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Foxfire A, Buhrow AR, Orugunty RS, Smith L. Drug discovery through the isolation of natural products from Burkholderia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:807-822. [PMID: 33467922 PMCID: PMC9844120 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1877655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The increasing threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens makes it imperative that new antibiotics to combat them are discovered. Burkholderia is a genus of Gram-negative, non-sporulating bacteria. While ubiquitous and capable of growing within plants and groundwater, they are primarily soil-dwelling organisms. These include the more virulent forms of Burkholderia such as Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc).Areas covered: This review provides a synopsis of current research on the natural products isolated from the genus Burkholderia. The authors also cover the research on the drug discovery efforts that have been performed on the natural products derived from Burkholderia.Expert opinion: Though Burkholderia has a small number of pathogenic species, the majority of the genus is avirulent and almost all members of the genus are capable of producing useful antimicrobial products that could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutics against infectious diseases. The need for discovery of new antibiotics is urgent due to the ever-increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, coupled with the decline in the discovery of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Foxfire
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Andrew Riley Buhrow
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843,Antimicrobial Division, Sano Chemicals Inc., Bryan, TX 77803
| | | | - Leif Smith
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843,Antimicrobial Division, Sano Chemicals Inc., Bryan, TX 77803,Address correspondence to Leif Smith,
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Ferro P, Vaz-Moreira I, Manaia CM. Betaproteobacteria are predominant in drinking water: are there reasons for concern? Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:649-667. [PMID: 31686572 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1680602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Betaproteobacteria include some of the most abundant and ubiquitous bacterial genera that can be found in drinking water, including mineral water. The combination of physiology and ecology traits place some Betaproteobacteria in the list of potential, yet sometimes neglected, opportunistic pathogens that can be transmitted by water or aqueous solutions. Indeed, some drinking water Betaproteobacteria with intrinsic and sometimes acquired antibiotic resistance, harbouring virulence factors and often found in biofilm structures, can persist after water disinfection and reach the consumer. This literature review summarises and discusses the current knowledge about the occurrence and implications of Betaproteobacteria in drinking water. Although the sparse knowledge on the ecology and physiology of Betaproteobacteria thriving in tap or bottled natural mineral/spring drinking water (DW) is an evidence of this review, it is demonstrated that DW holds a high diversity of Betaproteobacteria, whose presence may not be innocuous. Frequently belonging to genera also found in humans, DW Betaproteobacteria are ubiquitous in different habitats, have the potential to resist antibiotics either due to intrinsic or acquired mechanisms, and hold different virulence factors. The combination of these factors places DW Betaproteobacteria in the list of candidates of emerging opportunistic pathogens. Improved bacterial identification of clinical isolates associated with opportunistic infections and additional genomic and physiological studies may contribute to elucidate the potential impact of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pompeyo Ferro
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivone Vaz-Moreira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
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Seynos-García E, Castañeda-Lucio M, Muñoz-Rojas J, López-Pliego L, Villalobos M, Bustillos-Cristales R, Fuentes-Ramírez LE. Loci Identification of a N-acyl Homoserine Lactone Type Quorum Sensing System and a New LysR-type Transcriptional Regulator Associated with Antimicrobial Activity and Swarming in Burkholderia Gladioli UAPS07070. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:165-178. [PMID: 33817149 PMCID: PMC7874821 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A random transposition mutant library of B. gladioli UAPS07070 was analyzed for searching mutants with impaired microbial antagonism. Three derivates showed diminished antimicrobial activity against a sensitive strain. The mutated loci showed high similarity to the quorum sensing genes of the AHL-synthase and its regulator. Another mutant was affected in a gene coding for a LysrR-type transcriptional regulator. The production of toxoflavin, the most well known antimicrobial-molecule and a major virulence factor of plant-pathogenic B. glumae and B. gladioli was explored. The absence of a yellowish pigment related to toxoflavin and the undetectable transcription of toxA in the mutants indicated the participation of the QS system and of the LysR-type transcriptional regulator in the regulation of toxoflavin. Additionally, those genes were found to be related to the swarming phenotype. Lettuce inoculated with the AHL synthase and the lysR mutants showed less severe symptoms. We present evidence of the participation of both, the quorum sensing and for the first time, of a LysR-type transcriptional regulator in antibiosis and swarming phenotype in a strain of B. gladioli
