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Hafeez A, Ali B, Javed MA, Saleem A, Fatima M, Fathi A, Afridi MS, Aydin V, Oral MA, Soudy FA. Plant breeding for harmony between sustainable agriculture, the environment, and global food security: an era of genomics-assisted breeding. PLANTA 2023; 258:97. [PMID: 37823963 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Genomics-assisted breeding represents a crucial frontier in enhancing the balance between sustainable agriculture, environmental preservation, and global food security. Its precision and efficiency hold the promise of developing resilient crops, reducing resource utilization, and safeguarding biodiversity, ultimately fostering a more sustainable and secure food production system. Agriculture has been seriously threatened over the last 40 years by climate changes that menace global nutrition and food security. Changes in environmental factors like drought, salt concentration, heavy rainfalls, and extremely low or high temperatures can have a detrimental effects on plant development, growth, and yield. Extreme poverty and increasing food demand necessitate the need to break the existing production barriers in several crops. The first decade of twenty-first century marks the rapid development in the discovery of new plant breeding technologies. In contrast, in the second decade, the focus turned to extracting information from massive genomic frameworks, speculating gene-to-phenotype associations, and producing resilient crops. In this review, we will encompass the causes, effects of abiotic stresses and how they can be addressed using plant breeding technologies. Both conventional and modern breeding technologies will be highlighted. Moreover, the challenges like the commercialization of biotechnological products faced by proponents and developers will also be accentuated. The crux of this review is to mention the available breeding technologies that can deliver crops with high nutrition and climate resilience for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Hafeez
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Baber Ali
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ammar Javed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aroona Saleem
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mahreen Fatima
- Faculty of Biosciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Amin Fathi
- Department of Agronomy, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, 46151, Iran
| | - Muhammad Siddique Afridi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Veysel Aydin
- Sason Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Batman University, Batman, 72060, Turkey
| | - Mükerrem Atalay Oral
- Elmalı Vocational School of Higher Education, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07058, Turkey
| | - Fathia A Soudy
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Egypt
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Ahmad A, Munawar N, Khan Z, Qusmani AT, Khan SH, Jamil A, Ashraf S, Ghouri MZ, Aslam S, Mubarik MS, Munir A, Sultan Q, Abd-Elsalam KA, Qari SH. An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11753. [PMID: 34769204 PMCID: PMC8583973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Nayla Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Zulqurnain Khan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Alaa T. Qusmani
- Biology Department, Al-Jumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Amer Jamil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ghouri
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
- Center for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sabin Aslam
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Muhammad Salman Mubarik
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ahmad Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.J.); (S.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Qaiser Sultan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CASAFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.H.K.); (M.Z.G.); (S.A.); (M.S.M.); (Q.S.)
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Sameer H. Qari
- Molecular Biology Central Laboratory (GMCL), Department of Biology/Genetics, Aljumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmad A, Munawar N, Khan Z, Qusmani AT, Khan SH, Jamil A, Ashraf S, Ghouri MZ, Aslam S, Mubarik MS, Munir A, Sultan Q, Abd-Elsalam KA, Qari SH. An Outlook on Global Regulatory Landscape for Genome-Edited Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits—without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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Abstract
The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.
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Gu J, Ye R, Xu Y, Yin Y, Li S, Chen H. A historical overview of analysis systems for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry proteins. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Biopesticides in India: technology and sustainability linkages. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:210. [PMID: 32351868 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite enhancing the crop yields, the so called green revolution (GR) has proven unsuccessful in assuring long term agricultural sustainability. The methods used for productivity enhancement during GR have not only proven to be problematic but have also resulted in deterioration of soil quality and several other issues related to ecosystems and health issues. The damage was mainly caused by the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides. Various types of pesticides, are now known to be causing huge problems in the agro-ecosystems. In such a situation, where chemicals have caused or are causing irreversible impacts on agroecosystems, the use of biopesticides has emerged as a sustainable alternative leading to safe organic farming. At the global level, environmentally benign nature and target-specificity of biopesticides are gaining wide popularity. However, in developing countries like India usage of biopesticides is still minuscule in comparison to conventional chemical pesticides. Although the Indian government has encouraged the use of biopesticides by placing them into many of the agricultural schemes, at the grassroots level, biopesticides are facing many challenges. The lower adaptability and declining interest of farmers towards biopesticides have become a matter of concern. However, technological challenges related to production, manufacture and application in agroecosystems have also raised a question on their long-term sustainability. The main objective of this review is to highlight the developing trend in the field of biocontrol products in India. Apart from this, the review also focuses on the technological perspectives that are required for the long-term sustainability of biological control products in Indian agriculture and market.
