1
|
Vargas-Bermudez DS, Mogollon JD, Franco-Rodriguez C, Jaime J. The Novel Porcine Parvoviruses: Current State of Knowledge and Their Possible Implications in Clinical Syndromes in Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:2398. [PMID: 38140639 PMCID: PMC10747800 DOI: 10.3390/v15122398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses (PVs) affect various animal species causing different diseases. To date, eight different porcine parvoviruses (PPV1 through PPV8) are recognized in the swine population, all of which are distributed among subfamilies and genera of the Parvoviridae family. PPV1 is the oldest and is recognized as the primary agent of SMEDI, while the rest of the PPVs (PPV2 through PPV8) are called novel PPVs (nPPVs). The pathogenesis of nPPVs is still undefined, and whether these viruses are putative disease agents is unknown. Structurally, the PPVs are very similar; the differences occur mainly at the level of their genomes (ssDNA), where there is variation in the number and location of the coding genes. Additionally, it is considered that the genome of PVs has mutation rates similar to those of ssRNA viruses, that is, in the order of 10-5-10-4 nucleotide/substitution/year. These mutations manifest mainly in the VP protein, constituting the viral capsid, affecting virulence, tropism, and viral antigenicity. For nPPVs, mutation rates have already been established that are similar to those already described; however, within this group of viruses, the highest mutation rate has been reported for PPV7. In addition to the mutations, recombinations are also reported, mainly in PPV2, PPV3, and PPV7; these have been found between strains of domestic pigs and wild boars and in a more significant proportion in VP sequences. Regarding affinity for cell types, nPPVs have been detected with variable prevalence in different types of organs and tissues; this has led to the suggestion that they have a broad tropism, although proportionally more have been found in lung and lymphoid tissue such as spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. Regarding their epidemiology, nPPVs are present on all continents (except PPV8, only in Asia), and within pig farms, the highest prevalences detecting viral genomes have been seen in the fattener and finishing groups. The relationship between nPPVs and clinical manifestations has been complicated to establish. However, there is already some evidence that establishes associations. One of them is PPV2 with porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), where causality tests (PCR, ISH, and histopathology) lead to proposing the PPV2 virus as a possible agent involved in this syndrome. With the other nPPVs, there is still no clear association with any pathology. These have been detected in different systems (respiratory, reproductive, gastrointestinal, urinary, and nervous), and there is still insufficient evidence to classify them as disease-causing agents. In this regard, nPPVs (except PPV8) have been found to cause porcine reproductive failure (PRF), with the most prevalent being PPV4, PPV6, and PPV7. In the case of PRDC, nPPVs have also been detected, with PPV2 having the highest viral loads in the lungs of affected pigs. Regarding coinfections, nPPVs have been detected in concurrence in healthy and sick pigs, with primary PRDC and PRF viruses such as PCV2, PCV3, and PRRSV. The effect of these coinfections is not apparent; it is unknown whether they favor the replication of the primary agents, the severity of the clinical manifestations, or have no effect. The most significant limitation in the study of nPPVs is that their isolation has been impossible; therefore, there are no studies on their pathogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. For all of the above, it is necessary to propose basic and applied research on nPPVs to establish if they are putative disease agents, establish their effect on coinfections, and measure their impact on swine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jairo Jaime
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria (CI3V), Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá 111321, CP, Colombia; (D.S.V.-B.); (J.D.M.); (C.F.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Guo L, Wang G, Gao F, Tu Z, Xu D, Sun L, Yi L, Zhu G, Tu C, He B. DNA virome of ticks in the Northeast and Hubei provinces of China reveals diverse single-stranded circular DNA viruses. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:61. [PMID: 36759895 PMCID: PMC9912487 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are medically important vectors capable of transmitting a variety of pathogens to and between host species. Although the spectrum of tick-borne RNA viruses has been frequently investigated, the diversity of tick-borne DNA viruses remains largely unknown. METHODS A total of 1571 ticks were collected from forests and infested animals, and the diversity of the viruses they harbored was profiled using a DNA-specific virome method. The viromic data were phylogenetically analyzed and validated by PCR assays. RESULTS Although diverse and abundant prokaryotic viruses were identified in the collected ticks, only eukaryotic DNA viruses with single-stranded circular genomes covering the anelloviruses and circular replication-associated (Rep) protein-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses were recovered from ticks. Anelloviruses were detected only in two tick pools, but CRESS DNA viruses were prevalent across these ticks except in one pool of Dermacentor spp. ticks. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these tick-borne CRESS DNA viruses were related to viruses recovered from animal feces, tissues and even environmental samples, suggesting that their presence may be largely explained by environmental factors rather than by tick species and host blood meals. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, tick-borne eukaryotic DNA viruses appear to be much less common than eukaryotic RNA viruses. Investigations involving a wider collection area and more diverse tick species are required to further support this speculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Liu
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Lei Guo
- grid.454880.50000 0004 0596 3180Division of Wildlife and Plant Conservation, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Guoshuai Wang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Fei Gao
- Section of Wildlife Conservation, Greater Xing’an Mountains Forestry Group Corporation, Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang China
