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Wellington H, Rath S, Kanfer I. A comprehensively validated IVRT method reliably discriminates sameness and differences between several topical clotrimazole creams. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106649. [PMID: 37992910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In vitro release testing (IVRT) has gained increasing acceptance for use as a biowaiver for topical products intended for local action. Whereas the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has issued product specific guidances (PSGs) recommending IVRT for several products, the PSG for clotrimazole cream does not include an IVRT option. However, an important requirement to include supplemental selectivity in the validation process as described in the recent FDA draft guidance on IVRT studies for topical drug products has generally been conspicuously absent in the published literature describing the application of IVRT as a biowaiver. Supplemental selectivity involves the comparison of a reference product and altered formulations containing the same strength of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In order to demonstrate supplemental selectivity, cream formulation containing the same API (clotrimazole), at the same strength (1 %) and in the same dosage form (cream) but manufactured using different excipients were used. This will help assess the impact that excipients may have on the release rate of clotrimazole and whether the method is capable of identifying differences in the microstructure and arrangement of matter (Q3) as an important performance parameter. In addition, products containing <30 % or >40 % clotrimazole to serve as negative controls were also included for the discriminatory power assessment. Hence, the primary objective was to develop and validate a simple, reliable, reproducible, and cost-effective in vitro technique in accordance with the recent draft FDA guidance to assess the "sameness" of topical creams containing 1 % clotrimazole. An in vitro release testing (IVRT) system was used and an IVRT method was developed and accordingly validated. The validated IVRT method showed the potential to accurately measure the release from 1 % clotrimazole creams and demonstrated supplemental selectivity and appropriate discriminatory power to identify "sameness" and/ or differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wellington
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa
| | - Seeprarani Rath
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Isadore Kanfer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Miranda M, Cova T, Augusto C, Pais AACC, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Diving into Batch-to-Batch Variability of Topical Products-a Regulatory Bottleneck. Pharm Res 2020; 37:218. [PMID: 33037479 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Following the recent European Medicine Agency (EMA) draft guideline on quality and equivalence of topical products, a modular framework for bioequivalence assessment is proposed, wherein the qualitative, quantitative, microstructure and product performance sameness is demanded to support generic applications. Strict regulatory limits are now imposed, but, the suitability of these limits has been subject of intense debate. In this context, this paper aims to address these issues by characterizing a panel of 8 reference blockbuster semisolid topical products. METHODS For each product, three batches were selected and, whenever possible, batches retrieved from different manufacturing sites were considered. Product microstructure was evaluated in terms of globule size, pH, rheological attributes and, if required, the thermal behaviour was also assessed. Performance was evaluated through in vitro release testing (IVRT). Finally, an integrated multivariate analysis was performed to highlight the features that most contribute for product variability. RESULTS Marked differences were registered within reference products. Statistical analysis demonstrated that if EMA criteria are applied, none of the same product batches can be considered as equivalent. Rheological parameters as well as IVRT indicators account for the majority of batch-to-batch differences. CONCLUSIONS Semisolid dosage forms exhibit intrinsic variability. This calls for the attention to the need of establishing reasonable equivalence criteria applied to generic drug products. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Miranda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tânia Cova
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia Augusto
- Laboratórios Basi, Mortágua, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Portugal, lote 15 3450-232, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Alberto A C C Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi, Mortágua, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Portugal, lote 15 3450-232, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Pólo I, 1st floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Novel In Vitro Investigational Methods for Modeling Skin Permeation: Skin PAMPA, Raman Mapping. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090803. [PMID: 32854296 PMCID: PMC7559371 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is marked as a standard by the regulatory agencies in the permeation study of dermal formulations. Artificial membranes can substitute human skin to some extent. Academicians and pharmaceutical corporations are focusing their efforts on developing standardized protocols and safe, reliable options to substitute human skin for carrying out permeability studies. Our research aim was to study the applicability of new techniques in the case of different types of dermal formulations. The skin parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) method and Raman mapping were compared to the gold-standard Franz cell method. A hydrogel and two types of creams were investigated as the most generally used dermal preparations. The values of the diffused drug were closer to each other in PAMPA and Franz cell measurement. The diffused amount of drug showed the same order for the different formulations. These results correlate well with the results of Raman mapping. Our conclusions suggest that all early screening examinations can be performed with model tools such as skin PAMPA supplemented with methods like Raman mapping as a semi-quantitative method.
