Facile one-pot synthesis, butyrylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, structure–activity relationship, molecular docking and DNA–drug binding analysis of Meldrum’s acid derivatives

Meldrum-Based-1H-1,2,3-Triazoles as Antidiabetic Agents: Synthesis, In Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity, Molecular Docking Studies, and In Silico Approach

A series of novel alkyl derivatives (2-5a,b) and 1H-1,2,3-triazole analogues (7a-k) of Meldrum's acid were synthesized in a highly effective way by using "click" chemistry and screened for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity to examine their antidiabetic potential. ¹H NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectra (HR-ESI-MS) were used to analyze each of the newly synthesized compounds. Interestingly, these compounds demonstrated high to moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory potency having an IC₅₀ range of 4.63-80.21 μM. Among these derivatives, compound 7i showed extraordinary inhibitory activity and was discovered to be several times more potent than the parent compound Meldrum (1) and the standard drug acarbose. Later, molecular docking was performed to understand the binding mode and the binding strength of all the compounds with the target enzyme, which revealed that all compounds are well fitted in the active site of α-glucosidase. To further ascertain the structure of compounds, suitable X-ray single crystals of compounds 5a, 7a, and 7h were developed and studied. The current investigation has shown that combining 1H-1,2,3-triazole with the Meldrum moiety is beneficial. Furthermore, this is the first time that the aforementioned activity of these compounds has been reported.

Crystal Structure, Photophysical Study, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, and Nonlinear Optical Properties of a New Hydroxyphenylamino Meldrum's Acid Derivative

The structural, photophysical, and vibrational properties of a new hydroxyphenylamino Meldrum's acid derivative, 3-((2-hydroxyphenylamino)methylene)-1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane-2,4-dione (HMD), were studied. The comparison of experimental and theoretical vibrational spectra can help understand basic vibration patterns and provides a better interpretation of IR spectra. The UV-Vis spectrum of HMD was computed using density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP/6-311 G(d,p) basis set in the gas state, and the maximum wavelength was in accord with the experimental data. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and Hirshfeld surface analysis confirmed O(1)-H(1A)···O(2) intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the HMD molecule. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis provided delocalizing interactions between π→π* orbitals and n→σ*/π* charge transfer transitions. Finally, the thermal gravimetric (TG)/differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the non-linear optical (NLO) properties of HMD were also reported.

Design, synthesis, in vitro, and in silico enzymatic evaluations of thieno[2,3-b]quinoline-hydrazones as novel inhibitors for α-glucosidase

In the development of novel anti-α-glucosidase agents, we synthesized novel thieno[2,3-b]quinoline-hydrazones 9a-n by facile and efficient conventional chemical reactions. These compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and elemental analysis. Inhibitory activities of the title compounds were evaluated against yeast α-glucosidase. In particular, compounds 9c, 9d, and 9h exhibited high anti-α-glucosidase activity. Representatively, compound 9c with IC₅₀ = 1.3 µM, was 576-times more potent than positive control acarbose. Molecular docking study of the most active compounds showed that these compounds formed important binding interactions at α-glucosidase active site. Molecular dynamics study of compound 9c was also performed and the obtained results were compared with acarbose. Compounds 9c, 9d, and 9h were also evaluated for in silico druglikeness properties and ADMET prediction. These studies showed that the title most potent compounds could be exploited as drug candidates.