DD genotype of ACE gene I/D polymorphism is associated with Behcet disease in a Turkish population

Evaluation of ACE I/D and ATIR A1166C variants in patients with diabetes mellitus with and without peripheral neuropathy in Turkish patients

OBJECTIVE

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) can lead to long-term vascular complications such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). This study aimed to investigate the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C variants in the predisposition to T2DM in the Turkish population and their association with DPN.

METHODS

The study included 90 T2DM patients (42 with DPN) and 50 healthy individuals. ACE I/D and ATIR A1166C gene regions were analyzed for the variant. Both the general genotype distribution of these variants and the observed genotype ratios were examined separately.

RESULTS

In the T2DM group, the proportion of individuals with the AA genotype of the AT1R A1166C variant was lower than in the control group, and the proportion of individuals with the AC genotype was higher. There was no significant difference in the genotype distribution between the groups for the ACE I/D variant. There was no significant difference in the genotype distribution of the ACE I/D and ATIR A1166C variants in patients with and without DPN.

CONCLUSION

In the Turkish population, no significant difference was observed in the overall genotype distribution of ACE I/D and AT1R A1166C variants between T2DM patients and healthy individuals, whereas the AC genotype of the AT1R A1166C variant was more frequent in T2DM patients, and the AA genotype was less frequent. For both variants, no significant difference was observed in the genotype distribution between T2DM patients with and without DPN.

Genetic Variations of Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, and Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor with the Risk of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

There is little data regarding the impact of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene polymorphisms on tuberculosis. The current study designed to survey the possible association between RAS polymorphisms and the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a sample of the southeast Iranian population. This case-control study was done on 170 PTB patients and 170 healthy subjects. The AGT rs699 C>T, ACE rs4341 C>G and AT1R rs5186 C>A variants were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and ACE rs4646994 (287bp I/D) variant by PCR method. Regarding AT1R rs5186 A>C polymorphism, the findings revealed that AC genotype and C allele significantly decreased the risk of PTB (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.22-0.67, p=0.001, and OR=0.53, 95% CI=0.25-0.72, p=0.002, C vs. A, respectively). The TC genotype and C allele of AGT rs699 T>C significantly associated with decreased the risk of PTB (OR=0.45, 95% CI=0.28-0.74, p=0.002, TC vs. TT and OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.32-0.80, p=0.005, C vs. T, respectively). The ID genotype of ACE 287bp I/D significantly increased the risk of PTB (OR=1.88, 95% CI=1.12-3.17, p=0.017). Our finding did not support an association between ACE rs4341 C>G variant and the risk of PTB. In summary, the findings revealed an association between AT1R rs5186 A>C, AGT rs699 T>C and ACE 287bp I/D polymorphisms and the risk of PTB in a sample of the southeast Iranian population. Further investigation with higher sample sizes and diverse ethnicities are required to confirm our findings.

The Renin-Angiotensin System: The Challenge behind Autoimmune Dermatological Diseases

Autoimmune dermatological diseases (AIDD) encompass a diverse group of disorders characterized by aberrant immune responses targeting the skin and its associated structures. In recent years, emerging evidence suggests a potential involvement of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis and progression of these conditions. RAS is a multicomponent cascade, primarily known for its role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. All of the RAS components play an important role in controlling inflammation and other immune responses. Angiotensin II, the main effector, acts on two essential receptors: Angiotensin Receptor 1 and 2 (AT1R and AT2R). A disturbance in the axis can lead to many pathological processes, including autoimmune (AI) diseases. AT1R activation triggers diverse signaling cascades involved in inflammation, fibrosis and tissue remodeling. Experimental studies have demonstrated the presence of AT1R in various cutaneous cells and immune cells, further emphasizing its potential contribution to the AI processes in the skin. Furthermore, recent investigations have highlighted the role of other RAS components, beyond angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and Ang II, that may contribute to the pathophysiology of AIDD. Alternative pathways involving ACE2, Ang receptors and Ang-(1-7) have been implicated in regulating immune responses and tissue homeostasis within the skin microenvironment. Understanding the intricate involvement of the RAS in AIDD may provide novel therapeutic opportunities. Targeting specific components of the RAS, such as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) or alternative RAS pathway modulators, could potentially ameliorate inflammatory responses, reduce tissue damage and lessen disease manifestations. Further research is warranted to outline the exact mechanisms underlying RAS-mediated immune dysregulation in AIDD. This abstract aims to provide a concise overview of the intricate interplay between the RAS and AIDD. Therefore, we elaborate a systematic review of the potential challenge of RAS in the AIDD, including psoriasis, systemic sclerosis, vitiligo, lupus erythematosus and many more.