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Assessment of “Sameness” and/or Differences between Marketed Creams Containing Miconazole Nitrate Using a Discriminatory in vitro Release Testing (IVRT) Method. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro release testing (IVRT) provides an efficient method for the evaluation of drug release from semi-solid formulations. The aim of this research was to develop and validate a discriminatory IVRT system using vertical diffusion cells (VDCs) to assess generic topical products containing miconazole nitrate (MCZ). A comprehensive approach addressing all essential suitability criteria supporting the reliability of IVRT results was applied. These include mechanical validation of the VDCs, a performance verification test (PVT), validation of the analytical method (HPLC) used to quantify the drug release and validation of the IVRT method to confirm its precision, reproducibility, discriminatory ability, and robustness. Two marketed generic products were tested and assessed in accordance with the acceptance criteria for “sameness” in the FDA’s SUPAC-SS guidance which requires that the 90% confidence interval (CI) should fall within the limits of 75%–133.33%. One product was found to be in vitro equivalent to the reference product whereas the other was not. The results confirmed the suitability of the IVRT method to accurately measure the release of MCZ from topical cream products and, importantly, demonstrated the necessary discriminatory ability to assess “sameness”/differences of dermatological creams containing MCZ. Furthermore, the developed IVRT method was able to detect differences between formulations, which may be attributed to qualitative (Q1) and quantitative (Q2) properties and the microstructure and arrangement of matter (Q3).
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Zsikó S, Cutcher K, Kovács A, Budai-Szűcs M, Gácsi A, Baki G, Csányi E, Berkó S. Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Gel for the Dermal Application of Lidocaine: Comparison of Skin Penetration Testing Methods. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E310. [PMID: 31269690 PMCID: PMC6681122 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the stability of a lidocaine-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier dispersion at different temperatures, formulate a nanostructured lipid carrier gel, and test the penetration profile of lidocaine from the nanostructured lipid carrier gel using different skin penetration modeling methods. The formulations were characterized by laser diffraction, rheological measurements and microscopic examinations. Various in vitro methods were used to study drug release, diffusion and penetration. Two types of vertical Franz diffusion cells with three different membranes, including cellulose, Strat-M®, and heat separated human epidermis were used and compared to the Skin-parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) method. Results indicated that the nanostructured lipid carrier dispersion had to be gelified as soon as possible for proper stability. Both the Skin-PAMPA model and Strat-M® membranes correlated favorably with heat separated human epidermis in this research, with the Strat-M® membranes sharing the most similar drug permeability profile to an ex vivo human skin model. Our experimental findings suggest that even when the best available in vitro experiment is selected for modeling human skin penetration to study nanostructured lipid carrier gel systems, relevant in vitro/in vivo correlation should be made to calculate the drug release/permeation in vivo. Future investigations in this field are still needed to demonstrate the influence of membranes and equipment from other classes on other drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Zsikó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kendra Cutcher
- Frederic and Mary Wolfe Center, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácsi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Baki
- Frederic and Mary Wolfe Center, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Erzsébet Csányi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Indole derivatives as multifunctional drugs: Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant, photoprotective and antiproliferative activity of indole hydrazones. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:568-576. [PMID: 30825715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two series of indole derivatives 4-17, 20-22 were easily prepared and assayed for their radical-scavenging ability. Arylidene-1H-indole-2-carbohydrazones showed different extent antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays. Good antioxidant activity is related to the number and position of hydroxyl groups on the arylidene moiety as well as to the presence of methoxy or 4-(diethylamino) group. On the contrary low antioxidant activity is showed by the isomeric 1H-indol-2-yl(methylene)-benzohydrazides. Furthermore, hydrazones 4-17 showed photoprotective capacities with satisfactory in vitro SPF as compared to the commercial PBSA sunscreen filter. The indole 16 and 17, showing the best antioxidant and photoprotective profile, were included in different formulation and their topical release was evaluated. Varying the formulation composition, it was possible to optimize skin adsorption and solubility of the active indole in the formulation. The antiproliferative effect of the hydrazones 4-17 was tested on human erythroleukemia K562 and melanoma Colo-38 cells. Hydrazones 11, 16 and 17 showed growth inhibition at sub micromolar concentrations on both cell lines. These results indicate indole hydrazones as potential multifunctional molecules especially in the treatment of neoplastic diseases being the good antioxidant properties of 16 and 17 correlated to their high antiproliferative activity.
