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Bocca B, Battistini B. Biomarkers of exposure and effect in human biomonitoring of metal-based nanomaterials: their use in primary prevention and health surveillance. Nanotoxicology 2024; 18:1-35. [PMID: 38436298 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2301692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Metal-based nanomaterials (MNMs) have gained particular interest in nanotechnology industry. They are used in various industrial processes, in biomedical applications or to improve functional properties of several consumer products. The widescale use of MNMs in the global consumer market has resulted in increases in the likelihood of exposure and risks to human beings. Human exposure to MNMs and assessment of their potential health effects through the concomitant application of biomarkers of exposure and effect of the most commonly used MNMs were reviewed in this paper. In particular, interactions of MNMs with biological systems and the nanobiomonitoring as a prevention tool to detect the early damage caused by MNMs as well as related topics like the influence of some physicochemical features of MNMs and availability of analytical approaches for MNMs testing in human samples were summarized in this review. The studies collected and discussed seek to increase the current knowledge on the internal dose exposure and health effects of MNMs, highlighting the advantages in using biomarkers in primary prevention and health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Battistini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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2
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Dey G, Patil MP, Banerjee A, Sharma RK, Banerjee P, Maity JP, Singha S, Taharia M, Shaw AK, Huang HB, Kim GD, Chen CY. The role of bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) in the synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanomaterials: A state-of-the-art review. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 212:106809. [PMID: 37597775 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens poses a significant global health concern due to the failure of conventional medical treatment. As a result, the development of several metallic (Ag, Au, Zn, Ti, etc.) nanoparticles, has gained prominence as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial therapies. Among these, green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention due to their notable efficiency and broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) have recently emerged as a promising biological substrate for the green synthesis of AgNPs. EPS possess polyanionic functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxylic, sulfate, and phosphate) that effectively reduce and stabilize AgNPs. EPS-mediated AgNPs exhibit a wide range of antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microbes, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi. The extraction and purification of bacterial EPS play a vital role in obtaining high-quality and -quantity EPS for industrial applications. This study focuses on the comprehensive methodology of EPS extraction and purification, encompassing screening, fermentation optimization, pretreatment, protein elimination, precipitation, and purification. The review specifically highlights the utilization of bacterial EPS-mediated AgNPs, covering EPS extraction, the synthesis mechanism of green EPS-mediated AgNPs, their characterization, and their potential applications as antimicrobial agents against pathogens. These EPS-mediated AgNPs offer numerous advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and eco-friendliness, making them a promising alternative to traditional antimicrobials and opening new avenues in nanotechnology-based approaches to combat microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobinda Dey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Shung, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Shung, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan
| | - Maheshkumar Prakash Patil
- Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Aparna Banerjee
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile
| | - Raju Kumar Sharma
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Shung, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan
| | - Pritam Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Shung, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Shung, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan
| | - Jyoti Prakash Maity
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biology, School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
| | - Shuvendu Singha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Md Taharia
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Shung, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan
| | - Arun Kumar Shaw
- Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Hsien-Bin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Shung, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan
| | - Gun-Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Chien-Yen Chen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Shung, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan; Center for Nano Bio-Detection, Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society, AIM-HI, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan.
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Abram SL, Mrkwitschka P, Thünemann AF, Radnik J, Häusler I, Bresch H, Hodoroaba VD, Resch-Genger U. Iron Oxide Nanocubes as a New Certified Reference Material for Nanoparticle Size Measurements. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12223-12231. [PMID: 37566555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The rational design and increasing industrial use of nanomaterials require a reliable characterization of their physicochemical key properties like size, size distribution, shape, and surface chemistry. This calls for nanoscale reference materials (nanoRMs) for the validation and standardization of commonly used characterization methods closely matching real-world nonspherical nano-objects. This encouraged us to develop a nonspherical nanoRM of very small size consisting of 8 nm iron oxide nanocubes (BAM-N012) to complement spherical gold, silica, and polymer nanoRMs. In the following, the development and production of this nanoRM are highlighted including the characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as complementary methods for size and shape parameters, homogeneity and stability studies, and calculation of a complete uncertainty budget of the size features. The determination of the nanocubes' edge length by TEM and SAXS allows a method comparison. In addition, SAXS measurements can also provide the mean particle number density and the mass concentration. The certified size parameters, area equivalent circular diameter and square edge length, determined by TEM with a relative expanded uncertainty below 9%, are metrologically traceable to a natural constant for length, the very precisely known (111) lattice spacing of silicon. Cubic BAM-N012 qualifies as a certified nanoRM for estimating the precision and trueness, validation, and quality assurance of particle size and shape measurements with electron microscopy and SAXS as well as other sizing methods suitable for nanomaterials. The production of this new iron oxide nanocube RM presents an important achievement for the nanomaterial community, nanomaterial manufacturers, and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Luise Abram
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Mrkwitschka
- Division Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas F Thünemann
- Division Synthesis and Scattering of Nanostructures, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Radnik
- Division Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Häusler
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Bresch
- Division Material-Microbiome Interactions, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba
