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Metabolite profiling of Artemisia carvifolia Buch transgenic plants and estimation of their anticancer and antidiabetic potential. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bahramnejad B, Naji M, Bose R, Jha S. A critical review on use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and their associated binary vectors for plant transformation. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107405. [PMID: 31185263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium rhizogenes, along with A. tumefaciens, has been used to affect genetic transformation in plants for many years. Detailed studies conducted in the past have uncovered the basic mechanism of foreign gene transfer and the implication of Ri/Ti plasmids in this process. A number of reviews exist describing the usage of binary vectors with A. tumefaciens, but no comprehensive account of the numerous binary vectors employed with A. rhizogenes and their successful applications has been published till date. In this review, we recollect a brief history of development of Ri-plasmid/Ri-T-DNA based binary vectors systems and their successful implementation with A. rhizogenes for different applications. The modification of native Ri plasmid to introduce foreign genes followed by development of binary vector using Ri plasmid and how it facilitated rapid and feasible genetic manipulation, earlier impossible with native Ri plasmid, have been discussed. An important milestone was the development of inducible plant expressing promoter systems which made expression of toxic genes in plant systems possible. The successful application of binary vectors in conjunction with A. rhizogenes in gene silencing and genome editing studies which are relatively newer developments, demonstrating the amenability and adaptability of hairy roots systems to make possible studying previously intractable research areas have been summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Bahramnejad
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Naji
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Rahul Bose
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Sumita Jha
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India
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Pandey V, Ansari WA, Misra P, Atri N. Withania somnifera: Advances and Implementation of Molecular and Tissue Culture Techniques to Enhance Its Application. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1390. [PMID: 28848589 PMCID: PMC5552756 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha an important medicinal plant largely used in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine for over 3,000 years. Being a medicinal plant, dried powder, crude extract as well as purified metabolies of the plant has shown promising therapeutic properties. Withanolides are the principal metabolites, responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant. Availability and amount of particular withanolides differ with tissue type and chemotype and its importance leads to identification characterization of several genes/ enzymes related to withanolide biosynthetic pathway. The modulation in withanolides can be achieved by controlling the environmental conditions like, different tissue culture techniques, altered media compositions, use of elicitors, etc. Among all the in vitro techniques, hairy root culture proved its importance at industrial scale, which also gets benefits due to more accumulation (amount and number) of withanolides in roots tissues of W. somnifera. Use of media compostion and elicitors further enhances the amount of withanolides in hairy roots. Another important modern day technique used for accumulation of desired secondary metabolites is modulating the gene expression by altering environmental conditions (use of different media composition, elicitors, etc.) or through genetic enginnering. Knowing the significance of the gene and the key enzymatic step of the pathway, modulation in withanolide contents can be achieved upto required amount in therapeutic industry. To accomplish maximum productivity through genetic enginnering different means of Withania transformation methods have been developed to obtain maximum transformation efficiency. These standardized transformation procedues have been used to overexpress/silence desired gene in W. somnifera to understand the outcome and succeed with enhanced metabolic production for the ultimate benefit of human race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of DelhiNew Delhi, India
| | - Waquar Akhter Ansari
- Department of Botany, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya (MMV), Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Pratibha Misra
- National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchLucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Pratibha Misra
| | - Neelam Atri
- Department of Botany, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya (MMV), Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
- Neelam Atri
