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Alkhammas AH, Al-Thuwaini TM. Association of birth type and LHX4 gene polymorphism with reproductive hormones, growth hormone, and prolactin in Awassi ewes. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3951-3956. [PMID: 36787052 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LIM homeobox transcription factor 4 (LHX4) is a promising candidate gene for mammalian reproductive traits. LHX4 polymorphism has previously been associated with phenotypic traits in goats and cattle. However, there have been no LHX4 gene polymorphisms identified in Awassi sheep. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of the LHX4 polymorphism on reproductive hormones, growth hormones, and prolactin in Awassi ewes. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 232 ewes between the ages of 3 and 4 years were selected for this study (123 single-progeny ewes and 109 twin-producing ewes). Serum was collected to measure reproductive hormones, growth hormone, and prolactin using ELISA kits made by ELK Biotechnology. Genomic DNA was extracted from sheep blood, genotyped, and sequenced to confirm variations in LHX4 (exon 1, 207 bp). Genotyping revealed three genotypes in 207 bp: AA, AG, and GG. Sequence analysis detected a novel mutation in exon 1: 160 A > G. Statistically, the 160 A > G SNP was significantly associated with the phenotypic traits. Ewes carrying AA genotypes had higher estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormones/luteinizing hormones, and growth hormone, and lower prolactin levels (65.63 ± 3.84) (pg/mL), (6.67 ± 0.38) (ng/mL), (22.34 ± 1.27) (ng/mL)/(23.89 ± 2.13) (ng/mL), (1.30 ± 0.05) (ng/mL), and (13.16 ± 0.75) (pg/mL), respectively, compared to AG and GG genotypes in the fourth month of twin-pregnant ewes compared to single-pregnant ewes. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the 160 A > G SNP negatively affects the Awassi sheep's hormone levels. It provides valuable insight into the sheep LHX4 gene, which could be an effective marker in marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Alkhammas
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Babil, Iraq.
| | - Tahreer M Al-Thuwaini
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Babil, Iraq.
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Hu Y, Zhu L, Liu Q, Xue Y, Sun X, Li G. Thyroid function in children with short stature accompanied by isolated pituitary hypoplasia. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20:707-713. [PMID: 34582001 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-021-00323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have focused on thyroid function in children with isolated pituitary hypoplasia (IPH). The purpose of this study was to investigate thyroid function in children with short stature accompanied by IPH and evaluate the values of thyroid function for the diagnosis of IPH. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study. A total of 100 children with short stature accompanied by IPH were enrolled. Among them, 68 children presenting with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) were chosen as the IPH group. Sixty-eight age-matched and sex-matched IGHD children without pituitary abnormalities were chosen as the control group. Clinical, hormonal, and imaging parameters were analyzed. The diagnostic value of thyroid function for IGHD children with IPH was evaluated. RESULTS Children in the IPH group had significantly lower height standard deviation score (HSDS), HSDS-target height standard deviation score (THSDS), free thyroxine (FT4), insulin-like growth factor-1 standard deviation score (IGF-1SDS), and pituitary height than the control subjects (p = 0.027, p = 0.033, p < 0.001, p = 0.03, and p < 0.001, respectively). The value of the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.701 (95% CI 0.614-0.788, p < 0.001) when the cut-off value for FT4 was ≤ 16.43 pmol/L and the sensitivity and specificity were 72.1 and 61.8%, respectively. FT4 levels were positively correlated with FT3, GH peak, and IGF-1 SDS levels in all children with short stature accompanied by IPH (p < 0.001, p = 0.009, and p = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION IGHD children with IPH had lower FT4 levels than IGHD children without pituitary abnormalities. FT4 levels may have diagnostic value for IGHD children with IPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, NO. 27, Eastern Jiefang Road, Linyi, 276003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, NO. 27, Eastern Jiefang Road, Linyi, 276003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, NO. 27, Eastern Jiefang Road, Linyi, 276003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yongzhen Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, NO. 27, Eastern Jiefang Road, Linyi, 276003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, NO. 27, Eastern Jiefang Road, Linyi, 276003, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Guimei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Linyi People's Hospital, NO. 27, Eastern Jiefang Road, Linyi, 276003, Shandong Province, China.
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China.
