Proteomic profiling of clinical and environmental strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A comprehensive review of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomic insights into the differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the planktonic to biofilm state: A multi-omics approach

Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is primarily responsible for chronic wound and lung infections in humans. These infections are persistent owing to the biofilm's high tolerance to antimicrobials and constantly changing environmental factors. Understanding the mechanism governing biofilm formation can help to develop therapeutics explicitly directed against the molecular markers responsible for this process. After numerous years of research, many genes responsible for both in vitro and in vivo biofilm development remain unidentified. However, there is no "all in one" complete in vivo or in vitro biofilm model. Recent findings imply that the shift from planktonic bacteria to biofilms is a complicated and interrelated differentiation process. Research on the applications of omics technologies in P. aeruginosa biofilm development is ongoing, and these approaches hold great promise for expanding our knowledge of the mechanisms of biofilm formation. This review discusses the different factors that affect biofilm formation and compares P. aeruginosa biofilm formation using the omics approaches targeting essential biological macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, Protein, and metabolome. Furthermore, we have outlined the application of currently available omics tools, such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and integrated multi-omics methodologies, to understand the differential gene expression (biofilm vs. planktonic bacteria) of P. aeruginosa biofilms.

Enzyme Production and Inhibitory Potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Contrasting Clinical and Environmental Isolates

(1) Background: This study summarizes the findings of two studies investigating the inhibitory effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from clinical and environmental sources against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The studies also analyzed the correlation between enzyme production and inhibitory effects to gain insights into the antimicrobial capabilities of P. aeruginosa strains; (2) Methods: Both studies employed similar methodologies, including the use of disk diffusion and well diffusion methods to assess the inhibitory effects of P. aeruginosa strains against target pathogens. Enzyme production was analyzed through various biochemical assays to determine the diversity and frequencies of enzyme secretion among the strains; (3) Results: A comparative analysis of enzyme production in P. aeruginosa strains from clinical sources revealed significant variations in enzyme production, with hemolysin and protease being the most commonly produced enzymes. Gelatinase production showed lower rates, whereas chondroitinase and hyaluronidase were absent or occurred less frequently. In contrast, a comparative analysis of enzyme production in environmental isolates showed different patterns, indicating adaptation to environmental conditions. Pyocyanin production was absent in all environmental isolates. The inhibitory effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria varied among different P. aeruginosa strains, with strain-specific variations observed. Limited inhibitory effects were observed against fungi, primarily toward gram-positive bacteria; (4) Conclusions: The findings highlight the strain-specific nature of inhibitory effects and enzyme production in P. aeruginosa strains. The correlation between enzyme production and inhibitory effects against gram-positive bacteria suggest a potential role of specific enzymes, such as hemolysin and protease, in the antimicrobial activity. The complexity of the relationship between enzyme production and the inhibition of different pathogens requires further investigation. The results emphasize the potential of P. aeruginosa strains as sources for antimicrobial strategies, particularly against gram-positive bacteria. Future research should focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying these inhibitory effects and exploring their therapeutic applications.

Association of multidrug resistance behavior of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa to pigment coloration

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an adaptable bacterial pathogen that infects a variety of organs, including the respiratory tract, vascular system, urinary tract, and central nervous system, causing significant morbidity and mortality. As the primary goal of this study, we wanted to determine how pigment color production differed between clinical strains of P. aeruginosa, and whether or not that variation was associated with multidrug resistance or the ability to form biofilms. We screened in total 30.1% of yellow, 39.8% green and 30.1% of no pigment-producing P. aeruginosa strains from a total of 143 various clinical isolates. Yellow pigment-producing strains presented significant resistance to antibiotics groups, including β-lactam (91.5%), aminoglycosides (70.5%), and carbapenems (51.9%) compared to green and non-pigmented strains. Notably, 16.3% of yellow pigment-producing strains were resistant to colistin which is used as a last-resort treatment for multidrug-resistant bacteria, whereas only 2.3% of non-pigmented and 1.8% of green pigmented strains were resistant to colistin. Aside from that, yellow pigment-producing strains were frequent producers of enzymes belonging to the lactamase family, including ESBL (55.6%), MBL (55.6%), and AmpC (50%). Compared to the green groups (7.14%) and non-pigmented groups (28.5%), they had a higher frequency of efflux positive groups (64.2%). Notably, when compared to non-pigmented groups, green pigment-producing strains also displayed antibiotic susceptibility behavior similar to yellow pigment-producing strains. The majority of yellow pigment-producing strains outperformed the green and non-pigmented strains in terms of MIC levels when compared to the other two groups of strains. Despite the fact that previous studies have demonstrated a direct correlation between multidrug resistance behaviors and biofilm production, no such statistically significant association between pigment and biofilm formation was found in our investigation. Our research has demonstrated that the correlation of bacterial pigments on their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Yellow pigment-producing P. aeruginosa strains posed a significant problem due to the lack of alternative agents against such transformed strains, which may be associated with the development of multidrug resistance.