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Tepfer D. DNA Transfer to Plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes: A Model for Genetic Communication Between Species and Biospheres. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Teixeira da Silva JA, Jha S. Micropropagation and genetic transformation of Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr.: a review. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:2207-2225. [PMID: 27553812 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an in-depth and comprehensive overview of the in vitro culture of Tylophora species, which have medicinal properties. Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. is a climbing perennial vine with medicinal properties. The tissue culture and genetic transformation of T. indica, which has been extensively studied, is reviewed. Micropropagation using nodal explants has been reported in 25 % of all publications. Leaf explants from field-grown plants has been the explant of choice of independent research groups, which reported direct and callus-mediated organogenesis as well as callus-mediated somatic embryogenesis. Protoplast-mediated regeneration and callus-mediated shoot organogenesis has also been reported from stem explants, and to a lesser degree from root explants of micropropagated plants in vitro. Recent studies that used HPLC confirmed the potential of micropropagated plants to synthesize the major T. indica alkaloid tylophorine prior to and after transfer to field conditions. The genetic integrity of callus-regenerated plants was confirmed by RAPD in a few reports. Tissue culture is an essential base for genetic transformation studies. Hairy roots and transgenic T. indica plants have been shown to accumulate tylophorine suggesting that in vitro biology and transgenic methods are viable ways of clonally producing valuable germplasm and mass producing compounds of commercial value. Further studies that investigate the factors affecting the biosynthesis of Tylophora alkaloids and other secondary metabolites need to be conducted using non-transformed as well as transformed cell and organ cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumita Jha
- Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
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Sil B, Mukherjee C, Jha S, Mitra A. Metabolic shift from withasteroid formation to phenylpropanoid accumulation in cryptogein-cotransformed hairy roots of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1097-110. [PMID: 25534257 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cotransformed hairy roots containing a gene that encodes a fungal elicitor protein, β-cryptogein, were established in Withania somnifera, a medicinal plant widely used in Indian systems of medicine. To find out whether β-cryptogein protein endogenously elicits the pathway of withasteroid biosynthesis, withaferin A and withanolide A contents along with transcript accumulation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), and sterol glycosyltransferase (SGT) were analyzed in both cryptogein-cotransformed and normal hairy roots of W. somnifera. It was observed that the withaferin A and withanolide A contents were drastically higher in normal hairy roots than cryptogein-cotransformed ones. Similar trends were also observed on the levels of transcript accumulation. Subsequently, the enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), one of the key enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway, was measured in both cryptogein-cotransformed and normal hairy roots of W. somnifera along with the levels of PAL transcript accumulation. Upliftment of PAL activity was observed in cryptogein-cotransformed hairy roots as compared to the normal ones, and the PAL expression also reflected a similar trend, i.e., enhanced expression in the cryptogein-cotransformed lines. Upliftment of wall-bound ferulic acid accumulation was also observed in the cryptogein-cotransformed lines, as compared to normal hairy root lines. Thus, the outcome of the above studies suggests a metabolic shift from withanolide accumulation to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in cryptogein-cotransformed hairy roots of W. somnifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipradut Sil
- Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019, India
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Vuković R, Bauer N, Curković-Perica M. Genetic elicitation by inducible expression of β-cryptogein stimulates secretion of phenolics from Coleus blumei hairy roots. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 199-200:18-28. [PMID: 23265315 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants is often part of the defense response against stress and pathogen attack, which can be triggered and activated by elicitors. Oomycetal proteinaceous elicitor, β-cryptogein, induces hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance against some pathogens. In order to test the effect of endogenously synthesized cryptogein protein on phenolic compounds accumulation in tissue, and secretion into the culture medium, Coleus blumei hairy roots were generated. Agrobacterium rhizogenes was employed to insert synthetic crypt gene, encoding β-cryptogein, under the control of alcohol-inducible promoter. The expression of β-cryptogein, in C. blumei hairy roots, was controlled by application of 1% and 2% ethanol, during 21 days induction period. Ethanol-induced expression of β-cryptogein caused significant decrease of soluble phenolics and rosmarinic acid (RA) in hairy root lines and increase of phenolics, RA and caffeic acid in culture medium. These data suggest that β-cryptogein might be a potential regulatory factor for phenolics secretion from the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Vuković
