian M, Peeri M, Azarbayjani MA. Physical activity in a swimming pool attenuates memory impairment by reducing glutamate and inflammatory cytokines and increasing BDNF in the brain of mice with type 2 diabetes. Brain Res Bull 2023; 201:110725. [PMID: 37543294 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for the development of cognitive impairment. Increasing evidence suggests that regular exercise is beneficial for the treatment of clinical symptoms in diabetic patients. The current study aimed to evaluate whether increasing physical activity through swimming training can reduce memory impairment in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes and non-diabetes mice underwent swimming training for four weeks, and then working, spatial, and recognition memory were evaluated using three behavioral tests. Body weight, glucose, and insulin resistance were monitored. We also measured inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)- 6, IL-1β, and tumor-necrosis-factor (TNF)-α), an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF), and glutamate levels in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex of mice. The findings showed that diabetes increased body weight, glucose, and insulin resistance, impaired working, spatial and recognition memory, increased levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and glutamate levels, and decreased BDNF in the hippocampus of diabetic mice. While higher physical activity was associated with reduced body weight, glucose, and insulin resistance, attenuated memory impairment, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and glutamate, and increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of diabetic mice. This study shows that swimming training can normalize body weight and glucose-insulin axis and reduce inflammation and glutamate in the hippocampus and enhance the neurotrophic system in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of diabetic mice. This study also suggests that higher physical activity through swimming training can improve cognitive impairment in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Shekarchian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maghsoud Peeri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Roever L, Cavalcante BRR, Improta-Caria AC. Long-term consequences of COVID-19 on mental health and the impact of a physically active lifestyle: a narrative review. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2023; 22:19. [PMID: 37170283 PMCID: PMC10174610 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-023-00448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Respiratory viruses damage not only the upper respiratory tract in humans, but also several different organs such as the brain. Some of the neurological consequences of COVID-19 reported are anosmia, headache, stroke, declined cognitive function, and impaired mental health, among others. People who had COVID-19 have a higher risk of sequelae in the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is not known which are all possible sequelae and how long will last the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on behavioral patterns and quality of life. AIM We intend to address the long-term impacts of COVID-19 on mental health and the relevance of physical exercise during the pandemic. METHODS We conducted a literature search using PubMed to find the articles that were related to these themes. RESULTS We found 23,489 papers initially, and then we applied the inclusion/exclusion criteria to narrow down our search to 3617 articles and selected 1380 eligible articles after a thorough reading of titles and abstracts. The findings indicated that COVID-19 impacted general mental health and led many not only hospitalized patients to develop cognitive decline, memory impairment, anxiety, sleep alterations, and depressive-like behavior. Furthermore, the fear of vaccines and their effects had negatively affected mental health and directly impacted mortality rates in unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS Preventive measures must be undertaken, such as the vaccination of the entire population, vaccination hesitancy discouragement by creating awareness among individuals, and people's engagement in a physically active lifestyle, since being physically active is a low-cost and effective measure to restore or inhibit the negative outcomes from COVID-19 on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Roever
- Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Raphael Ribeiro Cavalcante
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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4
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Shima T, Kawabata-Iwakawa R, Onishi H, Jesmin S, Yoshikawa T. Light-intensity exercise improves memory dysfunction with the restoration of hippocampal MCT2 and miRNAs in type 2 diabetic mice. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:245-254. [PMID: 36370225 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive decline associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor to impair human health. Although light-intensity exercise prevents hippocampal memory dysfunction in pre-symptomatic T2DM animals by altering hippocampal lactate transport and neurotrophic factors, the effects of light-intensity exercise in an advanced stage of T2DM animals remain unclear. Here, ob/ob mice, an animal model of T2DM, were subjected to light-intensity exercise (5.0 m/min) for 30 min/day, five days/week for four weeks. The effects of light-intensity exercise on hippocampal complications, mRNA expressions of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT), and miRNA levels were assessed. The light-intensity exercise improved hippocampal memory retention in ob/ob mice. Downregulated hippocampal Mct2 mRNA levels in T2DM were improved with light-intensity exercise. Hippocampal mRNA levels of Mct1 and Mct4 were unchanged within groups. Based on miRNA sequencing, sedentary ob/ob mice exhibited that 71 miRNAs were upregulated, and 77 miRNAs were downregulated in the hippocampus. In addition, the exercise significantly increased 24 miRNAs and decreased 4 miRNAs in the T2DM hippocampus. The exercise reversed T2DM-induced alterations of hippocampal 9 miRNAs, including miR-200a-3p. Our findings imply that miR-200a-3p/Mct2 in the hippocampus would be a possible clinical target for treating T2DM-induced memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Shima