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Jadhav S, Diwaker C, Lila AR, Gada JV, Kale S, Sarathi V, Thadani PM, Arya S, Patil VA, Shah NS, Bandgar TR. POU1F1 mutations in combined pituitary hormone deficiency: differing spectrum of mutations in a Western-Indian cohort and systematic analysis of world literature. Pituitary 2021; 24:657-669. [PMID: 33742319 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT POU1F1 mutations are prevalent in Indian CPHD cohorts. Genotype-phenotype correlation is not well-studied. AIM To describe phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of POU1F1 mutations in our CPHD cohort and present systematic review as well as genotype-phenotype analysis of all mutation-positive cases reported in world literature. METHODS Retrospective study of POU1F1 mutation-positive patients from a western-Indian center. PRISMA guidelines based pubmed search of published literature of all mutation-positive patients. RESULTS Our cohort had 15 POU1F1 mutation-positive patients (9 index, 6 relatives). All had severe GH, TSH and prolactin deficiencies (GHD, TSHD and PD). TSHD was diagnosed earliest followed by GHD (median ages: TSHD-6 months, GHD-3 years), while PD was more variable. Two sisters had central precocious puberty at 7 years of age. Pubic hair was deficient in all post-pubertal patients (females: P1-P2, males: P3-P4). Splice-site/intronic/frameshift mutations were most common, while missense/nonsense mutations were less frequent (33%). Review of world literature yielded 114 patients (82 index patients) from 58 studies. GHD was present in all patients. TSHD was spared in 12.5% and PD in 4.4% patients. Missense/nonsense mutations accounted for 75% of spectrum. Phenotype-genotype analysis revealed higher mean peak-GH levels (1.1 vs 0.2 ng/ml, p = 0.008) and lower prevalence of anterior-pituitary hypoplasia (63.6% vs 86.3%, p = 0.03) in patients with heterozygous than homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations. CONCLUSIONS We present largest series of POU1F1 mutation-positive patients. Precocious puberty and defective pubarche are lesser-appreciated phenotypic features. Our mutation spectrum is different from that of world literature. Patients with heterozygous mutations have milder phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jadhav
- Department of Endocrinology, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chakra Diwaker
- Department of Endocrinology, IndiaSeth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Anurag R Lila
- Department of Endocrinology, IndiaSeth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India.
| | - Jugal V Gada
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shantanu Kale
- Department of Endocrinology, IndiaSeth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Vijaya Sarathi
- Department of Endocrinology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Puja M Thadani
- Department of Endocrinology, IndiaSeth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Sneha Arya
- Department of Endocrinology, IndiaSeth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Virendra A Patil
- Department of Endocrinology, IndiaSeth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Nalini S Shah
- Department of Endocrinology, IndiaSeth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Tushar R Bandgar
- Department of Endocrinology, IndiaSeth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
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Elizabeth MSM, Verkerk AJMH, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Verlouw JAM, Argente J, Pfaeffle R, Neggers SJCMM, Visser JA, de Graaff LCG. Congenital hypopituitarism in two brothers with a duplication of the 'acrogigantism gene' GPR101: clinical findings and review of the literature. Pituitary 2021; 24:229-241. [PMID: 33184694 PMCID: PMC7966638 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) can cause significant morbidity or even mortality. In the majority of patients, the etiology of CH is unknown. Understanding the etiology of CH is important for anticipation of clinical problems and for genetic counselling. Our previous studies showed that only a small proportion of cases have mutations in the known 'CH genes'. In the current project, we present the results of SNP array based copy number variant analysis in a family with unexplained congenital hypopituitarism. METHODS DNA samples of two affected brothers with idiopathic CH and their mother were simultaneously analyzed by SNP arrays for copy number variant analysis and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) for mutation screening. DNA of the father was not available. RESULTS We found a 6 Mb duplication including GPR101 and SOX3 on the X-chromosome (Xq26.2-q27.1) in the two siblings and their mother, leading to 2 copies of this region in the affected boys and 3 copies in the mother. Duplications of GPR101 are associated with X-linked acrogigantism (the phenotypic 'opposite' of the affected brothers), whereas alterations in SOX3 are associated with X-linked hypopituitarism. CONCLUSION In our patients with hypopituitarism we found a 6 Mb duplication which includes GPR101, a gene associated with X- linked gigantism, and SOX3, a gene involved in early pituitary organogenesis that is associated with variable degrees of hypopituitarism. Our findings show that in duplications containing both GPR101 and SOX3, the growth hormone deficiency phenotype is dominant. This suggests that, if GPR101 is duplicated, it might not be expressed phenotypically when early patterning of the embryonic pituitary is affected due to SOX3 duplication. These results, together with the review of the literature, shed a new light on the role of GPR101 and SOX3 in pituitary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melitza S M Elizabeth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdiv. Endocrinology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Annemieke J M H Verkerk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdiv. Endocrinology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Rare Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost A M Verlouw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland Pfaeffle
