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Weaver J, Liu KJ. A Review of Low-Frequency EPR Technology for the Measurement of Brain pO2 and Oxidative Stress. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2021; 52:1379-1394. [PMID: 35340811 PMCID: PMC8945541 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-021-01384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
EPR can uniquely measure paramagnetic species. Although commercial EPR was introduced in 1950s, the early studies were mostly restricted to chemicals in solution or cellular experiments using X-band EPR equipment. Due to its limited penetration (<1 mm), experiments with living animals were almost impossible. To overcome these difficulties, Swartz group, along with several other leaders in field, pioneered the technology of low frequency EPR (e.g., L-band, 1-2 GHz). The development of low frequency EPR and the associated probes have dramatically expanded the application of EPR technology into the biomedical research field, providing answers to important scientific questions by measuring specific parameters that are impossible or very difficult to obtain by other approaches. In this review, which is aimed at highlighting the seminal contribution from Swartz group over the last several decades, we will focus on the development of EPR technology that was designed to deal with the potential challenges arising from conducting EPR spectroscopy in living animals. The second half of the review will be concentrated on the application of low frequency EPR in measuring cerebral tissue pO2 changes and oxidative stress in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions in the brain of animal disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Weaver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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Treatment of status epilepticus with zonisamide: A multicenter cohort study of 34 patients and review of literature. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 109:107139. [PMID: 32417381 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present a summary of clinical cases of oral zonisamide (ZNS) used to treat refractory and super-refractory episodes of status epilepticus (SE). METHODS Zonisamide administration in SE was identified in the clinical records of patients treated in Frankfurt and Marburg between 2011 and 2017. RESULTS Zonisamide was administered during a total of 37 SE episodes in 34 patients with a mean age of 58.7 ± 17.8 years, 21 of them were female (61.7%). The median latency from the onset of SE to administration of ZNS was 6.3 days. Patients had already undergone unsuccessful treatment with a median of three other antiseizure drugs (ASDs). The median initial dose of ZNS was 100 mg/d, titrated to a median maintenance dose of 400 mg/d. Patients underwent ZNS treatment for a median period of 7 days. Zonisamide was the final drug administered in 9 of 37 (24.3%) episodes, with a clinical effect attributed to ZNS observed in 6 of 37 (16.2%) episodes. An effect attributed to ZNS was observed in 5 out of 30 episodes of refractory SE (RSE) and in one out of 7 episodes of super-refractory SE (SRSE). Possible negative side effects of ZNS were observed in two patients (one patient each with ataxia and skin rash). The mortality rate in hospitalized patients was 10.4% (n = 4). CONCLUSION The rate of SE resolution attributed to ZNS treatment (16.2%) can be considered relevant, particularly since ZNS treatment tends to be administered only after several other options have been tried, and has a treatment latency of over six days. Zonisamide may therefore be considered as an alternative oral treatment option in RSE and SRSE.
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The anti-parkinsonian drug zonisamide reduces neuroinflammation: Role of microglial Na v 1.6. Exp Neurol 2018; 308:111-119. [PMID: 30017881 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by dopamine depletion and the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons with accompanying neuroinflammation. Zonisamide is an-anti-convulsant drug that has recently been shown to improve clinical symptoms of PD through its inhibition of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). However, zonisamide has additional targets, including voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav), which may contribute to its reported neuroprotective role in preclinical models of PD. Here, we report that Nav1.6 is highly expressed in microglia of post-mortem PD brain and of mice treated with the parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin MPTP. Administration of zonisamide (20 mg/kg, i.p. every 4 h × 3) following a single injection of MPTP (12.5 mg/kg, s.c.) reduced microglial Nav 1.6 and microglial activation in the striatum, as indicated by Iba-1 staining and mRNA expression of F4/80. MPTP increased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and gp91phox, and this was significantly reduced by zonisamide. Together, these findings suggest that zonisamide may reduce neuroinflammation through the down-regulation of microglial Nav 1.6. Thus, in addition to its effects on parkinsonian symptoms through inhibition of MAO-B, zonisamide may have disease modifying potential through the inhibition of Nav 1.6 and neuroinflammation.
