One-pot synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of fused thiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimidinone-pyrazolylcoumarin hybrids

Stepping Further from Coupling Tools: Development of Functional Polymers via the Biginelli Reaction

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have been used to prepare polymers with appealing functions. The Biginelli reaction, one of the oldest and most famous MCRs, has sparked new scientific discoveries in polymer chemistry since 2013. Recent years have seen the Biginelli reaction stepping further from simple coupling tools; for example, the functions of the Biginelli product 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-(thi)ones (DHPM(T)) have been gradually exploited to develop new functional polymers. In this mini-review, we mainly summarize the recent progress of using the Biginelli reaction to identify polymers for biomedical applications. These polymers have been documented as antioxidants, anticancer agents, and bio-imaging probes. Moreover, we also provide a brief introduction to some emerging applications of the Biginelli reaction in materials and polymer science. Finally, we present our perspectives for the further development of the Biginelli reaction in polymer chemistry.

Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin(thio)one Containing Scaffold: Biginelli-like Reactions

The interest in 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-(thio)ones is increasing every day, mainly due to their paramount biological relevance. The Biginelli reaction is the classical approach to reaching these scaffolds, although the product diversity suffers from some limitations. In order to overcome these restrictions, two main approaches have been devised. The first one involves the modification of the conventional components of the Biginelli reaction and the second one refers to the postmodification of the Biginelli products. Both strategies have been extensively revised in this manuscript. Regarding the first one, initially, the modification of one of the components was covered. Although examples of modifications of the three of them were described, by far the modification of the keto ester counterpart was the most popular approach, and a wide variety of different enolizable carbonylic compounds were used; moreover, changes in two or the three components were also described, broadening the substitution of the final dihydropyrimidines. Together with these modifications, the use of Biginelli adducts as a starting point for further modification was also a very useful strategy to decorate the final heterocyclic structure.

Biginelli Reaction Mediated Synthesis of Antimicrobial Pyrimidine Derivatives and Their Therapeutic Properties

Antimicrobial resistance was one of the top priorities for global public health before the start of the 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Moreover, in this changing medical landscape due to COVID-19, finding new organic structures with antimicrobial and antiviral properties is a priority in current research. The Biginelli synthesis that mediates the production of pyrimidine compounds has been intensively studied in recent decades, especially due to the therapeutic properties of the resulting compounds, such as calcium channel blockers, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory or antioxidant compounds. In this review we aim to review the Biginelli syntheses reported recently in the literature that mediates the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds, the spectrum of their medicinal properties, and the structure-activity relationship in the studied compounds.

Multicomponent Reactions for Integrating Multiple Functional Groups into an Antioxidant

A large number of convincing evidences has revealed the correlation of the pathogeny of diseases with the oxidative damages of DNA, protein, biomembrane, and other biological species, while supplementation of antioxidants is demonstrated to be a promising way to avoid, at least, rectify the unbalance redox status in vivo. Although many endeavors have focused on synthesis of antioxidants, a main hurdle still hinders the wide usages of synthetic antioxidants because of low bioavailability and potential cytotoxicity. The search for antioxidants with multiple functional groups being recognized by different receptors becomes a much sought by researchers, and multicomponent reactions (MCRs) provide with powerful tools for the construction of multifunctional antioxidants. Presented herein is a personal account on the application of MCRs for the synthesis of multifunctional antioxidants, while radical-induced oxidation of DNA acts as the experimental system for evaluating antioxidative effect. Concretely, the Biginelli three-component reaction (3CR) affords such a dihydropyrimidine scaffold that the tautomerization between C=S and C-SH leads to antioxidative effect. The Povarov 3CR is able to integrate multiple antioxidative groups, i. e., ferrocenyl and -N(CH₃ )₂ , into a quinoline scaffold, while the Groebke 3CR provides with imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine skeleton for inhibiting DNA oxidation. Additionally, the Knoevenagel-related MCRs also become efficient strategies for achieving radical-scavengers. On the other hand, the Ugi 4CR and Passerini 3CR result in the dipeptide and α-acyloxycarboxamide, respectively, with the benefit for the integration of antioxidative features by aliphatic chains. Therefore, MCRs have emerged as efficient tools for integrating multiple antioxidative features into one molecule in order to meet with complicated requirements from various biological surroundings.

Novel N-Acyl-1H-imidazole-1-carbothioamides: Design, Synthesis, Biological and Computational Studies

The present study reports the convenient synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, bio-assays and computational evaluation of a novel series of N-acyl-1H-imidazole-1-carbothioamides. The screened derivatives displayed excellent antioxidant activity, moderate antibacterial and antifungal potential. The screened derivatives were found to be highly biocompatible against hRBCs. Molecular docking ascertained the mechanism and mode of action towards the molecular target delineating that ligands and complexes were stabilized at the active site by electrostatic and hydrophobic forces in accordance to the corresponding experimental results. Docking simulation provided additional information about the possibilities of inhibitory potential of the compounds against RNA. Computational evaluation predicted that N-acyl-1H-imidazole-1-carbothioamides 5c and 5g can serve as potential surrogates for hit to lead generation and design of novel antioxidant and antibacterial agents.