The effects of race and criminal justice involvement on access to atypical antipsychotic medications among persons with schizophrenia

Comparison of treatment patterns in schizophrenia between China and Japan (2001-2009)

INTRODUCTION

To date no study has compared the treatment patterns for schizophrenia specifically between China and Japan. This study examined the cross-national differences in the use of psychotropic drugs and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in schizophrenia.

METHOD

Data on 3248 schizophrenia inpatients (n = 1524 in China and n = 1724 in Japan) were collected by either chart review or interviews during the designated 3 study periods between 2001 and 2009. Patients' socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, prescriptions of psychotropic drugs, and ECT use were recorded using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure.

RESULTS

Multivariate analyses revealed that compared to their Japanese counterparts, Chinese inpatients had a shorter length of current hospitalization, were significantly less frequently prescribed second-generation antipsychotics (except clozapine), antipsychotic polypharmacy, benzodiazepines, and mood stabilizers, and more likely to receive clozapine, antidepressants, and ECT.

DISCUSSION

Substantial variations in inpatient treatment patterns for schizophrenia were found between China and Japan. The common use of ECT and clozapine in Chinese inpatients and the frequent use of antipsychotic polypharmacy and high antipsychotic doses in Japanese inpatients need to be addressed.

Longitudinal treatment outcome of African American and Caucasian patients with first episode psychosis

The purpose of our analyses to examine the outcome differences between African American and Caucasian first-episode psychotic patients over the course of one year, to explore the interactive effects of gender, diagnosis, and race on treatment outcome. A consecutive series of patients (N=199) were recruited into our study from the inpatient and outpatient services at a psychiatric clinic. Global functioning, positive, negative, affective, and depression symptoms and treatment adherence were assessed at baseline prior to treatment and during follow-up up to one year. African American patients (N=62) were found to experience significantly less improvement in symptoms, bizarre behavior, avolition, anhedonia, and functional performance, and affective symptoms than their Caucasian counterparts (N=137). In addition, African American female patients experienced less improvement in affective flattening. While both groups of patients have experienced significant improvement during the one-year treatment, that of the African American patients was less optimal.

The 3-year clinical and functional course of schizophrenia among individuals with and without diabetes at study entry

OBJECTIVE

This prospective observational study compared the 3-year clinical and functional course of schizophrenia among individuals with and without diabetes at study entry.

METHOD

Data were drawn from a large, 3-year, multisite, prospective, naturalistic study of treatment for schizophrenia-related disorders. The study was conducted in the United States between July 1997 and September 2003 and represented treatment practices in diverse systems of care. Participants were diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective or schizophreniform disorders based on DSM-IV criteria. Clinical and functional outcomes were assessed at study enrollment and at 12-month intervals using standard psychiatric measures, medical records, and a validated patient-reported questionnaire. Diabetes status was determined by participant interview at enrollment. Statistical analyses used mixed models with repeated measures.

RESULTS

Of 594 participants queried about comorbid medical conditions at enrollment, 76 (12.8%) reported having diabetes. Other comor-bid conditions were reported by 79% of the diabetes group (N = 60) and 50% of the nondiabetes group (N = 259). Across the 3-year study, participants with diabetes differed significantly from participants without diabetes on 2 of 36 outcome measures: more contacts with nonpsychiatrist physicians (p < .001) and poorer physical health (p = .015). Groups did not differ significantly on mental health symptomatology, mental health resource utilization, legal and safety issues, substance use, productivity, activities and relationships, or quality of life.

CONCLUSIONS

In this 3-year, prospective, naturalistic study, the course of schizophrenia did not differ significantly between participants with and without diabetes, although persons with diabetes did have poorer physical health and more contacts with nonpsychiatrist physicians. Findings highlight the need for better medical treatment for people with schizophrenia, both with and without comorbid diabetes.

Impact of race on efficacy and safety during treatment with olanzapine in schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder

BACKGROUND

To examine potential differences in efficacy and safety of treatment with olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia of white and black descent.