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Identification of Faecal Maternal Semiochemicals in Swine (Sus scrofa) and their Effects on Weaned Piglets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5349. [PMID: 32210329 PMCID: PMC7093430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Piglets are attracted to maternal faeces early in life. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify faecal maternal semiochemicals that attract piglets and evaluate their effects on piglets at weaning. Faecal samples were collected from eight sows during gestation and lactation. Faecal semiochemicals were extracted and identified using solid phase extraction and GC/MS. A total of 26 volatiles were present in lactating and gestating sow faeces. Sows secreted no unique semiochemical after farrowing. However, the concentration of skatole and myristic acid were 2.68 and 1.13 times higher after farrowing. A free-choice preference assessment showed that piglets had a preference for a feeder sprayed with a solution containing skatole and myristic acid. No preference was found when feeders were sprayed with skatole and myristic acid individually. The application of skatole and myristic acid to the feeders of weaned pigs significantly reduced piglet aggression by 30% and tended to increase feeding behaviour by 35% the first 24 h post-weaning. These results suggest that skatole and myristic acid might be acting as a multicomponent maternal signal that attracts piglets and has a calming effect at weaning.
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Nadal A, De Giacomo M, Einspanier R, Kleter G, Kok E, McFarland S, Onori R, Paris A, Toldrà M, van Dijk J, Wal JM, Pla M. Exposure of livestock to GM feeds: Detectability and measurement. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 117:13-35. [PMID: 28847764 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the possibilities to determine livestock consumption of genetically modified (GM) feeds/ingredients including detection of genetically modified organism (GMO)-related DNA or proteins in animal samples, and the documentary system that is in place for GM feeds under EU legislation. The presence and level of GMO-related DNA and proteins can generally be readily measured in feeds, using established analytical methods such as polymerase chain reaction and immuno-assays, respectively. Various technical challenges remain, such as the simultaneous detection of multiple GMOs and the identification of unauthorized GMOs for which incomplete data on the inserted DNA may exist. Given that transfer of specific GMO-related DNA or protein from consumed feed to the animal had seldom been observed, this cannot serve as an indicator of the individual animal's prior exposure to GM feeds. To explore whether common practices, information exchange and the specific GM feed traceability system in the EU would allow to record GM feed consumption, the dairy chain in Catalonia, where GM maize is widely grown, was taken as an example. It was thus found that this system would neither enable determination of an animal's consumption of specific GM crops, nor would it allow for quantitation of the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nadal
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Marzia De Giacomo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gijs Kleter
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah McFarland
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberta Onori
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Paris
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UMR7245 MCAM, Paris, France
| | - Mònica Toldrà
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jeroen van Dijk
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Michel Wal
- AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Paris, France
| | - Maria Pla
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Technology (INTEA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi (EPS-1), 17003 Girona, Spain
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Naegeli H, Birch AN, Casacuberta J, De Schrijver A, Gralak MA, Guerche P, Jones H, Manachini B, Messéan A, Nielsen EE, Nogué F, Robaglia C, Rostoks N, Sweet J, Tebbe C, Visioli F, Wal JM, Gennaro A, Neri FM, Paraskevopoulos K. Scientific Opinion on application EFSA-GMO-BE-2013-117 for authorisation of genetically modified maize MON 87427 × MON 89034 × NK603 and subcombinations independently of their origin, for food and feed uses, import and processing submitted under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 by Monsanto Company. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04922. [PMID: 32625613 PMCID: PMC7010211 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this opinion, the EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO Panel) assessed the three-event stack maize MON 87427 × MON 89034 × NK603 and its three subcombinations, independently of their origin. The GMO Panel has previously assessed the three single events combined to produce this three-event stack maize and did not identify safety concerns. No new data on the single events, leading to modification of the original conclusions on their safety, were identified. Based on the molecular, agronomic, phenotypic and compositional characteristics, the combination of the single maize events and of the newly expressed proteins in the three-event stack maize did not give rise to issues regarding food and feed safety or nutrition. In the case of accidental release of viable grains of maize MON 87427 × MON 89034 × NK603 into the environment, the three-event stack maize would not raise environmental safety concerns. The GMO Panel concludes that the three-event stack maize is as safe and as nutritious as the non-GM comparator and the tested non-GM reference varieties in the context of its scope. The GMO Panel considered that its previous conclusions on the two-event stack maize MON 89034 × NK603 remain valid. For the two maize subcombinations for which no experimental data were provided the GMO Panel assessed the likelihood of interactions among the single events, and concluded that their combination would not raise safety concerns. These two subcombinations are therefore expected to be as safe as the single events, the previously assessed maize MON 89034 × NK603 and maize MON 87427 × MON 89034 × NK603. Since the post-market environmental monitoring plan for the three-event stack maize does not include any provisions for the two subcombinations not previously assessed, the GMO Panel recommended the applicant to revise the plan accordingly.