Human Ace D/I Polymorphism Could Affect the Clinicobiological Course of COVID-19

Introduction

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread rapidly worldwide since December 2019. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has a great affinity for the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor, which is an essential element of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This study is aimed at assessing the impact of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphisms, on the susceptibility and clinical outcomes of the COVID-19 immunoinflammatory syndrome. Patients and Methods. A total of 112 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between 1 and 15 May 2020 were enrolled in the study. ACE gene allele frequencies were compared to the previously reported Turkish population comprised of 300 people.

Results

The most common genotype in the patients and control group was DI with 53% and II with 42%, respectively. The difference in the presence of the D allele between the patient and control groups was statistically significant (67% vs. 42%, respectively, p < 0.0001). Severe pneumonia was observed more in patients with DI allele (31%) than DD (8%) and II (0%) (p = 0.021). The mortality rate, time to defervescence, and the hospitalization duration were not different between the genotype groups.

Conclusion

Genotype DI of ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with the infectious rate particularly severe pneumonia in this study conducted in the Turkish population. Therefore, ACE D/I polymorphism could affect the clinical course of COVID-19.

Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion deletion polymorphism and androgenetic alopecia susceptibility among Egyptian patients: A preliminary case-controlled study

BACKGROUND

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent condition with a complex etiopathogenesis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene located on the chromosome 17q23 contains an insertion (I) and deletion (D) polymorphism in the intron 16. This gene polymorphism plays a role in multiple inflammatory disorders. However, there are no studies investigating its association with AGA susceptibility.

OBJECTIVES

In this work, we aimed at exploring the association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism in AGA susceptibility in a group of Egyptian patients.

METHODS

This study included 100 AGA patients, and 100 apparently healthy controls. The ACE gene I/D polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The DD, ID genotypes, and D allele showed higher frequent distribution among studied AGA patients than controls (p < 0.05 each). Positive family history and ACE gene I/D polymorphism were considered AGA susceptibility predictors in both uni- and multivariable analyses [p < 0.05 each (OR (95% CI)] on applying logistic regression analysis for risk factors prediction.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the possible contribution of the suspected genetic polymorphism as a susceptibility indicator for AGA development in the examined group of patients.

Association between the ACE gene I/D polymorphism and osteoporosis in a Turkish population

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between osteoporosis and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in a Turkish population.

METHODS

The study group consisted of 238 unrelated women with osteoporosis and 124 unrelated healthy female controls. All participants, patients and healthy controls, were of Turkish origin from the central region of Turkey. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole venous blood samples using a commercial DNA isolation kit. The ACE gene I/D polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis.

RESULTS

Frequencies of the DD, ID and II genotypes in the patients were 44.5, 41.2 and 14.3 %, and in the controls they were 25.0, 51.6 and 23.4 %, respectively. A significant difference was observed between patients and controls according to genotype frequency (p=0.001). D and I allele frequencies of the I/D polymorphism were 65.1 and 34.9 % in the patient group and 50.8 and 49.2 % in the control group, respectively (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

The ACE gene I/D polymorphism could be a genetic factor associated with osteoporosis.

Association between ACE I/D polymorphism and pulmonary tuberculosis in Chinese population

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health problem worldwide. The objective of the current study is to investigate the possible association of ACE I/D polymorphism with pulmonary TB (PTB) for Chinese in Sichuan province. Three hundred eighty-six PTB patients and 398 healthy controls were genotyped to analyze the I/D polymorphism using PCR method. The results showed that the I/D polymorphism was not associated with susceptibility to PTB for Chinese (D vs. I: OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.84-1.26, and P=0.77; DD vs. II+DI: OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.73-1.63, and P=0.68; DD+DI vs. II: OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.74-1.33, and P=0.98). The I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene may not a risk factor for PTB in Chinese.

Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene increased risk of Behcet disease: evidence from a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Endothelial dysfunction has a role in the development of the Behcet disease (BD). Local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a crucial role in the endothelial control, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the monitoring component of the RAS. We investigated the relationship between the ACE Ins/Del (I/D) variants and the risk of BD.

DESIGN AND SETTINGS

A meta-analysis was conducted from all published studies on the associations be.tween the ACE I/D polymorphism and BD.

METHODS

We systemically searched all published studies from PubMed and EMBASE, and data were quantitatively synthesized. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for allele, homozygous, heterozygous, and combined genetic models.

RESULTS

Out of 5 eligible studies, 676 healthy controls and 534 BD cases were included in the present meta.analysis. D allele carrier was significantly associated with increased BD risk (D vs I: P=.002; OR=1.321, 95% CI=1.111-1.570). Homozygous mutant DD genotype also revealed 1.5-fold increased risk (DD vs II; P=.004; OR=1.573, 95% CI=1.156-2.141). In addition, the dominant genetic model demonstrated an increased risk of developing BD (DD vs II+ID: P=.001; OR=1.610, 95% CI=1.242-2.087).

CONCLUSION

The current study suggests that ACE gene polymorphism (Ins/Del) contributes an increased susceptibility to BD. However, larger studies with stratified case control population and biological characterization are needed to validate this finding.