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian J C M M Neggers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura C G de Graaff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Rare Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bulut FD, Özdemir Dilek S, Kotan D, Mengen E, Gürbüz F, Yüksel B. Mutations Within the Transcription Factor PROP1 in a Cohort of Turkish Patients with Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 12:261-268. [PMID: 31948187 PMCID: PMC7499144 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2019.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations of the genes encoding transcription factors which play important roles in pituitary morphogenesis, differentiation and maturation may lead to combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). PROP1 gene mutations are reported as the most frequent genetic aetiology of CHPD. The aim of this study was to describe the phenotypes of Turkish CPHD patients and define the frequency of PROP1 mutations. METHODS Fifty-seven CPHD patients from 50 families were screened for PROP1 mutations. The patients were affected by growth hormone (GH) and additional anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies. RESULTS All patients had GH deficiency. In addition, 98.2% had central hypothyroidism, 45.6% had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 43.8% had adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency and 7.1% had prolactin deficiency. Parental consanguinity rate was 50.9% and 14 cases were familial. Mean height standard deviation score (SDS) and weight SDS were -3.8±1.4 and -3.1±2.0, respectively. Of 53 patients with available pituitary imaging, 32 (60.4%) showed abnormalities. None had extra-pituitary abnormalities. Eight index patients had PROP1 gene mutations. Five sporadic patients were homozygous for c.301_302delAG (p.Leu102CysfsTer8) mutation, two siblings had exon 2 deletion, two siblings had complete gene deletion and two siblings were homozygous for the novel c.353A>G (p.Q118R) mutation. The frequency of the PROP1 mutations was 16% in our cohort. Mutation rate was significantly higher in familial cases compared to sporadic cases (42.8% vs 11.6%; p<0.01). CONCLUSION Phenotype of patients regarding hormonal deficiencies, pituitary morphology, presence of extra-pituitary findings, family history of CPHD and parental consanguinity are important for deciding which pituitary transcription factor deficiency should be investigated. PROP1 mutation frequencies vary in different populations and its prevalence is high in Turkish CPHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Derya Bulut
- Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics, Adana, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics, Adana, Turkey Phone: +90 532 743 27 18 E-mail:
| | - Semine Özdemir Dilek
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Damla Kotan
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Eda Mengen
- Ankara City Hospital, Children’s Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gürbüz
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bilgin Yüksel
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
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Firouzi M, Sherkatolabbasieh H, Shafizadeh S. Genetic Anomalies of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Pediatrics. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:288-297. [PMID: 32621723 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200704144912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several different proteins regulate, directly or indirectly, the production of growth hormones from the pituitary gland, thereby complex genetics is involved. Defects in these genes are related to the deficiency of growth hormones solely, or deficiency of other hormones, secreted from the pituitary gland including growth hormones. These studies can aid clinicians to trace the pattern of the disease between the families, start early treatment and predict possible future consequences. This paper highlights some of the most common and novel genetic anomalies concerning growth hormones, which are responsible for various genetic defects in isolated growth and combined pituitary hormone deficiency disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Firouzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Shiva Shafizadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Longo M, Cirillo P, Scappaticcio L, Vietri MT, Bellastella A, Esposito K, De Bellis A. Impact of Pituitary Autoimmunity and Genetic Disorders on Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children and Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041392. [PMID: 32092880 PMCID: PMC7073103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), mostly through its peripheral mediator, the insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1), in addition to carrying out its fundamental action to promote linear bone growth, plays an important role throughout life in the regulation of intermediate metabolism, trophism and function of various organs, especially the cardiovascular, muscular and skeletal systems. Therefore, if a prepubertal GH secretory deficiency (GHD) is responsible for short stature, then a deficiency in adulthood identifies a nosographic picture classified as adult GHD syndrome, which is characterized by heart, muscle, bone, metabolic and psychic abnormalities. A GHD may occur in patients with pituitary autoimmunity; moreover, GHD may also be one of the features of some genetic syndromes in association with other neurological, somatic and immune alterations. This review will discuss the impact of pituitary autoimmunity on GHD and the occurrence of GHD in the context of some genetic disorders. Moreover, we will discuss some genetic alterations that cause GH and IGF-1 insensitivity and the arguments in favor and against the influence of GH/IGF-1 on longevity and cancer in the light of the papers on these issues that so far appear in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bellastella
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.B.); (M.I.M.); (M.L.)
