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Choi Y, Lee HK, Choi KC. Engineered adult stem cells: a promising tool for anti-cancer therapy. BMB Rep 2023; 56:71-77. [PMID: 36330711 PMCID: PMC9978368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers are one of the most dreaded diseases in human history and have been targeted by numerous trials including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and anti-cancer drugs. Adult stem cells (ASCs), which can regenerate tissues and repair damage, have emerged as leading therapeutic candidates due to their homing ability toward tumor foci. Stem cells can precisely target malicious tumors, thereby minimizing the toxicity of normal cells and unfavorable side effects. ASCs, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), are powerful tools for delivering therapeutic agents to various primary and metastatic cancers. Engineered ASCs act as a bridge between the tumor sites and tumoricidal reagents, producing therapeutic substances such as exosomes, viruses, and anti-cancer proteins encoded by several suicide genes. This review focuses on various anti-cancer therapies implemented via ASCs and summarizes the recent treatment progress and shortcomings. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(2): 71-77].
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngdong Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea,Corresponding author. Tel: +82-43-261-3664; Fax: +82-43-267-3150; E-mail:
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Choi Y, Lee HK, Choi KC. Engineered adult stem cells: a promising tool for anti-cancer therapy. BMB Rep 2023; 56:71-77. [PMID: 36330711 PMCID: PMC9978368 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers are one of the most dreaded diseases in human history and have been targeted by numerous trials including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and anti-cancer drugs. Adult stem cells (ASCs), which can regenerate tissues and repair damage, have emerged as leading therapeutic candidates due to their homing ability toward tumor foci. Stem cells can precisely target malicious tumors, thereby minimizing the toxicity of normal cells and unfavorable side effects. ASCs, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), are powerful tools for delivering therapeutic agents to various primary and metastatic cancers. Engineered ASCs act as a bridge between the tumor sites and tumoricidal reagents, producing therapeutic substances such as exosomes, viruses, and anti-cancer proteins encoded by several suicide genes. This review focuses on various anti-cancer therapies implemented via ASCs and summarizes the recent treatment progress and shortcomings. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(2): 71-77].
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngdong Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Kondic A, Bottino D, Harrold J, Kearns JD, Musante CJ, Odinecs A, Ramanujan S, Selimkhanov J, Schoeberl B. Navigating Between Right, Wrong, and Relevant: The Use of Mathematical Modeling in Preclinical Decision Making. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:860881. [PMID: 35496315 PMCID: PMC9042116 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.860881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this mini-review is to summarize the collective experience of the authors for how modeling and simulation approaches have been used to inform various decision points from discovery to First-In-Human clinical trials. The article is divided into a high-level overview of the types of problems that are being aided by modeling and simulation approaches, followed by detailed case studies around drug design (Nektar Therapeutics, Genentech), feasibility analysis (Novartis Pharmaceuticals), improvement of preclinical drug design (Pfizer), and preclinical to clinical extrapolation (Merck, Takeda, and Amgen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kondic
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Anna Kondic,
| | - Dean Bottino
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Lexington, MA, United States
| | - John Harrold
- Seagen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Kearns
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - CJ Musante
- Pfizer Worldwide Research Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Jangir Selimkhanov
- Pfizer Worldwide Research Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Birgit Schoeberl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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Kim YJ, Jeong J, Park K, Sohn KY, Yoon SY, Kim JW. Mitigation of Hematopoietic Syndrome of Acute Radiation Syndrome by 1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) is Associated with Regulation of Systemic Inflammation in a Murine Model of Total-Body Irradiation. Radiat Res 2021; 196:55-65. [PMID: 33914879 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00288.