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Naegeli H, Birch AN, Casacuberta J, De Schrijver A, Gralak MA, Guerche P, Jones H, Manachini B, Messéan A, Nielsen EE, Nogué F, Robaglia C, Rostoks N, Sweet J, Tebbe C, Visioli F, Wal JM, Álvarez F, Lanzoni A, Paraskevopoulos K. Scientific Opinion on application EFSA-GMO-BE-2013-118 for authorisation of genetically modified maize MON 87427 × MON 89034 × 1507 × MON 88017 × 59122 and subcombinations independently of their origin, for food and feed uses, import and processing submitted under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 by Monsanto Company. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04921. [PMID: 32625612 PMCID: PMC7009856 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this opinion, the GMO Panel assessed the five‐event stack maize MON 87427 × MON 89034 ×1507 × MON 88017 × 59122 and its 25 subcombinations, independently of their origin. The GMO Panel has previously assessed the five single events combined to produce this five‐event stack maize and 11 subcombinations of these events and did not identify safety concerns. No new data on the single events or their previously assessed subcombinations, leading to modification of the original conclusions were identified. The combination of the single events and of the newly expressed proteins in the five‐event stack maize did not give rise to issues – based on the molecular, agronomic/phenotypic or compositional characteristics – regarding food and feed safety and nutrition. Considering the scope of this application, the known biological function of the newly expressed proteins and the data available for the five‐event stack maize and its previously assessed maize subcombinations, the GMO Panel considered that different combinations of the single events would not raise environmental concerns. The GMO Panel concludes that the five‐event stack maize is as safe and as nutritious as the non‐genetically modified (GM) comparator and the tested non‐GM reference varieties in the context of its scope. For the 14 maize subcombinations for which no experimental data were provided, the GMO Panel assessed the likelihood of interactions among the single events, and concluded that their combinations would not raise safety concerns. These maize subcombinations are therefore expected to be as safe as the single events, the previously assessed subcombinations and maize MON 87427 ×MON 89034 × 1507 × MON 88017 × 59122. Since the post‐market environmental monitoring plan for the five‐event stack maize does not include any provisions for the 14 maize subcombinations not previously assessed, the GMO Panel recommended the applicant to revise the plan accordingly.