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Mazhar F, Malhi SM, Simjee SU. Comparative studies on the effects of clinically used anticonvulsants on the oxidative stress biomarkers in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model of epileptogenesis in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:31-42. [PMID: 27658141 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and contributes in underlying epileptogenesis process. Anticonvulsant drugs targeting the oxidative stress domain of epileptogenesis may provide better control of seizure. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of clinically used anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) on the course of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling and oxidative stress markers in mice. METHODS Six mechanistically heterogeneous anticonvulsants: phenobarbital, phenytoin, levetiracetam, pregabalin, topiramate, and felbamate were selected and their redox profiles were determined. Diazepam was used as a drug control for comparison. Kindling was induced by repeated injections of a sub-convulsive dose of PTZ (50 mg/kg, s.c.) on alternate days until seizure score 5 was evoked in the control kindled group. Anticonvulsants were administered daily. Following PTZ kindling, oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed in homogenized whole brain samples and estimated for the levels of nitric oxide, peroxide, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, reduced glutathione, and activities of nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase. RESULTS Biochemical analysis revealed a significant increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species with a parallel decrease in endogenous anti-oxidants in PTZ-kindled control animals. Daily treatment with levetiracetam and felbamate significantly decreased the PTZ-induced seizure score as well as the levels of nitric oxide (p<0.001), nitric oxide synthase activity (p<0.05), peroxide levels (p<0.05), and malondialdehyde (p<0.05). Levetiracetam and felbamate significantly decreased lipid and protein peroxidation whereas topiramate was found to reduce lipid peroxidation only. CONCLUSIONS An AED that produces anticonvulsant effect by the diversified mechanism of action such as levetiracetam, felbamate, and topiramate exhibited superior anti-oxidative stress activity in addition to their anticonvulsant activity.
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Sano H, Murata M, Nambu A. Zonisamide reduces nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a mouse genetic model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 134:371-81. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sano
- Division of System Neurophysiology; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Aichi Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Aichi Japan
| | - Miho Murata
- Department of Neurology; National Center Hospital; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Kodaira Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Aichi Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies); Okazaki Aichi Japan
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Nakajima A, Ueda Y, Sameshima H, Ikenoue T. Intracerebral antioxidant ability of mature rats after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury estimated using the microdialysis-electron spin resonance method. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 41:884-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nakajima
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | - Yuto Ueda
- Section of Psychiatry; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sameshima
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | - Tsuyomu Ikenoue
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
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Enhancement of In Vivo Antioxidant Ability in the Brain of Rats Fed Tannin. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1360-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Effect of zonisamide co-administration with levodopa on global gene expression in the striata of rats with Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 428:401-4. [PMID: 23103374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anti-epileptic drug zonisamide is reported to exert beneficial effects in patients with Parkinson's disease. To elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the anti-parkinsonism effects of zonisamide, we examined the effect of zonisamide co-administered with levodopa in the striata of rats with 6-hydoroxydopamine hemiparkinsonism by using a DNA microarray for genome-wide gene expression profiling. We found that the expression of some genes related to metabolism and nervous system development and function were upregulated by zonisamide; expression of these genes was downregulated by levodopa. Furthermore, many genes related to the immune system and inflammation were downregulated by zonisamide, and their expression was upregulated by levodopa. These results indicate that zonisamide has a protective effect when co-administered with levodopa.
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Shin EJ, Jeong JH, Chung YH, Kim WK, Ko KH, Bach JH, Hong JS, Yoneda Y, Kim HC. Role of oxidative stress in epileptic seizures. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:122-37. [PMID: 21672578 PMCID: PMC3606551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from excessive free-radical release is likely implicated in the initiation and progression of epilepsy. Therefore, antioxidant therapies aimed at reducing oxidative stress have received considerable attention in epilepsy treatment. However, much evidence suggests that oxidative stress does not always have the same pattern in all seizures models. Thus, this review provides an overview aimed at achieving a better understanding of this issue. We summarize work regarding seizure models (i.e., genetic rat models, kainic acid, pilocarpine, pentylenetetrazol, and trimethyltin), oxidative stress as an etiologic factor in epileptic seizures (i.e., impairment of antioxidant systems, mitochondrial dysfunction, involvement of redox-active metals, arachidonic acid pathway activation, and aging), and antioxidant strategies for seizure treatment. Combined, this review highlights pharmacological mechanisms associated with oxidative stress in epileptic seizures and the potential for neuroprotection in epilepsy that targets oxidative stress and is supported by effective antioxidant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharamcology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Ko
- Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Bach
- Neuropsychopharamcology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharamcology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
