|
2
|
Al-Hada NM, Md. Kasmani R, Kasim H, Al-Ghaili AM, Saleh MA, Banoqitah EM, Alhawsawi AM, Baqer AA, Liu J, Xu S, Li Q, Noorazlan AM, Ahmed AAA, Flaifel MH, Paiman S, Nazrin N, Ali Al-Asbahi B, Wang J. The Effect of Precursor Concentration on the Particle Size, Crystal Size, and Optical Energy Gap of Ce xSn 1-xO 2 Nanofabrication. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082143. [PMID: 34443973 PMCID: PMC8401046 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a thermal treatment technique is applied for the synthesis of CexSn1-xO2 nanoparticles. Using this method has developed understanding of how lower and higher precursor values affect the morphology, structure, and optical properties of CexSn1-xO2 nanoparticles. CexSn1-xO2 nanoparticle synthesis involves a reaction between cerium and tin sources, namely, cerium nitrate hexahydrate and tin (II) chloride dihydrate, respectively, and the capping agent, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The findings indicate that lower x values yield smaller particle size with a higher energy band gap, while higher x values yield a larger particle size with a smaller energy band gap. Thus, products with lower x values may be suitable for antibacterial activity applications as smaller particles can diffuse through the cell wall faster, while products with higher x values may be suitable for solar cell energy applications as more electrons can be generated at larger particle sizes. The synthesized samples were profiled via a number of methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). As revealed by the XRD pattern analysis, the CexSn1-xO2 nanoparticles formed after calcination reflect the cubic fluorite structure and cassiterite-type tetragonal structure of CexSn1-xO2 nanoparticles. Meanwhile, using FT-IR analysis, Ce-O and Sn-O were confirmed as the primary bonds of ready CexSn1-xO2 nanoparticle samples, whilst TEM analysis highlighted that the average particle size was in the range 6-21 nm as the precursor concentration (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O) increased from 0.00 to 1.00. Moreover, the diffuse UV-visible reflectance spectra used to determine the optical band gap based on the Kubelka-Munk equation showed that an increase in x value has caused a decrease in the energy band gap and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naif Mohammed Al-Hada
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China; (J.L.); (S.X.); (Q.L.)
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia; (R.M.K.); (M.A.S.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Thamar University, Dhamar 87246, Yemen;
- Correspondence: (N.M.A.-H.); (H.K.); (A.M.A.-G.); (J.W.)
| | - Rafiziana Md. Kasmani
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia; (R.M.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Hairoladenan Kasim
- College of Computing & Informatics (CCI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.M.A.-H.); (H.K.); (A.M.A.-G.); (J.W.)
| | - Abbas M. Al-Ghaili
- Institute of Informatics and Computing in Energy (IICE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (N.M.A.-H.); (H.K.); (A.M.A.-G.); (J.W.)
| | - Muneer Aziz Saleh
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia; (R.M.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Essam M. Banoqitah
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, K. A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.B.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Abdulsalam M. Alhawsawi
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, K. A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.B.); (A.M.A.)
- Center for Training & Radiation Prevention, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar Ali Baqer
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq;
| | - Jian Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China; (J.L.); (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Shicai Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China; (J.L.); (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiang Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China; (J.L.); (S.X.); (Q.L.)
| | - Azlan Muhammad Noorazlan
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim 35900, Malaysia;
| | - Abdullah A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Thamar University, Dhamar 87246, Yemen;
- Fachbereich Physik, Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moayad Husein Flaifel
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suriati Paiman
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.P.); (N.N.)
| | - Nazirul Nazrin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.P.); (N.N.)
| | - Bandar Ali Al-Asbahi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jihua Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China; (J.L.); (S.X.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.A.-H.); (H.K.); (A.M.A.-G.); (J.W.)
| |
Collapse
|