- Department of Biology, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Steingroewer J, Bley T, Georgiev V, Ivanov I, Lenk F, Marchev A, Pavlov A. Bioprocessing of differentiated plant in vitro systems. Eng Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Steingroewer
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden; Germany
| | - Thomas Bley
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden; Germany
| | - Vasil Georgiev
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research; Florida A & M University; Tallahassee; USA
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Industrial Microbiology; Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies; The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Ploviv; Bulgaria
| | - Felix Lenk
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden; Germany
| | - Andrey Marchev
- Department of Industrial Microbiology; Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies; The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Ploviv; Bulgaria
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Nosov AM. Application of cell technologies for production of plant-derived bioactive substances of plant origin. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381107009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Majumdar S, Garai S, Jha S. Use of the cryptogein gene to stimulate the accumulation of Bacopa saponins in transgenic Bacopa monnieri plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1899-1909. [PMID: 22733208 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation of the Indian medicinal plant, Bacopa monnieri, using a gene encoding cryptogein, a proteinaceous elicitor, via Ri and Ti plasmids, were established and induced bioproduction of bacopa saponins in crypt-transgenic plants were obtained. Transformed roots obtained with A. rhizogenes strain LBA 9402 crypt on selection medium containing kanamycin (100 mg l(-1)) dedifferentiated forming callus and redifferentiated to roots which, spontaneously showed shoot bud induction. Ri crypt-transformed plants thus obtained showed integration and expression of rol genes as well as crypt gene. Ti crypt-transformed B. monnieri plants were established following transformation with disarmed A. tumefaciens strain harboring crypt. Transgenic plants showed significant enhancement in growth and bacopa saponin content. Bacopasaponin D (1.4-1.69 %) was maximally enhanced in transgenic plants containing crypt. In comparison to Ri-transformed plants, Ri crypt-transformed plants showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced accumulation of bacoside A(3), bacopasaponin D, bacopaside II, bacopaside III and bacopaside V. Produced transgenic lines can be used for further research on elicitation in crypt-transgenic plants as well as for large scale production of saponins. Key message The cryptogein gene, which encodes a proteinaceous elicitor is associated with increase in secondary metabolite accumulation-either alone or in addition to the increases associated with transformation by A. rhizogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Majumdar
- Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
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Optimization of Elicitation Conditions with Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid to Improve the Productivity of Withanolides in the Adventitious Root Culture of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:681-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tepfer D, Zalar A, Leach S. Survival of plant seeds, their UV screens, and nptII DNA for 18 months outside the International Space Station. ASTROBIOLOGY 2012; 12:517-28. [PMID: 22680697 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The plausibility that life was imported to Earth from elsewhere can be tested by subjecting life-forms to space travel. Ultraviolet light is the major liability in short-term exposures (Horneck et al., 2001 ), and plant seeds, tardigrades, and lichens-but not microorganisms and their spores-are candidates for long-term survival (Anikeeva et al., 1990 ; Sancho et al., 2007 ; Jönsson et al., 2008 ; de la Torre et al., 2010 ). In the present study, plant seeds germinated after 1.5 years of exposure to solar UV, solar and galactic cosmic radiation, temperature fluctuations, and space vacuum outside the International Space Station. Of the 2100 exposed wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) seeds, 23% produced viable plants after return to Earth. Survival was lower in the Arabidopsis Wassilewskija ecotype and in mutants (tt4-8 and fah1-2) lacking UV screens. The highest survival occurred in tobacco (44%). Germination was delayed in seeds shielded from solar light, yet full survival was attained, which indicates that longer space travel would be possible for seeds embedded in an opaque matrix. We conclude that a naked, seed-like entity could have survived exposure to solar UV radiation during a hypothetical transfer from Mars to Earth. Chemical samples of seed flavonoid UV screens were degraded by UV, but their overall capacity to absorb UV was retained. Naked DNA encoding the nptII gene (kanamycin resistance) was also degraded by UV. A fragment, however, was detected by the polymerase chain reaction, and the gene survived in space when protected from UV. Even if seeds do not survive, components (e.g., their DNA) might survive transfer over cosmic distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tepfer
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Versailles, France.