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing risk of accidental radiation exposure due to increased usage of ionizing radiation, such as in nuclear power, industries and medicine, has increased the necessity for the development of radiation countermeasures. Previously, we demonstrated the therapeutic potential of the acetylated diacylglycerol, 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG), as a radiation countermeasure by mitigating radiation-associated mortality and hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) in BALB/c mice after a lethal dose (LD70/30) of gamma-ray total-body irradiation (TBI). In this study, we show that PLAG mitigates symptoms of H-ARS, as characterized by mature blood cell recovery and restoration of bone marrow cellularity, by regulating systemic inflammation. Log-rank test demonstrated that high levels of WBCs, lymphocytes and neutrophils on day 10 post-TBI resulted in significantly improved survival rate. PLAG significantly enhanced the nadir values of all major blood cell types as well as bone marrow cellularity. A single TBI at LD70/30 induced an immediate increase in the blood levels of CXCL1 (12.5 fold), CXCL2 (1.5 fold), IL-6 (86.9 fold), C-reactive protein (CRP; 1.3 fold) and G-CSF (15.7 fold) at 6 h post-TBI, but the cytokine levels returned to baseline level afterward. When the irradiated mice started to die around 15 days post-TBI, they exhibited a second surge in blood levels of CXCL1 (49.3 fold), CXCL2 (87.1 fold), IL-6 (208 fold), CRP (3.6 fold) and G-CSF (265.7 fold). However, PLAG-treated groups showed a significant decrease in these same blood levels (P < 0.001). Considering the inverse correlation between inflammatory cytokine levels and hematological nadirs, PLAG exerts its therapeutic effects on H-ARS by regulating inflammatory cytokine production. These data suggest that PLAG has high potential as a radiation countermeasure to mitigate H-ARS after accidental exposure to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jae Kim
- Division of Global New Drug Development, Enzychem Lifesciences, Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseon Jeong
- Division of Global New Drug Development, Enzychem Lifesciences, Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaapjoo Park
- Division of Global New Drug Development, Enzychem Lifesciences, Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Sohn
- Division of Global New Drug Development, Enzychem Lifesciences, Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Yoon
- Division of Global New Drug Development, Enzychem Lifesciences, Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wha Kim
- Division of Biomaterials Research, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Goans RE, Iddins CJ. The Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio as a Triage Tool in Criticality Accidents. HEALTH PHYSICS 2021; 120:410-416. [PMID: 33229945 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT During triage of possibly irradiated individuals after a criticality accident or nuclear weapon event, it is necessary to decide whether a patient has experienced a clinically significant dose (> 2 Gy) that would require referral for additional evaluation and medical treatment. This is a binary decision: yes or no. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an appropriate decision parameter, is simple to obtain in field operations, and is recognized in clinical medicine as an independent marker of systemic inflammation. NLR is evaluated for usefulness in triage using data from the Radiation Accident Registry at the Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS). A criticality accident data set has been prepared using historic complete blood counts from 12 criticality events with 33 patients. In addition, a cohort of 125 normal controls has been assembled for comparison with the radiation accident data. In the control set, NLR is found to be 2.1 ± 0.06 (mean ± SEM) and distributed consistent with a Gaussian distribution. A patient from the 1958 Y-12 criticality accident is presented as an example of the time dependence of NLR after an event. In this case, NLR is statistically elevated above controls from <4 h until ~20 d post-event, and for times >20 d post-event, NLR is less than the control value, returning to baseline > ~40 d. The latter result has been confirmed using late hematological data taken from patients at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and this appears to be a general finding. Since triage is a binary decision, analyzing NLR with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) statistics is appropriate. Maximizing the Youden J statistic (sensitivity + specificity -1) determines an appropriate decision point. For this data set, the decision point for NLR is found to be 3.33, with area under the curve (AUC) 0.865, sensitivity 0.67, specificity 0.97, positive predictive value (PPV) 0.85, and negative predictive value (NPV) 0.92. Therefore, when a known criticality accident or nuclear weapon event has occurred and if the patient's NLR is greater than 3.33 early post-event, then that person should be referred for further health physics and medical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol J Iddins
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site, Oak Ridge, TN
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