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Cooperative Faculty of Education, Gunma University, 4-2 Aramaki-machi, Gunma, 371-8510, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Reika Kawabata-Iwakawa
- Division of Integrated Oncology Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hayate Onishi
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Cooperative Faculty of Education, Gunma University, 4-2 Aramaki-machi, Gunma, 371-8510, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Subrina Jesmin
- Faculty of Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, 143-0015, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yoshikawa
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Cooperative Faculty of Education, Gunma University, 4-2 Aramaki-machi, Gunma, 371-8510, Maebashi, Japan
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Guo X, Guo J, Du Z, He M, Liu Q, Xu D, Liu T, Zhang J, Yuan H, Wang M, Li S. Causal Structural Covariance Network Suggesting Structural Alterations Progression in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:936943. [PMID: 35911591 PMCID: PMC9336220 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.936943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose According to reports, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive disease. However, no known research has examined the progressive brain structural changes associated with T2D. The purpose of this study was to determine whether T2D patients exhibit progressive brain structural alterations and, if so, how the alterations progress. Materials and Methods Structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were collected for 81 T2D patients and 48 sex-and age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and causal structural covariance network (CaSCN) analyses were applied to investigate gray matter volume (GMV) alterations and the likely chronological processes underlying them in T2D. Two sample t-tests were performed to compare group differences, and the differences were corrected using Gaussian random field (GRF) correction (voxel-level p < 0.001, cluster-level p < 0.01). Results Our findings demonstrated that GMV alterations progressed in T2D patients as disease duration increased. In the early stages of the disease, the right temporal pole of T2D patients had GMV atrophy. As the diseases duration prolonged, the limbic system, cerebellum, subcortical structures, parietal cortex, frontal cortex, and occipital cortex progressively exhibited GMV alterations. The patients also exhibited a GMV alterations sequence exerting from the right temporal pole to the limbic-cerebellum-striatal-cortical network areas. Conclusion Our results indicate that the progressive GMV alterations of T2D patients manifested a limbic-cerebellum-striatal-cortical sequence. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the progression and an improvement of current diagnosis and intervention strategies for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaonan Guo
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Information Transmission and Signal Processing, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jing Guo
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengcong Du
- School of Information Science and Technology, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Muyuan He
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihong Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dundi Xu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiyuan Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junran Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Junran Zhang
| | - Huijuan Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Huijuan Yuan
| | - Meiyun Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Meiyun Wang
| | - Shasha Li
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Sousa RALD, de Magalhães COD, Dias IR, de Oliveira LRS, Improta-Caria AC, Cassilhas RC. Cross talk mechanisms of aerobic exercise training on obesity, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease: the role of insulin resistance. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:963-967. [PMID: 35946775 PMCID: PMC9574969 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20211210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Alto da Jacuba (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício – Diamantina (MG), Brazil.,Corresponding author:
| | - Caíque Olegário Diniz de Magalhães
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Alto da Jacuba (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício – Diamantina (MG), Brazil
| | - Isabella Rocha Dias
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Alto da Jacuba (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício – Diamantina (MG), Brazil
| | - Lucas Renan Sena de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Alto da Jacuba (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício – Diamantina (MG), Brazil
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Universidade federal da Bahia, Faculty of Medicine, Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health – Salvador (BA), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Alto da Jacuba (MG), Brazil.,Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício – Diamantina (MG), Brazil
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7