- Division Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Feltin N, Crouzier L, Delvallée A, Pellegrino F, Maurino V, Bartczak D, Goenaga-Infante H, Taché O, Marguet S, Testard F, Artous S, Saint-Antonin F, Salzmann C, Deumer J, Gollwitzer C, Koops R, Sebaïhi N, Fontanges R, Neuwirth M, Bergmann D, Hüser D, Klein T, Hodoroaba VD. Metrological Protocols for Reaching Reliable and SI-Traceable Size Results for Multi-Modal and Complexly Shaped Reference Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:993. [PMID: 36985886 PMCID: PMC10057439 DOI: 10.3390/nano13060993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The study described in this paper was conducted in the framework of the European nPSize project (EMPIR program) with the main objective of proposing new reference certified nanomaterials for the market in order to improve the reliability and traceability of nanoparticle size measurements. For this purpose, bimodal populations as well as complexly shaped nanoparticles (bipyramids, cubes, and rods) were synthesized. An inter-laboratory comparison was organized for comparing the size measurements of the selected nanoparticle samples performed with electron microscopy (TEM, SEM, and TSEM), scanning probe microscopy (AFM), or small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The results demonstrate good consistency of the measured size by the different techniques in cases where special care was taken for sample preparation, instrument calibration, and the clear definition of the measurand. For each characterization method, the calibration process is described and a semi-quantitative table grouping the main error sources is proposed for estimating the uncertainties associated with the measurements. Regarding microscopy-based techniques applied to complexly shaped nanoparticles, data dispersion can be observed when the size measurements are affected by the orientation of the nanoparticles on the substrate. For the most complex materials, hybrid approaches combining several complementary techniques were tested, with the outcome being that the reliability of the size results was improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Feltin
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE), 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France
| | - Loïc Crouzier
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE), 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France
| | - Alexandra Delvallée
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE), 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France
| | - Francesco Pellegrino
- Dipartimento di Chimica and NIS Inter-Department Centre, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Valter Maurino
- Dipartimento di Chimica and NIS Inter-Department Centre, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Dorota Bartczak
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Limited, Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, UK
| | | | - Olivier Taché
- CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Marguet
- CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabienne Testard
- CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Artous
- CEA, Liten, DTNM, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Christoph Salzmann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérôme Deumer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Gollwitzer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Koops
- VSL National Metrology Institute, Thjsseweg 11, 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Noham Sebaïhi
- National Standards (SMD), FPS Economy, 16 Bd du Roi Albert II, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard Fontanges
- Pollen Metrology, 122 Rue du Rocher de Lorzier, Novespace A, 38430 Moirans, France
| | - Matthias Neuwirth
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Detlef Bergmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dorothee Hüser
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Klein
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Labuda J, Barek J, Gajdosechova Z, Goenaga-Infante H, Johnston LJ, Mester Z, Shtykov S. Analytical chemistry of engineered nanomaterials: Part 1. Scope, regulation, legislation, and metrology (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Analytical chemistry is crucial for understanding the complex behavior observed for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). A variety of analytical chemistry techniques and methodological approaches are used for isolation/purification and determination of the composition of pristine nanomaterials and for the detection, identification, and quantification of nanomaterials in nano-enabled consumer products and the complex matrices found in cosmetics, food, and environmental and biological samples. Adequate characterization of ENMs also requires physicochemical characterization of number of other properties, including size, shape, and structure. The requirement for assessment of a number of ENM properties frequently requires interdisciplinary approaches and multi-modal analysis methods. This technical report starts with an overview of ENMs definitions and classification, their properties, and analytical scenarios encountered with the analysis of both pristine nanomaterials and complex matrices containing different nanomaterials. An evaluation of the current status regarding nanomaterial identification and characterization for regulatory purposes and legislation, including emerging regulations and related scientific opinions, is provided. The technical report also presents a large and critical overview of the metrology of nanomaterials, including available reference materials and the development and validation of standardized methods that are currently available to address characterization and analysis challenges. The report focuses mainly on chemical analysis techniques and thus it is complementary to previous IUPAC technical reports focused on characterizing the physical parameters of ENMs and on nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Labuda
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry , Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Jiří Barek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , Charles University in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Zoltan Mester
- National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , ON K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Sergei Shtykov
- Institute of Chemistry , Saratov State University , Saratov , Russia
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Peppersack C, Kwade A, Breitung-Faes S. Selective particle size analysis in binary submicron particle mixtures using density dependent differential sedimentation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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More S, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bragard C, Halldorsson T, Hernández‐Jerez A, Hougaard Bennekou S, Koutsoumanis K, Lambré C, Machera K, Naegeli H, Nielsen S, Schlatter J, Schrenk D, Silano (deceased) V, Turck D, Younes M, Castenmiller J, Chaudhry Q, Cubadda F, Franz R, Gott D, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen AG, Weigel S, Barthelemy E, Rincon A, Tarazona J, Schoonjans R. Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: human and animal health. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06768. [PMID: 34377190 PMCID: PMC8331059 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA has updated the Guidance on risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain, human and animal health. It covers the application areas within EFSA's remit, including novel foods, food contact materials, food/feed additives and pesticides. The updated guidance, now Scientific Committee Guidance on nano risk assessment (SC Guidance on Nano-RA), has taken account of relevant scientific studies that provide insights to physico-chemical properties, exposure assessment and hazard characterisation of nanomaterials and areas of applicability. Together with the accompanying Guidance on Technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles (Guidance on Particle-TR), the SC Guidance on Nano-RA specifically elaborates on physico-chemical characterisation, key parameters that should be measured, methods and techniques that can be used for characterisation of nanomaterials and their determination in complex matrices. The SC Guidance on Nano-RA also details aspects relating to exposure assessment and hazard identification and characterisation. In particular, nanospecific considerations relating to in vitro/in vivo toxicological studies are discussed and a tiered framework for toxicological testing is outlined. Furthermore, in vitro degradation, toxicokinetics, genotoxicity, local and systemic toxicity as well as general issues relating to testing of nanomaterials are described. Depending on the initial tier results, additional studies may be needed to investigate reproductive and developmental toxicity, chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity and allergenicity, neurotoxicity, effects on gut microbiome and endocrine activity. The possible use of read-across to fill data gaps as well as the potential use of integrated testing strategies and the knowledge of modes or mechanisms of action are also discussed. The Guidance proposes approaches to risk characterisation and uncertainty analysis.