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Amelot N, Dorlhac de Borne F, San Clemente H, Mazars C, Grima-Pettenati J, Brière C. Transcriptome analysis of tobacco BY-2 cells elicited by cryptogein reveals new potential actors of calcium-dependent and calcium-independent plant defense pathways. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:117-30. [PMID: 22177386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptogein is a proteinaceous elicitor secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea, which induces a hypersensitive response in tobacco plants. We have previously reported that in tobacco BY-2 cells treated with cryptogein, most of the genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway were upregulated and cell wall-bound phenolics accumulated. Both events were Ca(2+) dependent. In this study, we designed a microarray covering a large proportion of the tobacco genome and monitored gene expression in cryptogein-elicited BY-2 cells to get a more complete view of the transcriptome changes and to assess their Ca(2+) dependence. The predominant functional gene categories affected by cryptogein included stress- and disease-related proteins, phenylpropanoid pathway, signaling components, transcription factors and cell wall reinforcement. Among the 3819 unigenes whose expression changed more than fourfold, 90% were Ca(2+) dependent, as determined by their sensitivity to lanthanum chloride. The most Ca(2+)-dependent transcripts upregulated by cryptogein were involved in defense responses or the oxylipin pathway. This genome-wide study strongly supports the importance of Ca(2+)-dependent transcriptional regulation of regulatory and defense-related genes contributing to cryptogein responses in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Amelot
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Majumdar S, Garai S, Jha S. Genetic transformation of Bacopa monnieri by wild type strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes stimulates production of bacopa saponins in transformed calli and plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:941-954. [PMID: 21350825 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient transformation system for Bacopa monnieri, an important Indian medicinal plant, using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains LBA 9402 and A4. Transformed roots induced by strain LBA 9402 spontaneously dedifferentiated to callus while excised roots induced by strain A4 spontaneously showed induction of shoot buds within 10 days. PCR and RT-PCR analysis revealed the presence and expression of the rolAB and rolC genes at the transcription level in pRi A4 transformed cultures indicating that the TL-DNA was integrated retained and expressed in the A4-Ri transformed shoots. Transformed calli showed the presence of rolAB or rol A, TR and ags genes. Transformed plants showed morphological features typically seen in transgenic plants produced by A. rhizogenes. Growth and biomass accumulation was significantly higher in the transformed shoots (twofold) and roots (fourfold) than in the non-transformed (WT) plants. In pRi A4-transformed plants, the content of bacopasaponin D, bacopasaponin F, bacopaside II and bacopaside V was enhanced significantly as compared to WT plants of similar age while bacoside A3 and bacopasaponin C content was comparable with that of WT plants. Significant increase in content of five bacopa saponins could be detected in pRi 9402-transformed callus cultures. There is an overall stimulatory effect on accumulation of bacopa saponins in transformed plants and cells of B. monnieri establishing the role of endogenous elicitation by Ri T-DNA of A. rhizogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Majumdar
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
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Shilpa K, Varun K, Lakshmi B. An Alternate Method of Natural Drug Production: Elciting Secondary Metabolite Production Using Plant Cell Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jps.2010.222.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pandey V, Misra P, Chaturvedi P, Mishra MK, Trivedi PK, Tuli R. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: an important medicinal plant. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:133-41. [PMID: 20012541 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This report describes Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Withania somnifera--an important Indian medicinal plant. A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404, containing the binary vector pIG121Hm was used for transformation, along with the gusA reporter gene with intron under the transcriptional control of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. The leaf segments from two-and-a-half-month-old green house-grown seedlings were more efficient in transformation, as compared to those from the in vitro-grown shoots. Second expanded leaf from the shoot tip gave the highest transient transformation efficiency. Selection of transgenic shoots was done in the presence of 50 mg l(-1) kanamycin. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of T(0) transgenic plants showed the presence of gusA and nptII genes. The expression of these transgenes in T(1) progeny was confirmed by RT-PCR. The integration of gusA gene was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The transformation efficiency was found to be 1.67%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Pandey
- National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
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