METHODS

A post-hoc, pooled analysis of 6 randomized, double-blind trials in the treatment of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, or schizoaffective disorder compared white (N = 605) and black (N = 375) patients treated with olanzapine (5 to 20 mg/day) for 24 to 28 weeks. Efficacy measurements included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score; and positive, negative, and general psychopathology scores; and the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) scores at 6 months. Safety measures included differences in the frequencies of adverse events along with measures of extrapyramidal symptoms, weight, glucose, and lipid changes over time.

RESULTS

51% of black patients and 45% of white patients experienced early study discontinuation (P = .133). Of those who discontinued, significantly more white patients experienced psychiatric worsening (P = .002) while significantly more black patients discontinued for reasons other than efficacy or tolerability (P = .014). Discontinuation for intolerability was not different between groups (P = .320). For the estimated change in PANSS total score over 6 months, there was no significant difference in efficacy between white and black patients (P = .928), nor on the estimated PANSS positive (P = .435), negative (P = .756) or general psychopathology (P = .165) scores. Overall, there was no significant difference in the change in CGI-S score between groups from baseline to endpoint (P = .979). Weight change was not significantly different in white and black patients over 6 months (P = .127). However, mean weight change was significantly greater in black versus white patients at Weeks 12 and 20 only (P = .028 and P = .026, respectively). Additionally, a significantly greater percentage of black patients experienced clinically significant weight gain (≥ 7%) at anytime compared to white patients (36.1% vs. 30.4%, P = .021). Changes across metabolic parameters (combined fasting and random lipids and glucose) were also not significantly different between groups, with the exception of a greater categorical change in total cholesterol from borderline to high among white subjects and a categorical change from normal to low in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol among white males.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings did not demonstrate overall substantive differences in efficacy or safety between white and black patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or related disorders treated with olanzapine. However, a significantly greater percentage of black patients (36.1%) experienced clinically significant weight gain compared to white patients (30.4%).

Ziprasidone in Black patients with schizophrenia: analysis of four short-term, double-blind studies

OBJECTIVE

To better understand the efficacy and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics among racial groups, we reviewed data from four short-term (4-6 weeks), fixed-dose, placebo-controlled trials of ziprasidone for black, white, and overall populations of patients with schizophrenia.

METHODS

Efficacy of ziprasidone in the black, white, and overall schizophrenic populations was compared to placebo using standard efficacy measures (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS] total, PANSS negative, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale [BPRS], Clinical Global Impression-Severity [CGI-S], CGI-Improvement [CGI-I]).

RESULTS

Black patients receiving ziprasidone demonstrated statistically significant improvements from baseline in PANSS total, PANSS negative, and BPRS, and improvements in CGI-S and CGI-I (n=99-149) compared with placebo (n=41-66); improvements were comparable to those observed in the overall population (n=451-639) and the white population (n=310-430). Interaction effect (treatment by race) was not significant for any efficacy variables. Ziprasidone was well-tolerated among black patients (n=175). Adjusted mean (least squares mean) overall weight gain in black patients receiving ziprasidone (n=124) was 1.8 kg. There were no increases in total cholesterol, triglycerides, or random glucose in the black population.

CONCLUSION

Ziprasidone has similar efficacy and safety in black patients with schizophrenia compared with patients in the white and overall populations.

Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for substance use in schizophrenia patients

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the influence of medication class (atypical antipsychotic, typical antipsychotic and no medication) and compliance on substance use outcomes for schizophrenia patients in the community.

METHOD

N=362 adults with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder were followed for 3 years in a naturalistic study with structured interviews at 6-month intervals. Multivariable time-series analysis was performed using propensity-score adjustment for selection to medication class.

RESULTS

Participants who were compliant with atypical antipsychotic medications for 90 days or more during each 6-month period were significantly less likely to use substances during the next 6-month period than patients who were compliant with typical antipsychotics or those who were not prescribed either type of medication for at least 90 days.

CONCLUSION

Atypical antipsychotics may offer an advantage in reducing substance use among schizophrenia patients. For patients to benefit from atypical antipsychotics, treatment should focus on enhancing compliance and integrating substance use treatment.