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Affiliation(s)
- E Seynos-García
- Lab. Ecología Molecular Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edif. IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72570, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - M Castañeda-Lucio
- Lab. Ecología Molecular Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edif. IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72570, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - J Muñoz-Rojas
- Lab. Ecología Molecular Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edif. IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72570, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - L López-Pliego
- Lab. Ecología Molecular Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edif. IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72570, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - M Villalobos
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Sta Inés Tecuexcomac‑Tepetitla, km. 1.5, C.P: 90700 Tepetitla de Lárdizabal, Tlaxcala,Mexico
| | - R Bustillos-Cristales
- Lab. Ecología Molecular Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edif. IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72570, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - L E Fuentes-Ramírez
- Lab. Ecología Molecular Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Edif. IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72570, Puebla, Puebla, México
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Environmental interactions are regulated by temperature in Burkholderia seminalis TC3.4.2R3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5486. [PMID: 30940839 PMCID: PMC6445077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia seminalis strain TC3.4.2R3 is an endophytic bacterium isolated from sugarcane roots that produces antimicrobial compounds, facilitating its ability to act as a biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic bacteria. In this study, we investigated the thermoregulation of B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3 at 28 °C (environmental stimulus) and 37 °C (host-associated stimulus) at the transcriptional and phenotypic levels. The production of biofilms and exopolysaccharides such as capsular polysaccharides and the biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi were enhanced at 28 °C. At 37 °C, several metabolic pathways were activated, particularly those implicated in energy production, stress responses and the biosynthesis of transporters. Motility, growth and virulence in the Galleria mellonella larvae infection model were more significant at 37 °C. Our data suggest that the regulation of capsule expression could be important in virulence against G. mellonella larvae at 37 °C. In contrast, B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3 failed to cause death in infected BALB/c mice, even at an infective dose of 107 CFU.mL-1. We conclude that temperature drives the regulation of gene expression in B. seminalis during its interactions with the environment.
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Sfeir MM. Burkholderia cepacia complex infections: More complex than the bacterium name suggest. J Infect 2018; 77:166-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Magana M, Sereti C, Ioannidis A, Mitchell CA, Ball AR, Magiorkinis E, Chatzipanagiotou S, Hamblin MR, Hadjifrangiskou M, Tegos GP. Options and Limitations in Clinical Investigation of Bacterial Biofilms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00084-16. [PMID: 29618576 PMCID: PMC6056845 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00084-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can form single- and multispecies biofilms exhibiting diverse features based upon the microbial composition of their community and microenvironment. The study of bacterial biofilm development has received great interest in the past 20 years and is motivated by the elegant complexity characteristic of these multicellular communities and their role in infectious diseases. Biofilms can thrive on virtually any surface and can be beneficial or detrimental based upon the community's interplay and the surface. Advances in the understanding of structural and functional variations and the roles that biofilms play in disease and host-pathogen interactions have been addressed through comprehensive literature searches. In this review article, a synopsis of the methodological landscape of biofilm analysis is provided, including an evaluation of the current trends in methodological research. We deem this worthwhile because a keyword-oriented bibliographical search reveals that less than 5% of the biofilm literature is devoted to methodology. In this report, we (i) summarize current methodologies for biofilm characterization, monitoring, and quantification; (ii) discuss advances in the discovery of effective imaging and sensing tools and modalities; (iii) provide an overview of tailored animal models that assess features of biofilm infections; and (iv) make recommendations defining the most appropriate methodological tools for clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Sereti