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Sasireka KS, Lalitha P. Biogenic synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles and their applications. REV INORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The current advancements in nanotechnology suggest a sustainable development in the green synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) through green approaches. Though challenging, nano phyto technology has versatile methods to achieve desired unique properties like optic, electronic, magnetic, therapeutic, and catalytic efficiencies. Bio-inspired, facile synthesis of bifunctional BMNPs is possible using abundant, readily available natural plant sources, bio-mass wastes and microorganisms. Synergistic effects of two different metals on mixing, bring new insight for the vast applications, which is not achievable in using monometallic NPs. By adopting bio-inspired greener approaches for synthesizing NPs, the risk of environmental toxicity caused by conventional physicochemical methods become negligible. This article hopes to provide the significance of cost-effective, one-step, eco-friendly and facile synthesis of noble/transition bimetallic NPs. This review article endows an overview of the bio-mediated synthesis of bimetallic NPs, classifications of BMNPs, current characterization techniques, possible mechanistic aspects for reducing metal ions, and the stability of formed NPs and bio-medical/industrial applications of fabricated NPs. The review also highlights the prospective future direction to improve reliability, reproducibility of biosynthesis methods, its actual mechanism in research works and extensive application of biogenic bimetallic NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sundarrajan Sasireka
- Department of Chemistry , Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women , Coimbatore , 641043 , India
| | - Pottail Lalitha
- Department of Chemistry , Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women , Coimbatore , 641043 , India
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9
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Current developments and future outlook in nanofluid flooding: A comprehensive review of various parameters influencing oil recovery mechanisms. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Alasonati E, Caebergs T, Pétry J, Sebaïhi N, Fisicaro P, Feltin N. Size measurement of silica nanoparticles by Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation coupled to Multi-Angle Light Scattering: A comparison exercise between two metrological institutes. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1638:461859. [PMID: 33465582 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present a comparison exercise between two metrological institutes for size measurement of silica nanoparticles by Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) coupled to static light scattering. The work has been performed in the frame of a French inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) exercise organized by the nanoMetrology Club (CnM). The general aim of this multi-technique comparison was to improve the measurement process for each technique, after establishing a well-defined measurement procedure. The results obtained by two national metrological institutes (NMIs), the LNE (France) and the SMD (Belgium) by AF4-UV-DRI-MALS will be presented and discussed. Three different samples were characterized: the reference material ERM®-FD304, which is a suspension of colloidal silica in aqueous solution and two silica bimodal samples consisting of two populations of SiO2 nanoparticles of unknown size in aqueous solution, with different populations' ratios. The procedure for the preparation of the sample before the analysis, and main separation parameters have been previously defined between the two institutes and will be described. The principals measured parameters were the weight-average (dge_w), number-average (dge_n) and z-average (dge_z) geometric diameter; the average hydrodynamic diameter (dh); and the diameter obtained by external calibration using polystyrene latex standards (dcal). Results between the two NMIs were comparable and coherent with the expected size values of those obtained by other techniques like Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) also involved in this ILC exercise. Where discrepancies are observed, they leave the results compatible within their uncertainties and underpin the challenges in analysing data and reporting results, making AF4 a powerful tool to compare to other measurement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Alasonati
- Department of Biomedical and Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75015 Paris, France; LNE Nanotech Institut, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 29 av. Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France.
| | - Thierry Caebergs
- FPS Economy, DG Quality and Safety, Metrology Division (SMD), Bvd du Roi Albert II, 16 - 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jasmine Pétry
- FPS Economy, DG Quality and Safety, Metrology Division (SMD), Bvd du Roi Albert II, 16 - 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Noham Sebaïhi
- FPS Economy, DG Quality and Safety, Metrology Division (SMD), Bvd du Roi Albert II, 16 - 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Inorganic Chemistry, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75015 Paris, France; LNE Nanotech Institut, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 29 av. Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France.
| | - Nicolas Feltin
- LNE Nanotech Institut, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 29 av. Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France.