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Costa C, Tozzi A, Siliquini S, Galletti F, Cardaioli G, Tantucci M, Pisani F, Calabresi P. A critical role of NO/cGMP/PKG dependent pathway in hippocampal post-ischemic LTP: modulation by zonisamide. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 44:185-91. [PMID: 21749921 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an intercellular retrograde messenger involved in several physiological processes such as synaptic plasticity, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), and learning and memory. Moreover NO signaling is implicated in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. In this study, we have characterized the role of NO/cGMP signaling cascade in the induction and maintenance of post-ischemic LTP (iLTP) in rat brain slices. Moreover, we have investigated the possible inhibitory action of zonisamide (ZNS) on this pathological form of synaptic plasticity as well as the effects of this antiepileptic drug (AED) on physiological activity-dependent LTP. Finally, we have characterized the possible interaction between ZNS and the NO/cGMP/PKG-dependent pathway involved in iLTP. Here, we provided the first evidence that an oxygen and glucose deprivation episode can induce, in CA1 hippocampal slices, iLTP by modulation of the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway. Additionally, we found that while ZNS application did not affect short-term synaptic plasticity and LTP induced by high-frequency stimulation, it significantly reduced iLTP. This reduction was mimicked by bath application of NO synthase inhibitors and a soluble guanyl cyclase inhibitor. The effect of ZNS was prevented by either the application of a NO donor or drugs increasing intracellular levels of cGMP and activating PKG. These findings are in line with the possible use of AEDs, such as ZNS, as a possible neuroprotective strategy in brain ischemia. Moreover, these findings strongly suggest that NO/cGMP/PKG intracellular cascade might represent a physiological target for neuroprotection in pathological forms of synaptic plasticity such as hippocampal iLTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Costa
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale S.Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
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Ueda Y, Nakajima A, Oikawa T. Hydrogen-related enhancement of in vivo antioxidant ability in the brain of rats fed coral calcium hydride. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1510-5. [PMID: 20652633 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effect of coral calcium hydride (CCH) on rat intrahippocampal antioxidant ability by measuring the PCAM nitroxide radical decay ratio when CCH was (a) co-perfused into the hippocampus and (b) fed orally to the rats for 4 weeks under a freely moving state. Estimation of the in vivo antioxidant effect was obtained by administration of the blood-brain barrier-permeable PCAM nitroxide radical and the measured PCAM radical decay ratio then correlated to the amount of antioxidant in the brain using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy combined with microdialysis. The half-life periods of PCAM in rats treated with CCH in both the co-perfusion and orally fed groups were significantly shorter compared to the control group. These results clarify the mechanism that CCH may exert antioxidant activity by significantly enhancing the basal endogenous antioxidant ability in the hippocampus through a synergistic effect with α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Ueda
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Miyazaki University, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan.
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Sonn K, Pankratova S, Korshunova I, Zharkovsky A, Bock E, Berezin V, Kiryushko D. A metallothionein mimetic peptide protects neurons against kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1074-82. [PMID: 19937811 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins I and II (MTI/II) are metal-binding proteins overexpressed in response to brain injury. Recently, we have designed a peptide, termed EmtinB, which is modeled after the beta-domain of MT-II and mimics the biological effects of MTI/II in vitro. Here, we demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of EmtinB in the in vitro and in vivo models of kainic acid (KA)-induced neurotoxicity. We show that EmtinB passes the blood-brain barrier and is detectable in plasma for up to 24 hr. Treatment with EmtinB significantly attenuates seizures in C57BL/6J mice exposed to moderate (20 mg/kg) and high (30 mg/kg) KA doses and tends to decrease mortality induced by the high KA dose. Histopathological evaluation of hippocampal (CA3 and CA1) and cortical areas of mice treated with 20 mg/kg KA shows that EmtinB treatment reduces KA-induced neurodegeneration in the CA1 region. These findings establish EmtinB as a promising target for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sonn
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Costa C, Tozzi A, Luchetti E, Siliquini S, Belcastro V, Tantucci M, Picconi B, Ientile R, Calabresi P, Pisani F. Electrophysiological actions of zonisamide on striatal neurons: Selective neuroprotection against complex I mitochondrial dysfunction. Exp Neurol 2010; 221:217-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The antiepileptic drug zonisamide inhibits MAO-B and attenuates MPTP toxicity in mice: clinical relevance. Exp Neurol 2009; 221:329-34. [PMID: 19948168 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zonisamide is an FDA-approved antiepileptic drug that blocks voltage-dependent Na(+) channels and T-type Ca(2+) channels and improves clinical outcome in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients when used as an adjunct to other PD therapies. Zonisamide also modifies dopamine (DA) activity, provides protection in ischemia models and influences antioxidant systems. Thus, we tested it for its ability to protect DA neurons in a mouse model of PD and investigated mechanisms underlying its protection. Concurrent treatment of mice with zonisamide and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetraydropyridine (MPTP) attenuated the reduction in striatal contents of DA, its metabolite DOPAC and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). We also discovered that zonisamide inhibited monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) activity in vitro with an IC(50) of 25 muM, a concentration that is well within the therapeutic range used for treating epilepsy in humans. Moreover, the irreversible binding of systemically administered selegiline to MAO-B in mouse brain was attenuated by zonisamide as measured by ex vivo assays. Zonisamide treatment alone did not produce any lasting effects on ex vivo MAO-B activity, indicating that it is a reversible inhibitor of the enzyme. Consistent with the effects of zonisamide on MAO-B, the striatal content of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), which is derived from the administered MPTP via MAO-B actions, was substantially reduced in mice treated with MPTP and zonisamide. The potency and reversibility with which zonisamide blocks MAO-B may contribute to the ability of the drug to improve clinical symptoms in PD patients. The results also suggest that caution in its use may be necessary, especially when administered with other drugs, in the treatment of epilepsy or PD.