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Naegeli H, Birch AN, Casacuberta J, De Schrijver A, Gralak MA, Guerche P, Jones H, Manachini B, Messéan A, Nielsen EE, Nogué F, Robaglia C, Rostoks N, Sweet J, Tebbe C, Visioli F, Wal J, Divéki Z, Fernández‐Dumont A, Gennaro A, Lanzoni A, Maria Neri F, Paraskevopoulos K. Scientific Opinion on an application by Dow AgroSciences (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2013‐116) for placing on the market of genetically modified insect‐resistant soybean DAS‐81419‐2 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scientific opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-NL-2011-96) for the placing on the market of genetically modified insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant cotton GHB119, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Baye. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on an application by Syngenta (EFSA‐GMO‐DE‐2011‐99) for the placing on the market of maize Bt11 × 59122 × MIR604 × 1507 × GA21 and twenty subcombinations, which have not been authorised previously independently of their origin, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Scientific Opinion on an application by Dow Agrosciences LLC (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2009‐68) for placing on the market of cotton 281‐24‐236 × 3006‐210‐23 × MON 88913 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Albright VC, Hellmich RL, Coats JR. A Review of Cry Protein Detection with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2175-2189. [PMID: 26949828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of Cry proteins in insecticide formulations and transgenic crops for insect control has led to an increased interest in the environmental fate of these proteins. Although several detection methods are available to monitor the fate of Cry proteins in the environment, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have emerged as the preferred detection method, due to their cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and rapid results. Validation of ELISAs is necessary to ensure accurate measurements of Cry protein concentrations in the environment. Validation methodology has been extensively researched and published for the areas of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision; however, cross validation of ELISA results has been studied to a lesser extent. This review discusses the use of ELISAs for detection of Cry proteins in environmental samples and validation of ELISAs and introduces cross validation. The state of Cry protein environmental fate research is considered through a critical review of published literature to identify areas where the use of validation protocols can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vurtice C Albright
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University , 110 Insectary, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Richard L Hellmich
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 110 Genetics Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Joel R Coats
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University , 110 Insectary, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Campos RC, Hernández MIM. The Importance of Maize Management on Dung Beetle Communities in Atlantic Forest Fragments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145000. [PMID: 26694874 PMCID: PMC4690589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dung beetle community structures changes due to the effects of destruction, fragmentation, isolation and decrease in tropical forest area, and therefore are considered ecological indicators. In order to assess the influence of type of maize cultivated and associated maize management on dung beetle communities in Atlantic Forest fragments surrounded by conventional and transgenic maize were evaluated 40 Atlantic Forest fragments of different sizes, 20 surrounded by GM maize and 20 surrounded by conventional maize, in February 2013 and 2014 in Southern Brazil. After applying a sampling protocol in each fragment (10 pitfall traps baited with human feces or carrion exposed for 48 h), a total of 3454 individuals from 44 species were captured: 1142 individuals from 38 species in GM maize surrounded fragments, and 2312 from 42 species in conventional maize surrounded fragments. Differences in dung beetle communities were found between GM and conventional maize communities. As expected for fragmented areas, the covariance analysis showed a greater species richness in larger fragments under both conditions; however species richness was greater in fragments surrounded by conventional maize. Dung beetle structure in the forest fragments was explained by environmental variables, fragment area, spatial distance and also type of maize (transgenic or conventional) associated with maize management techniques. In Southern Brazil’s scenario, the use of GM maize combined with associated agricultural management may be accelerating the loss of diversity in Atlantic Forest areas, and consequently, important ecosystem services provided by dung beetles may be lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Calixto Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Malva Isabel Medina Hernández
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Scientific Opinion on an application by Syngenta (EFSA‐GMO‐DE‐2009‐66) for placing on the market of herbicide tolerant and insect resistant maize Bt11 × MIR162 × MIR604 × GA21 and subcombinations independently of their origin for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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18
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐DE‐2011‐95) for the placing on the market of genetically modified maize 5307 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Syngenta Crop Protection AG. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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19
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Ferreira Holderbaum D, Cuhra M, Wickson F, Orth AI, Nodari RO, Bøhn T. Chronic Responses of Daphnia magna Under Dietary Exposure to Leaves of a Transgenic (Event MON810) Bt-Maize Hybrid and its Conventional Near-Isoline. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:993-1007. [PMID: 26262442 PMCID: PMC4566889 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1037877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Insect resistance is the second most common trait globally in cultivated genetically modified (GM) plants. Resistance is usually obtained by introducing into the plant's genome genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) coding for insecticidal proteins (Cry proteins or toxins) that target insect pests. The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that a chronic, high-dose dietary exposure to leaves of a Bt-maize hybrid (GM event MON810, expressing a transgenic or recombinant Cry1Ab toxin), exerted no adverse effects on fitness parameters of the aquatic nontarget organism Daphnia magna (water flea) when compared to an identical control diet based on leaves of the non-GM near-isoline. Cry1Ab was immunologically detected and quantified in GM maize leaf material used for Daphnia feed. A 69-kD protein near Bt's active core-toxin size and a 34-kD protein were identified. The D. magna bioassay showed a resource allocation to production of resting eggs and early fecundity in D. magna fed GM maize, with adverse effects for body size and fecundity later in life. This is the first study to examine GM-plant leaf material in the D. magna model, and provides of negative fitness effects of a MON810 maize hybrid in a nontarget model organism under chronic, high dietary exposure. Based upon these results, it is postulated that the observed transgenic proteins exert a nontarget effect in D. magna and/or unintended changes were produced in the maize genome/metabolome by the transformation process, producing a nutritional difference between GM-maize and non-GM near-isoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferreira Holderbaum