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Varenne F, Devoille L, Makky A, Feltin N, Violleau F, Barratt G, Vauthier C. Evaluation of the size distribution of a multimodal dispersion of polymer nanoparticles by microscopy after different methods of deposition. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Kestens V, Gerganova T, Roebben G, Held A. A new certified reference material for size and shape analysis of nanorods using electron microscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:141-157. [PMID: 33048174 PMCID: PMC7801322 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A new certified reference material (CRM) for size and shape analysis of elongated nanoparticles has been developed by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. The CRM consists of titanium dioxide nanorods dispersed in 1-butanol, was coded ERM-FD103 and has been certified for different electron microscopy–based operationally defined measurands such as the modal and median values of the particle number-weighted distributions of the minimum and maximum Feret diameter, the maximum inscribed circle diameter, the area-equivalent circular diameter and the aspect ratio. The nanorods have nominal dimensions of 15 nm in width and 55 nm in length. Homogeneity and stability measurements were performed using transmission electron microscopy. The relative standard uncertainty for homogeneity ranged from 0.3 to 1.7%. No significant instability was detected for a shelf life of 18 months and a storage temperature of 18 °C. The certified values have been determined from the results of an interlaboratory comparison in which qualified expert laboratories participated with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The certified values are traceable to the unit of length in the International System of Units, the metre, and the relative expanded uncertainties (confidence level of approximately 95%) range from 4 to 6%. These properties allow the CRM to be used for quality assurance and calibration of electron microscopy methods for nanoparticle size and shape analysis in ranges relevant for the implementation of EU legislation related to nanomaterials. The presented study discusses the purpose and results of the different steps that were followed to turn an industrially relevant raw titanium dioxide nanorod material into a fit-for-purpose CRM. Graphical abstract![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kestens
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440, Geel, Belgium.
| | - Tsvetelina Gerganova
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440, Geel, Belgium.,European Commission, EUROSTAT, 2920, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Gert Roebben
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440, Geel, Belgium.,European Commission, Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, 1049, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrea Held
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440, Geel, Belgium
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Xiarchos I, Morozinis AK, Kavouras P, Charitidis CA. Nanocharacterization, Materials Modeling, and Research Integrity as Enablers of Sound Risk Assessment: Designing Responsible Nanotechnology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001590. [PMID: 32656997 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology, as a mature enabling technology, has great potential to boost societal welfare. However, nanomaterials' current and foreseen applications raise serious concerns about their impact on human health and the environment. These concerns emerge because a reliable risk assessment in nanotechnology is yet to be achieved. The reasons for such a shortcoming are the inherent difficulties in characterizing nanomaterials properties. The interaction of characterization with modeling is an open issue and, due to overarching concerns about the reliability of research results, usually framed within the context of research integrity. This essay explores the connection between these different, but deeply intertwined concerns and the way they enable the production of responsible nanotechnology, i.e., nanotechnology devoted to societal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Xiarchos
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nanomaterials, and Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou str., Zographos, Athens, 15780, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Morozinis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nanomaterials, and Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou str., Zographos, Athens, 15780, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kavouras
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nanomaterials, and Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou str., Zographos, Athens, 15780, Greece
| | - Costas A Charitidis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nanomaterials, and Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou str., Zographos, Athens, 15780, Greece
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14
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Mech A, Wohlleben W, Ghanem A, Hodoroaba VD, Weigel S, Babick F, Brüngel R, Friedrich CM, Rasmussen K, Rauscher H. Nano or Not Nano? A Structured Approach for Identifying Nanomaterials According to the European Commission's Definition. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002228. [PMID: 32743899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Identifying nanomaterials (NMs) according to European Union legislation is challenging, as there is an enormous variety of materials, with different physico-chemical properties. The NanoDefiner Framework and its Decision Support Flow Scheme (DSFS) allow choosing the optimal method to measure the particle size distribution by matching the material properties and the performance of the particular measurement techniques. The DSFS leads to a reliable and economic decision whether a material is an NM or not based on scientific criteria and respecting regulatory requirements. The DSFS starts beyond regulatory requirements by identifying non-NMs by a proxy approach based on their volume-specific surface area. In a second step, it identifies NMs. The DSFS is tested on real-world materials and is implemented in an e-tool. The DSFS is compared with a decision flowchart of the European Commission's (EC) Joint Research Centre (JRC), which rigorously follows the explicit criteria of the EC NM definition with the focus on identifying NMs, and non-NMs are identified by exclusion. The two approaches build on the same scientific basis and measurement methods, but start from opposite ends: the JRC Flowchart starts by identifying NMs, whereas the NanoDefiner Framework first identifies non-NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Mech
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Material Physics Research, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
| | - Antoine Ghanem
- Solvay-Research and Innovation Centre Brussels, Brussels, 1120, Belgium
| | - Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, 12205, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Frank Babick
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Raphael Brüngel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Christoph M Friedrich
- Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund (FH Dortmund), Dortmund, 44227, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Kirsten Rasmussen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Hubert Rauscher
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, 21027, Italy
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15