| | - Zhongzhong Tu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Deming Xu
- Forestry Bureau of Linjiang City, Linjiang, Jilin China
| | - Lanshun Sun
- Provincial Wildlife Disease Monitoring Station of Shuanghe, Xunke, Heilongjiang China
| | - Le Yi
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Changchun Tu
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin China
| | - Biao He
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi W, Shi M, Que TC, Cui XM, Ye RZ, Xia LY, Hou X, Zheng JJ, Jia N, Xie X, Wu WC, He MH, Wang HF, Wei YJ, Wu AQ, Zhang SF, Pan YS, Chen PY, Wang Q, Li SS, Zhong YL, Li YJ, Tan LH, Zhao L, Jiang JF, Hu YL, Cao WC. Trafficked Malayan pangolins contain viral pathogens of humans. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1259-1269. [PMID: 35918420 PMCID: PMC9352580 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Pangolins are the most trafficked wild animal in the world according to the World Wildlife Fund. The discovery of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins has piqued interest in the viromes of these wild, scaly-skinned mammals. We sequenced the viromes of 161 pangolins that were smuggled into China and assembled 28 vertebrate-associated viruses, 21 of which have not been previously reported in vertebrates. We named 16 members of Hunnivirus, Pestivirus and Copiparvovirus pangolin-associated viruses. We report that the l-protein has been lost from all hunniviruses identified in pangolins. Sequences of four human-associated viruses were detected in pangolin viromes, including respiratory syncytial virus, Orthopneumovirus, RotavirusA and Mammalian orthoreovirus. The genomic sequences of five mammal-associated and three tick-associated viruses were also present. Notably, a coronavirus related to HKU4-CoV, which was originally found in bats, was identified. The presence of these viruses in smuggled pangolins identifies these mammals as a potential source of emergent pathogenic viruses. Multiple pathogenic viruses are identified in a large set of pangolins, which shows that trading pangolins for scales or flesh may increase the risk of emergence of viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mang Shi
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Teng-Cheng Que
- Terrestrial Wildlife Rescue and Epidemic Diseases Surveillance Center of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Run-Ze Ye
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Luo-Yuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hou
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Na Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xing Xie
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Chen Wu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Hong He
- Terrestrial Wildlife Rescue and Epidemic Diseases Surveillance Center of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Feng Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jie Wei
- Terrestrial Wildlife Rescue and Epidemic Diseases Surveillance Center of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Qiong Wu
- Terrestrial Wildlife Rescue and Epidemic Diseases Surveillance Center of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Feng Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Sheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pan-Yu Chen
- Terrestrial Wildlife Rescue and Epidemic Diseases Surveillance Center of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Sheng Li
- Terrestrial Wildlife Rescue and Epidemic Diseases Surveillance Center of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Li Zhong
- Terrestrial Wildlife Rescue and Epidemic Diseases Surveillance Center of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Jiao Li
- Terrestrial Wildlife Rescue and Epidemic Diseases Surveillance Center of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Luo-Hao Tan
- Terrestrial Wildlife Rescue and Epidemic Diseases Surveillance Center of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Fu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China. .,Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Ling Hu
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China. .,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China.
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China. .,Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China. .,Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nishizawa T, Takahashi M, Matsuoka H, Nishizono A, Yamamoto S, Fukui E, Mizuo H, Kawakami M, Murata K, Okamoto H. Genomic characterization and the prevalence of a novel copiparvovirus in wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan. Virus Res 2022; 314:198749. [PMID: 35344744 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary metagenomic analysis of the virome of wild sika deer (Cervus nippon) blood in Japan resulted in the identification of a novel parvovirus. The virus was closest, but only 44.7-60.7% identical to 17 reported strains belonging to the genus Copiparvovirus within the subfamily Parvovirinae, over the near-entire genomic sequence. The sika deer copiparvovirus DNA was detected in 15% (31/206) of sika deer captured in 7 prefectures of Japan, and a region-dependent prevalence of 0-66.7% was noted, with a biased distribution in the southern part of Japan. The observed biased distribution of sika deer copiparvovirus may be due to the habitat density of deer and the number of ticks, which might play a role in the transmission of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | | | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Seigo Yamamoto
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
| | - Emiko Fukui
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mizuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kin-ikyo Chuo Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido 007-8505, Japan
| | - Manri Kawakami
- Center for Liver Disease, Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital, Okayama, Okayama 700-8511, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jager MC, Tomlinson JE, Lopez-Astacio RA, Parrish CR, Van de Walle GR. Small but mighty: old and new parvoviruses of veterinary significance. Virol J 2021; 18:210. [PMID: 34689822 PMCID: PMC8542416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In line with the Latin expression "sed parva forti" meaning "small but mighty," the family Parvoviridae contains many of the smallest known viruses, some of which result in fatal or debilitating infections. In recent years, advances in metagenomic viral discovery techniques have dramatically increased the identification of novel parvoviruses in both diseased and healthy individuals. While some of these discoveries have solved etiologic mysteries of well-described diseases in animals, many of the newly discovered parvoviruses appear to cause mild or no disease, or disease associations remain to be established. With the increased use of animal parvoviruses as vectors for gene therapy and oncolytic treatments in humans, it becomes all the more important to understand the diversity, pathogenic potential, and evolution of this diverse family of viruses. In this review, we discuss parvoviruses infecting vertebrate animals, with a special focus on pathogens of veterinary significance and viruses discovered within the last four years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mason C Jager