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.B.); (M.I.M.); (M.L.)
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Miriam Longo
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.B.); (M.I.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Paolo Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Lorenzo Scappaticcio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonio Bellastella
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
- Unit of Diabetes, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Bellis
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.B.); (M.I.M.); (M.L.)
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.); (L.S.); (K.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815665245
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Elizabeth MSM, Verkerk AJMH, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Verlouw JAM, Argente J, Pfaeffle R, Visser TJ, Peeters RP, De Graaff LCG. Unique near-complete deletion of GLI2 in a patient with combined pituitary hormone deficiency and post-axial polydactyly. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 50:35-41. [PMID: 31862539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) can cause a broad spectrum of health problems, ranging from short stature only, to convulsions or even death. In the majority of patients, the cause is unknown. METHODS The idex case had unexplained CPHD, pituitary anomalies on MRI and polydactyly. In the patients and her unaffected parents, we performed SNP array analysis and Whole Exome Sequencing, after candidate gene analysis turned out negative. RESULTS We found a unique de novo heterozygous 229.9 kb deletion in the index case on chr. 2q14.2. This deletion covered 12 out of the 13 coding exons of the GLI2 gene, a transcription factor involved in midline formation and previously associated with CPHD. As reported GLI2 deletions and mutations show a large phenotypic variability, we performed a genotype-phenotype analysis. This revealed that GLI2 missense mutations usually present with a 'ppp-only' phenotype (pituitary anomalies ± postaxial polydactyly without brain phenotype), whereas the 'ppp-plus' phenotype (with major brain malformations and/or intellectual disabilities) is more frequent in patients with larger deletions, and those with frameshift mutations/point mutations or splice variants resulting in a stop codon (p < .001). CONCLUSION The present case shows that a deletion of the GLI2 gene only (not affecting any of the adjacent genes) causes pituitary anomalies without brain phenotype. This suggests that brain phenotype only occurs when additional genes adjacent to GLI2 are deleted, or when mutations result in truncated GLI2 mRNA/protein. However, due to the lack of functional data for many GLI2 mutations and based on the available information regarding variable penetrance, phenotype-genotype correlations need to be made with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Academic Center for Rare Growth Disorders, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Dept of Pediatrics, Subdiv. Endocrinology, the Netherlands
| | - Joost A M Verlouw
- Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Dept of Internal Medicine, Genetic laboratory, the Netherlands
| | - Jesús Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Department of Pediatrics, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland Pfaeffle
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Pediatrics, Germany
| | - Theo J Visser
- Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Subdiv. Endocrinology, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, the Netherlands
| | - Laura C G De Graaff
- Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Subdiv. Endocrinology, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Academic Center for Rare Growth Disorders, the Netherlands
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Bajuk Studen K, Stefanija MA, Saveanu A, Barlier A, Brue T, Pfeifer M. Genetic analysis of adult Slovenian patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Endocrine 2019; 65:379-385. [PMID: 31093944 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Among genetic causes of combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), mutations of genes coding for transcription factors involved in pituitary development have been implicated. Congenital CPHD is a rare disease; therefore, it is important to expand the knowledge about incidence and regional distribution of specific mutations. The aim of this paper is to report results of genetic analyses of adult Slovenian patients with CPHD. METHODS Twenty-three adult Slovenian patients with early childhood onset CPHD were included in the study. Blood samples were collected through the GENHYPOPIT network to assess possible mutations of six genes (PROP1/HESX1/LHX4/LHX3/POU1F1) involved in the pituitary development following an established algorithm. RESULTS In seven out of 23 patients (30%) a specific mutation in genes encoding pituitary transcription factors was discovered. In five patients, two different mutations of the PROP1 gene (c.150delA and c.301-302delAG) were identified. One patient was heterozygous for a missense variant in the LHX4 gene. Additionally, one patient was positive for a mutation in the gene coding for prokineticin receptor-2. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that the two most common mutations of the PROP1 gene globally are also the most frequent mutations in the cohort of adult Slovenian patients with CHPD. Other mutations of pituitary transcription factor genes are extremely rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katica Bajuk Studen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Magdalena Avbelj Stefanija
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexandru Saveanu
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hôpital de la Conception, 13005, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Marseille, France