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Sakai-Kato K, Takechi-Haraya Y, Chida T, Okazaki M, Kozaki M. Robust Nanoparticle Morphology and Size Analysis by Atomic Force Microscopy for Standardization. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:791-796. [PMID: 32741922 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Because of the complexity of nanomedicines, analysis of their morphology and size has attracted considerable attention both from researchers and regulatory agencies. The atomic force microscope (AFM) has emerged as a powerful tool because it can provide detailed morphological characteristics of nanoparticles both in the air and in aqueous medium. However, to our knowledge, AFM methods for nanomedicines have yet to be standardized or be listed in any pharmacopeias. To assess the applicability of standardization of AFM, in this study, we aimed to identify robust conditions for assessing the morphology and size of nanoparticles based on a polystyrene nanoparticle certified reference material standard. The spring constant of the cantilever did not affect the size of the nanoparticles but needed to be optimized depending on the measurement conditions. The size analysis method of the obtained images affected the results of the analyzed size values. The results analyzed by cross-sectional line profiling were independent of the measurement conditions and gave similar results to those from dynamic light scattering. It was indicated that approximately 100 particles are required for a representative measurement. Under the optimized conditions, there were no significant inter-instrument differences in the analyzed size values of polystyrene nanoparticles both in air and under aqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manami Okazaki
- Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories
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Eleamen Oliveira E, Barendji M, Vauthier C. Understanding Nanomedicine Size and Biological Response Dependency: What Is the Relevance of Previous Relationships Established on Only Batch-Mode DLS-Measured Sizes? Pharm Res 2020; 37:161. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Al-Khafaji MA, Gaál A, Wacha A, Bóta A, Varga Z. Particle Size Distribution of Bimodal Silica Nanoparticles: A Comparison of Different Measurement Techniques. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3101. [PMID: 32664525 PMCID: PMC7412153 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) belong to the most widely produced nanomaterials nowadays. Particle size distribution (PSD) is a key property of SNPs that needs to be accurately determined for a successful application. Many single particle and ensemble characterization methods are available for the determination of the PSD of SNPs, each having different advantages and limitations. Since most preparation protocols for SNPs can yield bimodal or heterogeneous PSDs, the capability of a given method to resolve bimodal PSD is of great importance. In this work, four different methods, namely transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), microfluidic resistive pulse sensing (MRPS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to characterize three different, inherently bimodal SNP samples. We found that DLS is unsuitable to resolve bimodal PSDs, while MRPS has proven to be an accurate single-particle size and concentration characterization method, although it is limited to sizes above 50 nm. SAXS was found to be the only method which provided statistically significant description of the bimodal PSDs. However, the analysis of SAXS curves becomes an ill-posed inverse mathematical problem for broad size distributions, therefore the use of orthogonal techniques is required for the reliable description of the PSD of SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.A.A.-K.); (A.G.); (A.W.); (A.B.)
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Yu J, Kim YH, Kim HM, Oh JM, Kim YR, Choi SJ. Determination of the fate and biological responses of food additive silica particles in commercial foods. Food Chem 2020; 331:127304. [PMID: 32562980 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is widely added to commercial foods as an anticaking agent. Concern about the potential application of nanosized silica in foods has increased as nanomaterials are not intended for use as food additives. This study evaluated the particle size distributions and biological responses of food additive SAS. An accurate, sensitive, and cost-effective analytical method for probing SAS was established, and quantitative analysis of its presence in commercial foods was performed. The results demonstrate that food additive SAS is an aggregated material composed of nanosized particles with nanosized aggregates of silica particles identified in commercial foods. Food additive SAS did not exhibit acute cytotoxicity compared to both general-grade nano (G-nano) and bulk (G-bulk) silica. Moreover, intestinal transport amounts of food additive SAS were significantly lower than for G-nano. Taken together, we find that food additive SAS does not exhibit acute toxicity resulting from nanosized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Hyun Kim
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Mi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Oh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology & Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Choi
- Division of Applied Food System, Major of Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Wong JC, Xiang L, Ngoi KH, Chia CH, Jin KS, Ree M. Quantitative Structural Analysis of Polystyrene Nanoparticles Using Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering and Dynamic Light Scattering. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020477. [PMID: 32093008 PMCID: PMC7077714 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4) in aqueous solutions were investigated in terms of morphological structure, size, and size distribution. Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering analysis (SAXS) was carried out, providing morphology details, size and size distribution on the particles. PS-1, PS-2, and PS-3 were confirmed to behave two-phase (core and shell) spherical shapes, whereas PS-4 exhibited a single-phase spherical shape. They all revealed very narrow unimodal size distributions. The structural parameter details including radial density profile were determined. In addition, the presence of surfactant molecules and their assemblies were detected for all particle solutions, which could originate from their surfactant-assisted emulsion polymerizations. In addition, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis was performed, finding only meaningful hydrodynamic size and intensity-weighted mean size information on the individual PS solutions because of the particles' spherical nature. In contrast, the size distributions were extracted unrealistically too broad, and the volume- and number-weighted mean sizes were too small, therefore inappropriate to describe the particle systems. Furthermore, the DLS analysis could not detect completely the surfactant and their assemblies present in the particle solutions. Overall, the quantitative SAXS analysis confirmed that the individual PS particle systems were successfully prepared with spherical shape in a very narrow unimodal size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chyi Wong
- Materials Science Program, School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (J.C.W.); (K.H.N.)
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Research Institute, and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Research Institute, and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Kuan Hoon Ngoi
- Materials Science Program, School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (J.C.W.); (K.H.N.)
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Research Institute, and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Chin Hua Chia
- Materials Science Program, School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (J.C.W.); (K.H.N.)
- Correspondence: (C.H.C.); (K.S.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.H.C.); (K.S.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Moonhor Ree
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Research Institute, and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea;
- Correspondence: (C.H.C.); (K.S.J.); (M.R.)
