AKT/GSK-3β signaling is altered through downregulation of mTOR during cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion injury

PNO1 enhances ovarian cancer cell growth, invasion, and stemness via activating the AKT/Wnt/β-catenin pathway

PNO1, a key promoter of oncogenesis, is often characterized by its aberrant expression in both colorectal and esophageal cancers, markedly accelerating their progression. Nonetheless, the role of PNO1 in ovarian cancer and its underlying mechanisms remain unexplored comprehensively. In addition to the abnormal PNO1 expression in ovarian cancer tissues by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, the clinical data examinations indicated its strong association with lower survival rates among ovarian cancer patients. Considering the crucial role of the AKT signaling pathway, we hypothesized that PNO1 might drive the progression of ovarian cancer by modulating the AKT pathway. To validate this hypothesis, experiments were conducted to silence PNO1 in ovarian cancer cells. These findings demonstrated that PNO1 silencing markedly reduced the proliferation and invasion capabilities of ovarian cancer cell lines, triggering their apoptosis. Moreover, the PNO1 suppression significantly decreased the expression levels of p-AKT, GSK-3β, and active β-catenin proteins, further confirming the regulatory correlation between PNO1 and the AKT/Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The oncogenic effects mediated by the PNO1-activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway were counteracted by inhibitors of the AKT signaling pathway. Further, the subcutaneous xenograft tumor assays in vivo validated that PNO1 silencing decreased the tumorigenic potential of ovarian cancer cells. In summary, this study has elucidated that the upregulation of PNO1 modulated the tumorigenic role of the AKT/Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ovarian cancer, offering new insights into its oncogenic function.

The Neglected Sibling: NLRP2 Inflammasome in the Nervous System

While classical NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 1 (NLRP1) and NLRP3 inflammasomal proteins have been extensively investigated, the contribution of NLRP2 is still ill-defined in the nervous system. Given the putative significance of NLRP2 in orchestrating neuroinflammation, further inquiry is needed to gain a better understanding of its connectome, hence its specific targeting may hold a promising therapeutic implication. Therefore, bioinformatical approach for extracting information, specifically in the context of neuropathologies, is also undoubtedly preferred. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review study selectively targeting only NLRP2. Increasing, but still fragmentary evidence should encourage researchers to thoroughly investigate this inflammasome in various animal- and human models. Taken together, herein we aimed to review the current literature focusing on the role of NLRP2 inflammasome in the nervous system and more importantly, we provide an algorithm-based protein network of human NLRP2 for elucidating potentially valuable molecular partnerships that can be the beginning of a new discourse and future therapeutic considerations.

New insights into the role of GSK-3β in the brain: from neurodegenerative disease to tumorigenesis

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase widely expressed in various tissues and organs. Unlike other kinases, GSK-3 is active under resting conditions and is inactivated upon stimulation. In mammals, GSK-3 includes GSK-3 α and GSK-3β isoforms encoded by two homologous genes, namely, GSK3A and GSK3B. GSK-3β is essential for the control of glucose metabolism, signal transduction, and tissue homeostasis. As more than 100 known proteins have been identified as GSK-3β substrates, it is sometimes referred to as a moonlighting kinase. Previous studies have elucidated the regulation modes of GSK-3β. GSK-3β is involved in almost all aspects of brain functions, such as neuronal morphology, synapse formation, neuroinflammation, and neurological disorders. Recently, several comparatively specific small molecules have facilitated the chemical manipulation of this enzyme within cellular systems, leading to the discovery of novel inhibitors for GSK-3β. Despite these advancements, the therapeutic significance of GSK-3β as a drug target is still complicated by uncertainties surrounding the potential of inhibitors to stimulate tumorigenesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate mechanisms of this enzyme and evaluates the existing evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of GSK-3β in brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, mood disorders, and glioblastoma.