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert A Lopez-Astacio
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV‐H) was first described in 2018 in a fatal case of Theiler's disease which followed the administration of an equine‐origin biological product. The virus has since been frequently identified in serum and liver tissue of horses affected by Theiler's disease—an acute, severe hepatitis characterised by fulminant hepatic necrosis with a fatal outcome in most cases. EqPV‐H is hepatotropic, appears to be associated with subclinical to severe hepatitis in horses, and is a likely cause of Theiler's disease. Although this disease is most frequently reported following the administration of equine‐origin biological products, it can also occur among in‐contact horses. Horizontal transmission may be iatrogenic, via contaminated equine‐origin biological products such as equine serum, botulism or tetanus antitoxin, and mesenchymal stem cells or by means of the oral route of infection. Other horizontal transmission routes, for example, arthropod vectors, warrant further investigation. A worldwide prevalence of EqPV‐H antibodies and DNA has been reported in asymptomatic horses. EqPV‐H‐positive horses suffering from acute, severe hepatitis have reportedly developed clinical signs including icterus, lethargy, inappetence, and neurological abnormalities and have had increased liver‐associated biochemistry parameters recorded. The most common histopathological abnormalities of the liver have been hepatocellular necrosis, collapse of the lobular architecture, and lymphocytic infiltration. Most horses infected experimentally with EqPV‐H have developed subclinical hepatitis, and close temporal associations between peak viraemia, seroconversion, and the onset of hepatitis have been observed. Based on strong evidence indicating that EqPV‐H causes hepatitis in horses, veterinarians should consider this virus an important differential diagnosis in such cases. Potential risks associated with the administration of equine‐origin biological products must be emphasised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Ramsauer
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcha Badenhorst
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pénzes JJ, Söderlund-Venermo M, Canuti M, Eis-Hübinger AM, Hughes J, Cotmore SF, Harrach B. Reorganizing the family Parvoviridae: a revised taxonomy independent of the canonical approach based on host association. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2133-2146. [PMID: 32533329 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parvoviridae, a diverse family of small single-stranded DNA viruses was established in 1975. It was divided into two subfamilies, Parvovirinae and Densovirinae, in 1993 to accommodate parvoviruses that infect vertebrate and invertebrate animals, respectively. This relatively straightforward segregation, using host association as the prime criterion for subfamily-level classification, has recently been challenged by the discovery of divergent, vertebrate-infecting parvoviruses, dubbed "chapparvoviruses", which have proven to be more closely related to viruses in certain Densovirinae genera than to members of the Parvovirinae. Viruses belonging to these genera, namely Brevi-, Hepan- and Penstyldensovirus, are responsible for the unmatched heterogeneity of the subfamily Densovirinae when compared to the Parvovirinae in matters of genome organization, protein sequence homology, and phylogeny. Another genus of Densovirinae, Ambidensovirus, has challenged traditional parvovirus classification, as it includes all newly discovered densoviruses with an ambisense genome organization, which introduces genus-level paraphyly. Lastly, current taxon definition and virus inclusion criteria have significantly limited the classification of certain long-discovered parvoviruses and impedes the classification of some potential family members discovered using high-throughput sequencing methods. Here, we present a new and updated system for parvovirus classification, which includes the introduction of a third subfamily, Hamaparvovirinae, resolves the paraphyly within genus Ambidensovirus, and introduces new genera and species into the subfamily Parvovirinae. These proposals were accepted by the ICTV in 2020 March.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit J Pénzes
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Susan F Cotmore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520-8035, USA
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baylis SA, Miskey C, Blümel J, Kaiser M, Kapusinszky B, Delwart E. Identification of a novel bovine copiparvovirus in pooled fetal bovine serum. Virus Genes 2020; 56:522-6. [PMID: 32306155 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel parvovirus was identified as a cell culture contaminant by metagenomic analysis. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to determine viral loads in the cell culture supernatant and further analysis, by ddPCR and DNA sequencing, demonstrated that fetal bovine serum (FBS) used during cell culture was the source of the parvovirus contamination. The FBS contained ~ 50,000 copies of the novel parvovirus DNA per ml of serum. The viral DNA was resistant to DNAse digestion. Near-full length sequence of the novel parvovirus was determined. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that virus belongs to the Copiparvovirus genus, being most closely related to bovine parvovirus 2 (BPV2) with 41% identity with the non-structural protein NS1 and 47% identity with the virus capsid protein of BPV2. A screen of individual and pooled bovine sera identified a closely related variant of the novel virus in a second serum pool. For classification purposes, the novel virus has been designated bovine copiparvovirus species 3 isolate JB9 (bocopivirus 3-JB9).
Collapse
|