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Yamamura S, Ohoyama K, Nagase H, Okada M. Zonisamide enhances delta receptor-associated neurotransmitter release in striato-pallidal pathway. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57:322-31. [PMID: 19482038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A recent randomized control study demonstrated that zonisamide (ZNS), an antiepileptic drug, is effective in Parkinson's disease at the lower than the therapeutic doses against epilepsy (25-50 mg/day); however, the detailed mechanism of antiparkinsonian effects of ZNS remains to be clarified. To determine the mechanism of antiparkinsonian effect of ZNS, we investigated the effects of ZNS on extracellular levels of dopamine in the striatum (STR), glutamate in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), GABA in globus pallidus (GP), subthalamic nucleus (STN) and SNr, using multiple microdialysis probes. Striatal perfusion of 1000 microM ZNS (within therapeutic-relevant concentration against epilepsy) increased extracellular levels of dopamine in STR, whereas 100 microM ZNS (lower than the therapeutic-relevant concentration against epilepsy but within the therapeutic rage against Parkinson's disease) did not affect it. Striatal perfusion of ZNS (100 and 1000 microM) decreased the extracellular levels of GABA in STN and glutamate in SNr, but decreased extracellular GABA level in GP without affecting GABA level in SNr. These concentration-dependent effects of ZNS on extracellular neurotransmitter levels were independent of dopamine and delta(2) receptors; however, blockade of delta(1) receptor inhibited the effects of ZNS. Furthermore, activation of delta(1) receptor enhanced the effects of ZNS on neurotransmitter level. These results suggest that ZNS does not affect the direct pathway but inhibits the indirect pathway, which is mediated by delta(1) receptor. Therefore, the antiparkinsonian effects of ZNS seem to be mediated through the interaction between lower than therapeutically-relevant concentration against epilepsy of ZNS (100 microM) and delta(1) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Ueda Y, Doi T, Takaki M, Nagatomo K, Nakajima A, Willmore LJ. Levetiracetam enhances endogenous antioxidant in the hippocampus of rats: In vivo evaluation by brain microdialysis combined with ESR spectroscopy. Brain Res 2009; 1266:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Involvement of endogenous prostaglandin F2alpha on kainic acid-induced seizure activity through FP receptor: the mechanism of proconvulsant effects of COX-2 inhibitors. Brain Res 2007; 1193:153-61. [PMID: 18178179 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
COX-2 and prostaglandins (PGs) might play important roles in epilepsy. In kainic acid-induced seizures, the brain largely increases PGD(2), first from COX-1 and later COX-2-induced PGF(2alpha). Pre-treatment with COX-2 inhibitors such as indomethacin, nimesulide, and celecoxib is known to aggravate kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure activity. However it is not known whether the proconvulsant effect of those non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is due to changes in endogenous prostaglandins (PGs), or what types of PGs are involved. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intracisternally administered PGs on KA-induced seizures aggravated by pre- or post-treatment with COX-2 inhibitors. Systemic KA injection (10 mg/kg i.p.) in mice evoked mild seizure activity within 15 min. PGs were administrated intracisternally 20 min prior to KA administration. COX inhibitors (indomethacin, nimesulide, and ketoprofen, 10 mg/kg i.p.) were injected 1 h before or 15 min after KA. An additional COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, was administered orally. Intracisternally administered PGF(2alpha) (700 ng), but not PGD(2) (700 ng) or PGE(2) (700 ng) completely alleviated KA-induced seizures potentiated by COX-2 inhibitors, and also reduced KA-induced hippocampal neuronal death aggravated by indomethacin. PGF(2alpha) alone did not affect KA-induced seizures. However, an FP receptor antagonist, AL 8810 (10 or 50 ng) which is an 11beta-fluoro analogue of PGF(2alpha) potentiated KA-induced seizure activity dose-dependently. In summary, pre- or post-treatment with COX-2 inhibitors aggravates KA-induced seizures, which suggests to change the endogenous PGF(2alpha). Seizure-induced PGF(2alpha) might act as an endogenous anticonvulsant through FP receptors.