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Florianópolis, Brazil
- GenØk, Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marek Cuhra
- GenØk, Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway
- UIT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Afonso Inácio Orth
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rubens Onofre Nodari
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- GenØk, Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway
- UIT, The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromsø, Norway
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20
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Swiatkiewicz S, Swiatkiewicz M, Arczewska-Wlosek A, Jozefiak D. Genetically modified feeds and their effect on the metabolic parameters of food-producing animals: A review of recent studies. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Bondzio A, Lodemann U, Weise C, Einspanier R. Cry1Ab treatment has no effects on viability of cultured porcine intestinal cells, but triggers Hsp70 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67079. [PMID: 23861753 PMCID: PMC3701575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro testing can contribute to reduce the risk that the use of genetically modified (GM) crops and their proteins show unintended toxic effects. Here we introduce a porcine intestinal cell culture (IPEC-J2) as appropriate in vitro model and tested the possible toxic potential of Cry1Ab protein, commonly expressed in GM-maize. For comprehensive risk assessment we used WST-1 conversion and ATP content as metabolic markers for proliferation, lactate dehydrogenase release as indicator for cells with compromised membrane and transepithelial electrical resistance as parameter indicating membrane barrier function. The results were compared to the effects of valinomycin, a potassium ionophore, known to induce cytotoxic effects in most mammalian cell types. Whereas no toxicity was observed after Cry1Ab treatment, valinomycin induced a decrease in IPEC-J2 viability. This was confirmed by dynamic monitoring of cellular responses. Additionally, two dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis was performed. Only three proteins were differentially expressed. The functions of these proteins were associated with responses to stress. The up-regulation of heat shock protein Hsp70 was verified by Western blotting as well as by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and may be related to a protective function. These findings suggest that the combination of in vitro testing and proteomic analysis may serve as a promising tool for mechanism based safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bondzio
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Mesnage R, Clair E, Gress S, Then C, Székács A, Séralini GE. Cytotoxicity on human cells of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac Bt insecticidal toxins alone or with a glyphosate-based herbicide. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:695-9. [PMID: 22337346 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The study of combined effects of pesticides represents a challenge for toxicology. In the case of the new growing generation of genetically modified (GM) plants with stacked traits, glyphosate-based herbicides (like Roundup) residues are present in the Roundup-tolerant edible plants (especially corns) and mixed with modified Bt insecticidal toxins that are produced by the GM plants themselves. The potential side effects of these combined pesticides on human cells are investigated in this work. Here we have tested for the very first time Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac Bt toxins (10 ppb to 100 ppm) on the human embryonic kidney cell line 293, as well as their combined actions with Roundup, within 24 h, on three biomarkers of cell death: measurements of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase release by membrane alterations and caspase 3/7 inductions. Cry1Ab caused cell death from 100 ppm. For Cry1Ac, under such conditions, no effects were detected. The Roundup tested alone from 1 to 20 000 ppm is necrotic and apoptotic from 50 ppm, far below agricultural dilutions (50% lethal concentration 57.5 ppm). The only measured significant combined effect was that Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac reduced caspases 3/7 activations induced by Roundup; this could delay the activation of apoptosis. There was the same tendency for the other markers. In these results, we argue that modified Bt toxins are not inert on nontarget human cells, and that they can present combined side-effects with other residues of pesticides specific to GM plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mesnage
- University of Caen, Risk Pole MRSH-CNRS, Laboratory of Biochemistry EA2608, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen cedex, France
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23
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Scientific Opinion updating the risk assessment conclusions and risk management recommendations on the genetically modified insect resistant maize MON 810. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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24
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Do genetically modified crops affect animal reproduction? A review of the ongoing debate. Animal 2012; 5:1048-59. [PMID: 22440100 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110002776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, genetically modified (GM) crops aimed at producing food/feed that became part of the regular agriculture in many areas of the world. However, we are uncertain whether GM food and feed can exert potential adverse effects on humans or animals. Of importance, the reproductive toxicology of GM crops has been studied using a number of methods, and by feeding GM crops to a number species of animals to ensure the safety assessment of GM food and feed. It appears that there are no adverse effects of GM crops on many species of animals in acute and short-term feeding studies, but serious debates of effects of long-term and multigenerational feeding studies remain. The aims of this review are to focus on the latest (last 3 to 4 years) findings and debates on reproduction of male and female animals after feeding daily diets containing the GM crops, and to present the possible mechanism(s) to explain their influences.