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de Gregório E, Mendes GC, Somensi LB, Freire CG, Lopes LF, Lima KR, Carrazoni GS, Neves BHS, Picua SS, da Silva LM, Mello-Carpes PB, Bonini JS, da Silva WC. Neuroprotective effects of strength training in a neuroinflammatory animal model. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:22. [PMID: 35410134 PMCID: PMC8996658 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The preventive role of muscular strength on diminishing neuroinflammation is yet unknown. In this study, the role of the prophylactic muscular strength exercise was investigated in order to verify whether it would diminish cognitive alterations and modify the antioxidant intracellular scenery in an animal neuroinflammatory model in of the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Methods The animals received muscular strength training (SE) three times a week for eight weeks. Subsequently, the stereotaxic surgery was performed with an intra-hippocampal infusion of either saline solution (SAL) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Next, we performed the behavioral tests: object recognition and social recognition. Then, the animals were euthanized, and their hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were collected. In another moment, we performed the dosage of the antioxidant activity and histological analysis. Results The results showed that the muscular strength exercises could show a beneficial prophylactic effect in the cognitive deficiencies caused by acute neuroinflammation. Regarding oxidative stress, there was an increase in catalase enzyme activity (CAT) in the group (SE + LPS) compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). As for the cognitive alterations, there were found in the (SE + LPS) group, diminishing the mnemonic hazard of the discriminative and social memories compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion We concluded, therefore, that the exercise performed prophylactically presents a protective effect capable of minimizing such mnemonic deficits and increasing catalase enzyme activity in rats that suffered a local neuroinflammatory process in the hippocampus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-022-00708-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizama de Gregório
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Development and Society (PPGDS), University of Alto Vale Do Rio Do Peixe (UNIARP), Caçador, SC, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Physiology, Physiology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Cristiane Mendes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Lincon Bordignon Somensi
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Development and Society (PPGDS), University of Alto Vale Do Rio Do Peixe (UNIARP), Caçador, SC, Brazil
| | - Cassio Geremia Freire
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Development and Society (PPGDS), University of Alto Vale Do Rio Do Peixe (UNIARP), Caçador, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiza Freitas Lopes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Salgado Carrazoni
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Ben-Hur Souto Neves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Steffanie Severo Picua
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Luisa Mota da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences (PPGCF), Center for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research (NIQFAR), University of Vale Do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Pamela Billig Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Physiology, Physiology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sartori Bonini
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Pharmacy, Department, State University of Midwest of Paraná, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Weber Claudio da Silva
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Pharmacy, Department, State University of Midwest of Paraná, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Physiology, Physiology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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8
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De Sousa RAL, Improta-Caria AC. Regulation of microRNAs in Alzheimer´s disease, type 2 diabetes, and aerobic exercise training. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:559-580. [PMID: 35075500 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. The evolution and aggregation of amyloid beta (β) oligomers is linked to insulin resistance in AD, which is also the major characteristic of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Being physically inactive can contribute to the development of AD and/or T2D. Aerobic exercise training (AET), a type of physical exercise, can be useful in preventing or treating the negative outcomes of AD and T2D. AD, T2D and AET can regulate the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we review some of the changes in miRNAs expression regulated by AET, AD and T2D. MiRNAs play an important role in the gene regulation of key signaling pathways in both pathologies, AD and T2D. MiRNA dysregulation is evident in AD and has been associated with several neuropathological alterations, such as the development of a reactive gliosis. Expression of miRNAs are associated with many pathophysiological mechanisms involved in T2D like insulin synthesis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia, intracellular signaling, and lipid profile. AET regulates miRNAs levels. We identified 5 miRNAs (miR-21, miR-29a/b, miR-103, miR-107, and miR-195) that regulate gene expression and are modulated by AET on AD and T2D. The identified miRNAs are potential targets to treat the symptoms of AD and T2D. Thus, AET is a non-pharmacological tool that can be used to prevent and fight the negative outcomes in AD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas- Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia (SBFis), Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha E Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Alto da Jacuba, nº 5000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, CEP 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
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