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Schenk L, Rauma M, Fransson MN, Johanson G. Percutaneous absorption of thirty-eight organic solvents in vitro using pig skin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205458. [PMID: 30379962 PMCID: PMC6209206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous absorption is highly variable between chemicals but also within chemicals depending on exposure conditions and experimental set up. We tested a larger number of organic solvents with the same experimental set up, using skin from new-born piglets and static diffusion cells. Thirty-six common organic solvents were studied neat (and 31 of them also in water dilution): acetone, acetonitrile, n-butanol 2-butanone 2-butoxyethanol, 1-butoxy-2-propanol, n-butyl acetate, butyl acrylate, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, ethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, ethylbenzene, furfuryl alcohol, n-hexane, 2-hexanone, 2-isopropoxyethanol, methanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, methyl acrylate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, methyl tertiary butyl ether, 4-metyl-2-pentanol, methyl methacrylate, 2-propanol, 2-propen-1-ol, 2-propoxyethanol, 1-propoxy-2-propanol, styrene, trichloromethane, toluene and m-xylene. In addition, a mixture of 2-methylbutyl acetate and n-pentyl acetate was tested. For most of the solvents, little or no percutaneous absorption data have been published. Lag times, steady-state fluxes and apparent permeability coefficients were obtained from the time courses of solvent appearance in the receptor medium, as measured by gas chromatography. The use of the same methodology and kind of skin resulted in small variability within experiments, underlining the need for consistent methodology for useful results for developing predictive models. Furthermore, a comparison of the neat and diluted data shows that water dilution affects all these variables and that the direction and magnitude of the effects vary between chemicals. This comparison strongly supports that prediction of percutaneous absorption of neat and water diluted chemicals requires different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Schenk
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Matias Rauma
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin N. Fransson
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Shah VP, Yacobi A, Rădulescu FŞ, Miron DS, Lane ME. A science based approach to topical drug classification system (TCS). Int J Pharm 2015; 491:21-5. [PMID: 26070249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) for oral immediate release solid drug products has been very successful; its implementation in drug industry and regulatory approval has shown significant progress. This has been the case primarily because BCS was developed using sound scientific judgment. Following the success of BCS, we have considered the topical drug products for similar classification system based on sound scientific principles. In USA, most of the generic topical drug products have qualitatively (Q1) and quantitatively (Q2) same excipients as the reference listed drug (RLD). The applications of in vitro release (IVR) and in vitro characterization are considered for a range of dosage forms (suspensions, creams, ointments and gels) of differing strengths. We advance a Topical Drug Classification System (TCS) based on a consideration of Q1, Q2 as well as the arrangement of matter and microstructure of topical formulations (Q3). Four distinct classes are presented for the various scenarios that may arise and depending on whether biowaiver can be granted or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod P Shah
- Pharmaceutical Consultant, North Potomac, MD, USA.
| | | | | | - Dalia Simona Miron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Majella E Lane
- University College London School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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Rosa P, Santos JD, Lehmen TF, Weber J, Flores FC, Silva CDBD, Oliveira SM, Brusco I, Milani GB, Adams AIH. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a desonide gel-cream photostabilized with benzophenone-3. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:19-27. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1022554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas,
| | | | | | - Julia Weber
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas,
| | | | | | | | - Indiara Brusco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Falcone R, Jaffe M, Ravindra NM. New screening methodology for selection of polymeric matrices for transdermal drug delivery devices. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2013. [DOI: 10.1680/bbn.12.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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The relevance of polymeric synthetic membranes in topical formulation assessment and drug diffusion study. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:579-93. [PMID: 22553050 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic membranes are composed of thin sheets of polymeric macromolecules that can control the passage of components through them. Generally, synthetic membranes used in drug diffusion studies have one of two functions: skin simulation or quality control. Synthetic membranes for skin simulation, such as the silicone-based membranes polydimethylsiloxane and Carbosil, are generally hydrophobic and rate limiting, imitating the stratum corneum. In contrast, synthetic membranes for quality control, such as cellulose esters and polysulfone, are required to act as a support rather than a barrier. These synthetic membranes also often contain pores; hence, they are called porous membranes. The significance of Franz diffusion studies and synthetic membranes in quality control studies involves an understanding of the fundamentals of synthetic membranes. This article provides a general overview of synthetic membranes, including a brief background of the history and the common applications of synthetic membranes. This review then explores the types of synthetic membranes, the transport mechanisms across them, and their relevance in choosing a synthetic membrane in Franz diffusion cell studies for formulation assessment purposes.
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Manipulation of corticosteroid release from a transiently supersaturated topical metered dose aerosol using a residual miscible co-solvent. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2573-80. [PMID: 18668352 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The creation of supersaturation transiently after application overcomes the issue of drug instability. However, if the solvents used to drive supersaturation evaporate too quickly, drug recrystallisation or rapid film drying can occur which will inhibit drug release. As such the effects of a residual solvent, poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG), on the release, mobility and supersaturation kinetics of a transiently supersaturated formulation were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metered dose aerosol (MDA) formulations consisting of hydrofluoroalkane 134a, ethanol, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) K90, beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), and 0%, 5% or 10% w/w PEG were prepared in canisters sealed with metered dose valves and tested for release and adhesion over time. RESULTS The addition of 10% PEG to the MDA formulation resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in steady state drug release rate (230.4 +/- 17.3 microg/cm(2)/h for 0% PEG MDA, 83.6 +/- 4.9 microg/cm(2)/h for 10% PEG MDA). The presence of PEG caused a delay in dose depletion (2 h for 0% PEG MDA versus 4 h for 10% PEG), retarded supersaturation kinetics and increased film drying time. CONCLUSION Whilst equivalent amounts of BDP were released, the residual solvent altered the drug release profile to achieve more constant delivery.
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Glasgow M, Dressman S, Brown W, Foster T, Schuber S, Manning RG, Wahab SZ, Williams RL, Hauck WW. The USP Performance Verification Test, Part II: Collaborative Study of USP’s Lot P Prednisone Tablets. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1110-5. [PMID: 18172582 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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