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Cavallaro PA, De Santo M, Greco M, Marinaro R, Belsito EL, Liguori A, Leggio A. Titanium Tetrachloride-Assisted Direct Esterification of Carboxylic Acids. Molecules 2024; 29:777. [PMID: 38398529 PMCID: PMC10892408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ester compounds, widely found in pharmaceutical and natural products, play a crucial role in organic synthesis, prompting the development of numerous methods for their synthesis. An important chemical approach in synthesizing esters from carboxylic acids involves the activation of the carboxyl function, requiring the conversion of the hydroxyl group into a suitable leaving group. This paper presents the findings of our investigations into an efficient method for producing esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols, using the Lewis acid titanium tetrachloride. Titanium tetrachloride has proven highly effective as a coupling reagent for the one-pot formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols operating under mild and neutral conditions. Notably, the reaction eliminates the need for bases, yielding carboxylic esters in high purity and yields. The method is efficient, even with long-chain carboxylic acids, and operates well with primary alcohols in dichloromethane. Steric hindrance, potentially present in carboxylic acids, has a moderate effect on the reaction. Alcohol substrates that easily form stable carbocations require, instead, the use of non-polar solvents like hexane for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonella Leggio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (P.A.C.); (M.D.S.); (M.G.); (R.M.); (E.L.B.); (A.L.)
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Dellisanti A, Chessa E, Porcheddu A, Carraro M, Pisano L, De Luca L, Gaspa S. Visible Light-Promoted Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Alcohols to Esters. Molecules 2024; 29:570. [PMID: 38338315 PMCID: PMC10856673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ester is one of the most significant functional groups in organic chemistry and is enclosed in several valued molecules. Usually, esters are prepared through the acid-catalyzed esterification reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols, transesterification of esters with alcohols, or via activation of carboxylic acids followed by the addition of alcohols. However, these procedures typically imply the excess use of reactants and harsh reaction conditions. Visible light-mediated photoreactions have been disclosed to display a safe, sustainable, and accessible alternative to traditional methods, and to lead new reactivity modes in organic procedures. In this context, we propose a transition metal-based and organic-based photocatalyst-free synthesis of esters from alcohols induced by visible light. The methodology can be carried out using sunlight or artificial visible light as a solar simulator or a blue LED source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dellisanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Università degli Sudi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Elisa Chessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Università degli Sudi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Sudi di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Massimo Carraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Università degli Sudi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Luisa Pisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Università degli Sudi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Università degli Sudi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Silvia Gaspa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Università degli Sudi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.C.); (L.P.); (S.G.)
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Sapo-34 Obtained from Amazonian Flint Kaolin: Influence of Impurities of “Oxidized Fe/Ti” in Synthesis and Its Application in the Removal of Cationic Dye from Water. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-processed kaolin (flint kaolin) from a mine located in the Capim area (Amazon region, northern Brazil), usually considered as waste, was selected as a source of silicon and aluminum in the synthesis of SAPO-34. This is a molecular sieve and cationic exchanger chosen for tests focusing on the removal of methylene blue in aqueous solutions, which is a cationic dye widely used by textile industries in Brazil. The results revealed that the SAPO-34 has been successfully synthesized with typical cubic morphology, good crystallinity (>90%), and thermal stability (~998 °C). Although the oxidized Fe/Ti impurities contained in the flint kaolin affect the degree of crystallinity of the zeolitic product, its adsorptive properties are not significantly affected, which demonstrates the excellent adsorption results (pH = 11; % removal > 90%). It proved to be an adsorbent with considerable adsorption capacity (9.83 mg·g−1). The pH test confirmed the acidic surface characteristics (pH solution 2–4; ↓ removal), and the kinetic model that best fitted the experimental data was pseudo-second-order, with R2 = 0.998 (kinetics controlled by chemisorption).
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de Oliveira ADN, Ferreira IM, Jimenez DEQ, da Silva LS, da Costa AAF, Lima ETL, Costa FF, da Luz PTS, Rocha Filho GND, Osman SM, Luque R, Nascimento LASD. Mining waste valorisation to catalytically active mesoporous materials for the esterification of fatty acid palm oil waste. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Das K, Majumdar S. Dual Activation of Carboxylic Acid Functionality by Protic Ionic Liquid: Solvent and Metal Free Strategy for Selective Esterification of Alcohols and Acylation of Aromatic Amines. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Das
- Department of Chemistry Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 INDIA
| | - Swapan Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 INDIA
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Lopes SQ, Holanda FH, Jimenez DEQ, do Nascimento LAS, Oliveira AN, Ferreira IM. Use of Oxone® as a Potential Catalyst in Biodiesel Production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD). Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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An Efficient Catalyst Prepared from Residual Kaolin for the Esterification of Distillate from the Deodorization of Palm Oil. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The distillate from the deodorization of palm oil (DDPO) is an agro-industrial residue, approximately 84% of which consists of free fatty acids (FFAs), which can be used for the production of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). A catalyst (10HPMo/AlSiM) obtained from a waste material, Amazon flint kaolin, was applied in the esterification of the DDPO, reaching a conversion index of 94%, capable of maintaining satisfactory activity (>75%) after four consecutive cycles. Flint kaolin is therefore proven to be an efficient option in the search for new heterogeneous low-cost catalysts obtained from industrial by-products, contributing to the reduction of environmental impact and adding value to widely available wastes that would otherwise be discarded directly into the environment. Based on the catalytic results, esterification of DDPO using 10HPMo/AlSiM can be a cheaper alternative for the production of sustainable fuels.
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