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25
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Loza-Rubio E, Rojas-Anaya E, López J, Olivera-Flores MT, Gómez-Lim M, Tapia-Pérez G. Induction of a protective immune response to rabies virus in sheep after oral immunization with transgenic maize, expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. Vaccine 2012; 30:5551-6. [PMID: 22749836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of exogenous genes into plants permits the development of a new generation of biological products, i.e., edible vaccines. Cereals, especially maize, have been the systems of choice for the expression of antigenic proteins because the proteins can be expressed at high levels in the kernel and stored for prolonged periods without excessive deterioration. The utilization of plant-derived antigens for oral delivery provides an alternative strategy for the control of pathogens in animals compared to the current vaccine administration methods, such as injection. However, there is some doubt about the efficacy of these types of vaccines in polygastric animals due to the features of their digestive system. Here, we report the efficacy of an edible vaccine against rabies evaluated in sheep. Kernels containing different doses of G protein (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2mg) were given in a single dose by the oral route. Cumulative survival was better in groups that received 2mg of G protein and for the positive control (inactivated rabies vaccine); this observation was supported by the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Animals in the control group died after challenge. The degree of protection achieved for 2mg of G protein was comparable to that conferred by a commercial vaccine. In conclusion, this is the first study in which an orally administered edible vaccine showed efficacy in a polygastric model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Loza-Rubio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Microbiologia Animal (CENID-Microbiologia), INIFAP, Carretera México-Toluca, Km. 15.5, Colonia Palo Alto, CP 05110, México, DF, Mexico.
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26
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Guertler P, Brandl C, Meyer HHD, Tichopad A. Feeding genetically modified maize (MON810) to dairy cows: comparison of gene expression pattern of markers for apoptosis, inflammation and cell cycle. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-012-0778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Comment on "Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada" by A. Aris and S. Leblanc [Reprod. Toxicol. 31 (2011) 528-533]. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:401-2; author reply 403-4. [PMID: 22382376 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Scientific opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-NL-2009-73) for the placing on the market of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified soybean MON 87701 × MON 89788 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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29
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Ryffel GU. Dismay with GM maize. A science-based solution to public resistance against genetically modified crops that could be compatible with organic farming. EMBO Rep 2011; 12:996-9. [PMID: 21909075 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2011.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhart U Ryffel
- Institute for Cell Biology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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30
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐BE‐2010‐79) for the placing on the market of insect resistant genetically modified soybean MON 87701 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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31
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Determination of insecticidal Cry1Ab protein in soil collected in the final growing seasons of a nine-year field trial of Bt-maize MON810. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:77-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Scientific Opinion on an application (EFSA-GMO-NL-2009-65) for the placing on the market of insect resistant and herbicide tolerant genetically modified maize MON 89034 × 1507 × NK603 and all sub-combinations of the individual events as present in its seg. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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33
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-CZ-2008-62) for the placing on the market of insect resistant and herbicide tolerant genetically modified maize MON 89034 × 1507 × MON 88017 × 59122 and all sub-combinations of the individual events as present i. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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34
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-UK-2007-48) for the placing on the market of insect resistant and herbicide tolerant genetically modified maize MIR604 × GA21 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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35
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Scientific Opinion on application (Reference EFSA-GMO-UK-2007-50) for the placing on the market of insect resistant and herbicide tolerant genetically modified maize Bt11×MIR604, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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36
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Scientific Opinion on application (Reference EFSA-GMO-UK-2008-56) for the placing on the market of insect resistant and herbicide tolerant genetically modified maize Bt11 × MIR604 × GA21, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC). EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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37
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2007‐39) for the placing on the market of insect resistant and herbicide tolerant genetically modified maize MON89034 × MON88017 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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38
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Scientific Opinion on applications (EFSA‐GMO‐RX‐MON863) for renewal of the authorisation for continued marketing of existing feed materials, feed additives and food additives produced from maize MON863, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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