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, Thriassio General Hospital, Attiki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Courtney A Mitchell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anthony R Ball
- Gliese 623b, Mendon, Massachusetts, USA
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Pepperell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emmanouil Magiorkinis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens-Goudi, Greece
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - George P Tegos
- Gliese 623b, Mendon, Massachusetts, USA
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Pepperell, Massachusetts, USA
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Akita H, Kimura ZI, Yusoff MZM, Nakashima N, Hoshino T. Identification and characterization of Burkholderia multivorans CCA53. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:249. [PMID: 28683814 PMCID: PMC5501517 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A lignin-degrading bacterium, Burkholderia sp. CCA53, was previously isolated from leaf soil. The purpose of this study was to determine phenotypic and biochemical features of Burkholderia sp. CCA53. Results Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis based on fragments of the atpD, gltD, gyrB, lepA, recA and trpB gene sequences was performed to identify Burkholderia sp. CCA53. The MLST analysis revealed that Burkholderia sp. CCA53 was tightly clustered with B. multivorans ATCC BAA-247T. The quinone and cellular fatty acid profiles, carbon source utilization, growth temperature and pH were consistent with the characteristics of B. multivorans species. Burkholderia sp. CCA53 was therefore identified as B. multivorans CCA53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironaga Akita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan.
| | - Zen-Ichiro Kimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kure College, 2-2-11 Aga-minami, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-8506, Japan
| | - Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan.,Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nobutaka Nakashima
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8517, Japan.,Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M6-5 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Hoshino
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan.,Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8517, Japan
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Suppiger A, Schmid N, Aguilar C, Pessi G, Eberl L. Two quorum sensing systems control biofilm formation and virulence in members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Virulence 2014; 4:400-9. [PMID: 23799665 PMCID: PMC3714132 DOI: 10.4161/viru.25338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) consists of 17 closely related species that are problematic opportunistic bacterial pathogens for cystic fibrosis patients and immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria are capable of utilizing two different chemical languages: N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) and cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the underlying molecular architectures of these communication systems, showing how they are interlinked and discussing how they regulate overlapping as well as specific sets of genes. A particular focus is laid on the role of these signaling systems in the formation of biofilms, which are believed to be highly important for chronic infections. We review genes that have been implicated in the sessile lifestyle of this group of bacteria. The new emerging role of the intracellular second messenger cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) as a downstream regulator of the fatty acid signaling cascade and as a key factor in biofilm formation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Suppiger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ibrahim M, Tao Z, Hussain A, Chunlan Y, Ilyas M, Waheed A, Yuan F, Li B, Xie GL. Deciphering the role of Burkholderia cenocepacia membrane proteins in antimicrobial properties of chitosan. Arch Microbiol 2013; 196:9-16. [PMID: 24213809 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan, a versatile derivative of chitin, is widely used as an antimicrobial agent either alone or mixed with other natural polymers. Burkholderia cenocepacia is a multidrug-resistant bacteria and difficult to eradicate. Our previous studies shown that chitosan had strong antibacterial activity against B. cenocepacia. In the current study, we have investigated the molecular aspects for the susceptibility of B. cenocepacia in response to chitosan antibacterial activity. We have conducted RNA expression analysis of drug efflux system by RT-PCR, membrane protein profiling by SDS-PAGE, and by LC-MS/MS analysis following the validation of selected membrane proteins by real-time PCR analysis. By RT-PCR analysis, it was found that orf3, orf9, and orf13 were expressed at detectable levels, which were similar to control, while rest of the orf did not express. Moreover, shotgun proteomics analysis revealed 21 proteins in chitosan-treated cells and 16 