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21
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Ullmann C, Babick F, Stintz M. Microfiltration of Submicron-Sized and Nano-Sized Suspensions for Particle Size Determination by Dynamic Light Scattering. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9060829. [PMID: 31159329 PMCID: PMC6630251 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is commonly used for the determination of average particle diameters and suspension stability and popular in academics and industry. However, DLS is not considered suitable for polydisperse samples. The presence of little quantities of micrometre particles in nano and submicrometre suspensions especially affect the reliability of DLS results. Microfiltration might be a suitable method for the removal of unwanted large particles. This study investigates the effect of microfiltration on the diameter distributions as measured by DLS. Polystyrene standards (40–900 nm diameter), and monomodal silica suspensions were filtered with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes (0.1–1.0 µm pore size) to investigate retention properties and grade efficiency. Non-ideal materials were used to prove the results. Experiments showed that a mono-exponential decay can be achieved by filtration. A size safety factor of at least three between labeled pore size and average diameter was found to keep separation as low as possible. Filtration in order to enhance DLS for particulate submicrometre materials was considered suitable for narrowly distributed coated titania and kaolin powder. In a regulatory context, this might have an impact on considering a substance false positive or false negative according to the European Commission (EC) recommendation of a definition of the term nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ullmann
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Frank Babick
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Michael Stintz
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
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22
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Besseling R, Damen M, Wijgergangs J, Hermes M, Wynia G, Gerich A. New unique PAT method and instrument for real-time inline size characterization of concentrated, flowing nanosuspensions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 133:205-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Toussaint B, Raffael B, Angers-Loustau A, Gilliland D, Kestens V, Petrillo M, Rio-Echevarria IM, Van den Eede G. Review of micro- and nanoplastic contamination in the food chain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:639-673. [PMID: 30985273 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1583381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the dramatic environmental impact of plastic waste rightfully receives considerable attention by scientists, policy makers and public in general, the human health impact of micro- and nanoplastics contamination of our food and beverages remains largely unknown. Indeed, most studies aim at understanding the environmental impact rather than the human health impact of a possible exposure to micro- and nanoplastics. In addition, these papers generally lack a methodological, standardised approach. Furthermore, some studies focus on the damage to and contamination level of animal species collected from the wild environment, and others investigate the rate and biology of microplastic uptake of animals fed with microplastics in laboratory. This review aims at understanding human exposure. Since there is, with few exceptions, no evidence available on the presence of micro- and nanoplastics in a normal diet, this study takes an indirect approach and analyses peer-reviewed publications since 2010 that document the presence of micro- and nanoplastics in those animals (more than 200 species) and food products that are part of the human food chain and that may thus contribute directly or indirectly to the uptake of micro- and nanoplastics via the human diet. It also addresses the question of the definitions, the methodologies and the quality criteria applied to obtain the reported results. This review suggests that, beyond a few estimations and comparisons, precise data to assess the exact exposure of humans to micro- and nanoplastics through their diet cannot be produced until standardised methods and definitions are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Toussaint
- a European Commission , Directorate-General Joint Research Centre , Geel , Belgium
| | - Barbara Raffael
- a European Commission , Directorate-General Joint Research Centre , Geel , Belgium
| | | | - Douglas Gilliland
- a European Commission , Directorate-General Joint Research Centre , Geel , Belgium
| | - Vikram Kestens
- a European Commission , Directorate-General Joint Research Centre , Geel , Belgium
| | - Mauro Petrillo
- a European Commission , Directorate-General Joint Research Centre , Geel , Belgium
| | | | - Guy Van den Eede
- a European Commission , Directorate-General Joint Research Centre , Geel , Belgium
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24
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Establishing SI-Traceability of Nanoparticle Size Values Measured with Line-Start Incremental Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Line-start incremental centrifugal liquid sedimentation (disc-CLS) is a powerful technique to determine particle size based on the principles of Stokes’ law. As most input quantities of the Stokes equation cannot be easily determined for typical instruments used for this method, an alternative method which depends on calibrating the sedimentation time scale with reference particles has become common practice. Unfortunately, most of these calibration materials (calibrants) come with limited information regarding their metrological reliability (e.g., lack of measurement uncertainties and traceability statements, incomplete measurand definitions). As a consequence, routine particle size results obtained by disc-CLS are mostly only traceable to the calibrant used, and effective comparisons can only be made for those results originating from measurements performed with the same types of calibrants. In this study, we discuss the concept of metrological traceability and demonstrate that particle size results obtained by disc-CLS can be traceable to the ultimate metrological reference, i.e., the unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), the meter. Using the example of two colloidal silica certified reference materials, we describe how laboratories can realize metrological traceability to the SI by simplifying complex traceability networks.
