Effects of cilostazol and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers on the renal disease progression of Korean patients: a retrospective cohort study

Effects of cilostazol, a Phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor, on kidney function and redox imbalance in acute kidney injury caused by Bothrops alternatus venom

The mechanisms of pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in snakebites is multifactorial and involves hemodynamic disturbances, with release of free radical causing cytotoxic effects. The phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) inhibitor, Cilostazol, has been reported to provide protection against renal oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated the protective effects of cilostazol against Bothrops alternatus snake venom (BaV)-induced nephrotoxicity.

METHODS

Wistar rat kidneys (n = 6, 260-300 g) were isolated and perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 6 g/100 mL of bovine serum albumin. After 30 min, the kidneys were perfused with BaV to a final concentration of 1 and 3 μg/mL, and subsequently evaluated for perfusion pressure (PP), renal vascular resistance (RVR), urinary flow (UF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and percentage of electrolyte tubular sodium and chloride transport (%TNa⁺, %TCl^-). Oxidative stress and renal histological analyses were performed.

RESULTS

BaV caused a reduction in all the evaluated renal parameters (PP, RVR, GFR, UF, %TNa⁺, and %TCl^-). Although only the effects on PP and UF were reversed with cilostazol treatment, the decrease in the malondialdehyde levels, without changes in glutathione levels, further reduced the venom-induced renal tissue changes.

CONCLUSION

Our data suggest that PDE3 is involved in BaV-induced nephrotoxicity, as cilostazol administration significantly ameliorated these effects.

Study of hospitalization and mortality in Korean diabetic patients using the diabetes complications severity index

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is expected to increase from 7.7% in 2017 to 8.4% in 2045 worldwide. Diabetes complications contribute to morbidity and mortality. To evaluate whether the diabetes complications severity index (DCSI) was associated with increased risks of mortality and hospitalization.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Database (NHID) sample cohort of 1,102,047 patients (2002-2015) in Korea. Diabetes complications were evaluated at 2 years after the initial diagnosis and during the subsequent follow-up period (mean duration 6.56 ± 2.81 years). The type and severity of complications were evaluated on the basis of the International Classification of Disease Ninth (ICD-9) codes used in DCSI with 7 categories and 55 subcategories of complications. The Cox proportional hazard and Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the mortality and hospitalization rates. The incidence and relative risk of diabetes complications as well as the risk of mortality and hospitalization were the main outcome measures.

RESULTS

A total of 27,871 patients were finally included and grouped by the number of complications present at 2 years. Four hundred ninety patients (5.37%) died without complications, 659 (7.31%) died with one complication and 1153 (11.85%) died with two or more complications. As DCSI at index date increased, the risk of additional new diabetes complications increased by 26% [relative risk (RR) 1.26, 95% CI 1.25-1.27]. The risks of mortality and hospitalization were linearly related to DCSI [hazard ratio 1.13 (95% CI 1.11-1.16), relative risk 1.04 (95% CI 1.03-1.06)].

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with higher incidence and severity of diabetes complications have increased risks of mortality and hospitalization.