proteins in control. Among them 4 proteins were detected as shared proteins under control and chitosan-treated cells and 17 proteins as uniquely identified proteins under chitosan-treated cells. Among the catalog of uniquely identified proteins, there were proteins involved in electron transport chain and ATP synthase, metabolism of carbohydrates and adaptation to atypical conditions proteins which indicate that utilization and pattern of chitosan is diverse which might be responsible for its antibacterial effects on bacteria. Moreover, our results showed that RND drug efflux system, which display the ability to transport a variety of structurally unrelated drugs from a cell and consequently are capable of conferring resistance to a diverse range of chemotherapeutic agents, was not determined to play its role in response to chitosan. It might be lipopolysaccharides interaction with chitosan resulted in the destabilization of membrane protein to membrane lyses to cell death. Membrane proteome analysis were also validated by RT-qPCR analysis, which corroborated our results that of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ibrahim
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Li B, Shan CL, Zhou Q, Fang Y, Wang YL, Xu F, Han LR, Ibrahim M, Guo LB, Xie GL, Sun GC. Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1534-52. [PMID: 23670533 PMCID: PMC3707160 DOI: 10.3390/md11051534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This present study deals with synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde. Results from this study indicated that cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde markedly inhibited the growth of antibiotic-resistant Burkholderia cepacia complex regardless of bacterial species and incubation time while bacterial growth was unaffected by solid chitosan. Furthermore, high temperature treated cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde showed strong antibacterial activity against the selected strain 0901 although the inhibitory effects varied with different temperatures. In addition, physical-chemical and structural characterization revealed that the cross-linking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde resulted in a rougher surface morphology, a characteristic Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) band at 1559 cm−1, a specific X-ray diffraction peak centered at 2θ = 15°, a lower contents of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, and a higher stability of glucose units compared to chitosan based on scanning electron microscopic observation, FTIR spectra, X-ray diffraction pattern, as well as elemental and thermo gravimetric analysis. Overall, this study indicated that cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde is promising to be developed as a new antibacterial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (B.L.); (C.-L.S.); (Q.Z.); (M.I.); (G.-L.X.)
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; E-Mail:
| | - Chang-Lin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (B.L.); (C.-L.S.); (Q.Z.); (M.I.); (G.-L.X.)
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (B.L.); (C.-L.S.); (Q.Z.); (M.I.); (G.-L.X.)
| | - Yuan Fang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yang-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; E-Mail:
| | - Fei Xu
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; E-Mail:
| | - Li-Rong Han
- Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.-R.H.); (L.-B.G.); (G.-C.S.); Tel.: +86-29-87092122 (L.-R.H.); +86-571-63370537 (L.-B.G.); +86-571-86404273 (G.-C.S.)
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (B.L.); (C.-L.S.); (Q.Z.); (M.I.); (G.-L.X.)
| | - Long-Biao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.-R.H.); (L.-B.G.); (G.-C.S.); Tel.: +86-29-87092122 (L.-R.H.); +86-571-63370537 (L.-B.G.); +86-571-86404273 (G.-C.S.)
| | - Guan-Lin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mails: (B.L.); (C.-L.S.); (Q.Z.); (M.I.); (G.-L.X.)
| | - Guo-Chang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.-R.H.); (L.-B.G.); (G.-C.S.); Tel.: +86-29-87092122 (L.-R.H.); +86-571-63370537 (L.-B.G.); +86-571-86404273 (G.-C.S.)
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Utility of insects for studying human pathogens and evaluating new antimicrobial agents. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:1-25. [PMID: 23604210 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Insect models, such as Galleria mellonella and Drosophila melanogaster have significant ethical, logistical, and economic advantages over mammalian models for the studies of infectious diseases. Using these models, various pathogenic microbes have been studied and many novel virulence genes have been identified. Notably, because insects are susceptible to a wide variety of human pathogens and have immune responses similar to those of mammals, they offer the opportunity to understand innate immune responses against human pathogens better. It is important to note that insect pathosystems have also offered a simple strategy to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of many antimicrobial agents. Overall, insect models provide a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable way as complementary hosts to conventional vertebrate animal models to study pathogenesis and antimicrobial agents.
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