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Sakai-Kato K, Nanjo K, Takechi-Haraya Y, Goda Y, Okuda H, Izutsu KI. Detailed Morphological Characterization of Nanocrystalline Active Ingredients in Solid Oral Dosage Forms Using Atomic Force Microscopy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:70. [PMID: 30631974 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of nanocrystalline active ingredients in multicomponent formulations for the design and manufacture of products with increased bioavailability is often challenging. The purpose of this study is to develop an atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging method for the detailed morphological characterization of nanocrystalline active ingredients in multicomponent oral formulations. The AFM images of aprepitant and sirolimus nanoparticles in aqueous suspension show that their sizes are comparable with those measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The method also provides information on a wide-sized range of particles, including small particles that can often only be detected by DLS when larger particles are removed by additional filtration steps. An expected advantage of the AFM method is the ability to obtain a detailed information on particle morphology and stiffness, which allows the active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipient (titanium dioxide) particles to be distinguished. Selective imaging of particles can also be achieved by varying the surface properties of the AFM solid substrate, which allows to control the interactions between the substrate and the active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipient particles. AFM analysis in combination with other methods (e.g., DLS), should facilitate the rational development of formulations based on nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Sakai-Kato
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Kunie Nanjo
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takechi-Haraya
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Okuda
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Izutsu
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Marei N, Elwahy AHM, Salah TA, El Sherif Y, El-Samie EA. Enhanced antibacterial activity of Egyptian local insects' chitosan-based nanoparticles loaded with ciprofloxacin-HCl. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 126:262-272. [PMID: 30584935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS), possess enormous properties, being biodegradable, biocompatible, and antimicrobial. CS could be formulated and casted into different forms including 2D films, hydrogels, and nanoparticles. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (CSNPs) showed countless interest as polymeric drug delivery system (DDS) with its improved bioavailability, and stability when compared with traditional DDS. Ciprofloxacin is a prescribed antibiotic for many diseases, but its efficiency was affected by antibacterial resistance. Therefore, in this study, CSNPs loaded with ciprofloxacin (Cipro/CSNPs) were prepared from CS isolated from desert locusts, beetles, honey bee exoskeletons, and shrimp shells were used as a standard control. CSNPs were formulated by ionic crosslinking method, then loaded with ciprofloxacin HCl, and characterized using particle size distribution, zeta potential, and drug entrapment efficiency. The release of ciprofloxacin from CSNPs was evaluated and its kinetic modelling was performed. Antibacterial activity of CSNPs was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus thuringiensis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined and compared between chitosan sources. The Cipro/CSNPs results indicate that the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli and MRSA with MIC varying from 0.0043 to 0.01 μg/ml and from 0.07 to 0.14 μg/ml, respectively. In addition, CSNPs enhanced drug delivery, and allowed its controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narguess Marei
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H M Elwahy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Taher A Salah
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Youssef El Sherif
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mourdikoudis S, Pallares RM, Thanh NTK. Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12871-12934. [PMID: 29926865 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures have attracted huge interest as a rapidly growing class of materials for many applications. Several techniques have been used to characterize the size, crystal structure, elemental composition and a variety of other physical properties of nanoparticles. In several cases, there are physical properties that can be evaluated by more than one technique. Different strengths and limitations of each technique complicate the choice of the most suitable method, while often a combinatorial characterization approach is needed. In addition, given that the significance of nanoparticles in basic research and applications is constantly increasing, it is necessary that researchers from separate fields overcome the challenges in the reproducible and reliable characterization of nanomaterials, after their synthesis and further process (e.g. annealing) stages. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on the use, advances, advantages and weaknesses of a large number of experimental techniques that are available for the characterization of nanoparticles. Different characterization techniques are classified according to the concept/group of the technique used, the information they can provide, or the materials that they are destined for. We describe the main characteristics of the techniques and their operation principles and we give various examples of their use, presenting them in a comparative mode, when possible, in relation to the property studied in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Mourdikoudis
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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28
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Willmott GR. Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing: Better Size and Charge Measurements for Submicrometer Colloids. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2987-2995. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoff R. Willmott
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The Departments of Physics and Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Abebe B, Murthy HCA, Amare E. Summary on Adsorption and Photocatalysis for Pollutant Remediation: Mini Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/jeas.2018.84012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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30
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Hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation and multi-angle light scattering as a new analytical solution for quality control in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Imaging and size measurement of nanoparticles in aqueous medium by use of atomic force microscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1525-1531. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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32
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Fiala P, Göhler D, Wessely B, Stintz M, Lazzerini GM, Yacoot A. Evaluation of preparation methods for suspended nano-objects on substrates for dimensional measurements by atomic force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1774-1785. [PMID: 28904839 PMCID: PMC5588544 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dimensional measurements on nano-objects by atomic force microscopy (AFM) require samples of safely fixed and well individualized particles with a suitable surface-specific particle number on flat and clean substrates. Several known and proven particle preparation methods, i.e., membrane filtration, drying, rinsing, dip coating as well as electrostatic and thermal precipitation, were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy to examine their suitability for preparing samples for dimensional AFM measurements. Different suspensions of nano-objects (with varying material, size and shape) stabilized in aqueous solutions were prepared therefore on different flat substrates. The drop-drying method was found to be the most suitable one for the analysed suspensions, because it does not require expensive dedicated equipment and led to a uniform local distribution of individualized nano-objects. Traceable AFM measurements based on Si and SiO2 coated substrates confirmed the suitability of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fiala
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Göhler
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Benno Wessely
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Stintz
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andrew Yacoot
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
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33