| | - Anne Barlier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hôpital de la Conception, 13005, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'hypophyse HYPO, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'hypophyse HYPO, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Marija Pfeifer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Chen J, Zhang XX, Wu XC, Li J. [Clinical and genetic characteristics of a young child with combined pituitary hormone deficiency type I caused by POU1F1 gene variation]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:685-689. [PMID: 31315769 PMCID: PMC7389113 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the clinical and genetic characteristics of a case of combined pituitary hormone deficiency type I (CPHD1) caused by POU domain, class 1, transcription factor 1 (POU1F1) gene variation. A 2 years and 3 months old girl mainly presented with short stature, special facial features of prominent forehead, enophthalmos, and short mandible, loose skin, central hypothyroidism, complete growth hormone deficiency, and anterior pituitary hypoplasia. Gene analysis identified a novel heterozygous mutation, c.889C>T (p.R297W), in POU1F1 gene, and this locus of her parents was wild-type. This mutation was analyzed as a possible pathogenic variant according to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, which has not been previously reported in the literature and conforms to the autosomal dominant inheritance. This child was diagnosed with CPHD1. Her height increased by 19.8 cm and showed a catch-up growth trend after one year of combined treatment with growth hormone and euthyrox. This study enriches the mutation spectrum of POU1F1 gene and has important significance for the diagnosis and classification of combined pituitary hormone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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11
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Argente J, Tatton-Brown K, Lehwalder D, Pfäffle R. Genetics of Growth Disorders-Which Patients Require Genetic Testing? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:602. [PMID: 31555216 PMCID: PMC6742727 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The second 360° European Meeting on Growth Hormone Disorders, held in Barcelona, Spain, in June 2017, included a session entitled Pragmatism vs. Curiosity in Genetic Diagnosis of Growth Disorders, which examined current concepts of genetics and growth in the clinical setting, in terms of both growth failure and overgrowth. For patients with short stature, multiple genes have been identified that result in GH deficiency, which may be isolated or associated with additional pituitary hormone deficiencies, or in growth hormone resistance, primary insulin-like growth factor (IGF) acid-labile subunit deficiency, IGF-I deficiency, IGF-II deficiency, IGF-I resistance, and primary PAPP-A2 deficiency. While genetic causes of short stature were previously thought to primarily be associated with the GH-IGF-I axis, it is now established that multiple genetic anomalies not associated with the GH-IGF-I axis can result in short stature. A number of genetic anomalies have also been shown to be associated with overgrowth, some of which involve the GH-IGF-I axis. In patients with overgrowth in combination with an intellectual disability, two predominant gene families, the epigenetic regulator genes, and PI3K/AKT pathway genes, have now been identified. Specific processes should be followed for decisions on which patients require genetic testing and which genes should be examined for anomalies. The decision to carry out genetic testing should be directed by the clinical process, not merely for research purposes. The intention of genetic testing should be to direct the clinical options for management of the growth disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III and IMDEA Institute, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jesús Argente
| | - Katrina Tatton-Brown
- Institute of Cancer Research, St George's University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London and St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Lehwalder
- Global Medical Affairs, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Roland Pfäffle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Roland Pfäffle
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12
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A Large PROP1 Gene Deletion in a Turkish Pedigree. Case Rep Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2403430. [PMID: 30112224 PMCID: PMC6077661 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2403430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary-specific paired-like homeodomain transcription factor, PROP1, is associated with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. Alteration of the gene encoding the PROP1 may affect somatotropes, thyrotropes, and lactotropes, as well as gonadotropes and corticotropes. We performed genetic analysis of PROP1 gene in a Turkish pedigree with three siblings who presented with short stature. Parents were first degree cousins. Index case, a boy, had somatotrope, gonadotrope, thyrotrope, and corticotrope deficiency. However, two elder sisters had somatotroph, gonadotroph, and thyrotroph deficiency and no corticotroph deficiency. On pituitary magnetic resonance, partial empty sella was detected with normal bright spot in all siblings. In genetic analysis, we found a gross deletion involving PROP1 coding region. In conclusion, we report three Turkish siblings with a gross deletion in PROP1 gene. Interestingly, although little boy with combined pituitary hormone deficiency has adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency, his elder sisters with the same gross PROP1 deletion have no ACTH deficiency. This finding is in line with the fact that patients with PROP1 mutations may have different phenotype/genotype correlation.
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13
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Crisafulli G, Aversa T, Zirilli G, De Luca F, Gallizzi R, Wasniewska M. Congenital hypopituitarism: how to select the patients for genetic analyses. Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:47. [PMID: 29625578 PMCID: PMC5889615 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Crisafulli
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso Aversa
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Zirilli
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Filippo De Luca
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124, Messina, Italy.
| | - Romina Gallizzi
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Wasniewska
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124, Messina, Italy
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