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made in identifying neuroprotective agents and their translation to patients with neurological disorders. While the direct causative pathways of neurodegeneration remain unclear, they are under great clinical and experimental investigation. There are a number of interrelated pathogenic mechanisms triggering molecular events that lead to neuronal death. One putative mechanism reported to play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases is impaired energy metabolism. If reduced energy stores play a role in neuronal loss, then therapeutic strategies that buffer intracellular energy levels may prevent or impede the neurodegenerative process. Recent studies suggest that impaired energy production promotes neurological disease onset and progression. Sustained ATP levels are critical to cellular homeostasis and may have both direct and indirect influence on pathogenic mechanisms associated with neurological disorders. Creatine is a critical component in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, and its administration has been reported to be neuroprotective in a wide number of both acute and chronic experimental models of neurological disease. In the context of this chapter, we will review the experimental evidence for creatine supplementation as a neurotherapeutic strategy in patients with neurological disorders, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in ischemic stroke, brain and spinal cord trauma, and epilepsy.
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Ueda Y, Doi T, Nagatomo K, Nakajima A. In vivo activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors generates free radicals and reduces antioxidant ability in the rat hippocampus: experimental protocol of in vivo ESR spectroscopy and microdialysis for redox status evaluation. Brain Res 2007; 1178:20-7. [PMID: 17920572 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathological mechanisms of various CNS diseases are closely related to glutamate neuronal excitotoxicity following NMDA receptor activation. To verify this relationship, in vivo microdialysis in the hippocampus of rats was applied to ESR spectroscopy during NMDA perfusion. Microdialysis co-perfusion of 0.1 mM NMDA dissolved in 150 mM POBN for 60 min revealed six-line carbon-centered radical ESR spectra. The hfc values were aN=15.7 G and aHbeta=2.5 G, corresponding to the values produced from the generation of lipid radicals. The antioxidant activity during the freely moving state was examined utilizing the principle that systemically applied nitroxide radicals are reduced and lose their paramagnetism by antioxidant activity in the brain. ESR analysis of sequential changes in the signal amplitude of nitroxide radicals in both the NMDA group and the control group revealed an exponential decay. The half-life of the nitroxide radical was significantly longer in the NMDA group than in the control group. The homeostasis of a steady redox balance was destroyed by acute NMDA infusion, which resulted in the generation of lipid radicals and the reduction of antioxidant ability in the hippocampus. The redox imbalance induced by the activation of NMDA-R was recovered by the inhibition of PLA2 and NOS. These results indicated that NMDA-R activation caused the shift to oxidized condition of the redox state, which subsequently leads to neuron death in the hippocampus in the model of glutamate-associated neuronal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Ueda
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
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Ueda Y, Doi T, Nagatomo K, Nakajima A. Protective role of pentobarbital pretreatment for NMDA-R activated lipid peroxidation is derived from the synergistic effect on endogenous anti-oxidant in the hippocampus of rats. Neurosci Lett 2007; 417:46-9. [PMID: 17360116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have attempted to explore the neuroprotective effectiveness of PBT by measuring anti-oxidant ability in the hippocampus of rats in a freely moving state. Anti-oxidant ability was examined utilizing the principle that blood-brain barrier-permeable nitroxide radicals (PCAM) injected i.p. lose their paramagnetism in an exponential decay correlated with anti-oxidant ability in the brain. The half-life of PCAM was used as the indicator of the hippocampal anti-oxidant ability. While the half-life was statistically prolonged when infused with 0.1mM NMDA without PBT, the half-life was almost the same as in the control when infused with NMDA under anesthesia with PBT. In addition, the half-life under only PBT anesthesia was the shortest of all the groups. Our findings, therefore, suggested that PBT anesthesia not only suppresses NMDA-R activated free radical generation but also synergistically enhances the increased basal endogenous anti-oxidant ability in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Ueda
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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