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Kestens V, Coleman VA, De Temmerman PJ, Minelli C, Woehlecke H, Roebben G. Improved Metrological Traceability of Particle Size Values Measured with Line-Start Incremental Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8213-8224. [PMID: 28731349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Line-start incremental centrifugal liquid sedimentation (disc-CLS) is a powerful method to determine particle size based on the principles of Stokes' law. Because several of the input quantities of the Stokes equation cannot be easily determined for this case of a rotating disc, the disc-CLS approach relies on calibrating the sedimentation time scale with reference particles. To use these calibrant particles for establishing metrological traceability, they must fulfill the same requirements as those imposed on a certified reference material, i.e., their certified Stokes diameter and density value must come with a realistic measurement uncertainty and with a traceability statement. As is the case for several other techniques, the calibrants do not always come with uncertainties for the assigned modal diameter and effective particle density. The lack of such information and the absence of a traceability statement make it difficult for the end-user to estimate the uncertainty of the measurement results and to compare them with results obtained by others. We present the results of a collaborative study that aimed at demonstrating the traceability of particle size results obtained with disc-CLS. For this purpose, the particle size and effective particle density of polyvinyl chloride calibrants were measured using different validated methods, and measurement uncertainties were estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The results indicate that the modal Stokes diameter and effective particle density that are assigned to the calibrants are accurate within 5% and 3.5%, respectively, and that they can be used to establish traceability of particle size results obtained with disc-CLS. This conclusion has a great impact on the traceability statement of certified particle size reference materials, for which the traceability is limited to the size and density values of the calibrant particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kestens
- Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, European Commission , 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Victoria A Coleman
- Nanometrology Section, National Measurement Institute Australia , 2070 West Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pieter-Jan De Temmerman
- Service Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caterina Minelli
- Chemical, Medical and Environmental Science Division, National Physical Laboratory , Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gert Roebben
- Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, European Commission , 2440 Geel, Belgium
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Calderón-Jiménez B, Johnson ME, Montoro Bustos AR, Murphy KE, Winchester MR, Vega Baudrit JR. Silver Nanoparticles: Technological Advances, Societal Impacts, and Metrological Challenges. Front Chem 2017; 5:6. [PMID: 28271059 PMCID: PMC5318410 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) show different physical and chemical properties compared to their macroscale analogs. This is primarily due to their small size and, consequently, the exceptional surface area of these materials. Presently, advances in the synthesis, stabilization, and production of AgNPs have fostered a new generation of commercial products and intensified scientific investigation within the nanotechnology field. The use of AgNPs in commercial products is increasing and impacts on the environment and human health are largely unknown. This article discusses advances in AgNP production and presents an overview of the commercial, societal, and environmental impacts of this emerging nanoparticle (NP), and nanomaterials in general. Finally, we examine the challenges associated with AgNP characterization, discuss the importance of the development of NP reference materials (RMs) and explore their role as a metrological mechanism to improve the quality and comparability of NP measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Calderón-Jiménez
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MD, USA
- Chemical Metrology Division, National Laboratory of MetrologySan Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Monique E. Johnson
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Antonio R. Montoro Bustos
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Karen E. Murphy
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Michael R. Winchester
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - José R. Vega Baudrit
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology, National Center of High TechnologySan Jose, Costa Rica
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35
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Kestens V, Bozatzidis V, De Temmerman PJ, Ramaye Y, Roebben G. Validation of a particle tracking analysis method for the size determination of nano- and microparticles. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 19:271. [PMID: 28824287 PMCID: PMC5543194 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-017-3966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Particle tracking analysis (PTA) is an emerging technique suitable for size analysis of particles with external dimensions in the nano- and sub-micrometre scale range. Only limited attempts have so far been made to investigate and quantify the performance of the PTA method for particle size analysis. This article presents the results of a validation study during which selected colloidal silica and polystyrene latex reference materials with particle sizes in the range of 20 nm to 200 nm were analysed with NS500 and LM10-HSBF NanoSight instruments and video analysis software NTA 2.3 and NTA 3.0. Key performance characteristics such as working range, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, sensitivity, robustness, precision and trueness were examined according to recommendations proposed by EURACHEM. A model for measurement uncertainty estimation following the principles described in ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 was used for quantifying random and systematic variations. For nominal 50 nm and 100 nm polystyrene and a nominal 80 nm silica reference materials, the relative expanded measurement uncertainties for the three measurands of interest, being the mode, median and arithmetic mean of the number-weighted particle size distribution, varied from about 10% to 12%. For the nominal 50 nm polystyrene material, the relative expanded uncertainty of the arithmetic mean of the particle size distributions increased up to 18% which was due to the presence of agglomerates. Data analysis was performed with software NTA 2.3 and NTA 3.0. The latter showed to be superior in terms of sensitivity and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kestens
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Vassili Bozatzidis
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan De Temmerman
- Service Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannic Ramaye
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Gert Roebben
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
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Peptide engineered microcantilevers for selective chemical force microscopy and monitoring of nanoparticle capture. Biointerphases 2016; 11:04B312. [PMID: 28010112 DOI: 10.1116/1.4972417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered peptides capable of binding to silica have been used to provide contrast in chemical force microscopy and tested for their capacity to selectively capture silica nanoparticles (NPs). Gold coated atomic force microscopy (AFM) microcantilevers with integrated tips and colloidal probes were functionalized with engineered peptides through a thiol group of a terminal cysteine which was linked via a glycine trimer to a 12-mer binding sequence. The functionalized probes demonstrated a significantly increased binding force on silicon oxide areas of a gold-patterned silicon wafer, whereas plain gold probes, and those functionalized with a random permutation of the silica binding peptide motif or an all-histidine sequence displayed similar adhesion forces to gold and silicon oxide. As the functionalized probes also allowed contact mode imaging subsequently to the adhesion mapping, also the associated friction contrast was measured and found to be similar to the adhesion contrast. Furthermore, the adsorption of silica NPs onto planar gold surfaces functionalized in the same manner was observed to be selective. Notably, the surface coverage with silica NPs was found to decrease with increasing pH, implying the importance of electrostatic interactions between the peptide and the NPs. Finally, the adsorption of silica NPs was monitored via the decrease in fundamental resonance frequency of an AFM microcantilever functionalized with silica binding peptides.
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