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Cao B, Xu Q, Shi Y, Zhao R, Li H, Zheng J, Liu F, Wan Y, Wei B. Pathology of pain and its implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:155. [PMID: 38851750 PMCID: PMC11162504 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01845-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pain is estimated to affect more than 20% of the global population, imposing incalculable health and economic burdens. Effective pain management is crucial for individuals suffering from pain. However, the current methods for pain assessment and treatment fall short of clinical needs. Benefiting from advances in neuroscience and biotechnology, the neuronal circuits and molecular mechanisms critically involved in pain modulation have been elucidated. These research achievements have incited progress in identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this review, we first introduce fundamental knowledge about pain, setting the stage for the subsequent contents. The review next delves into the molecular mechanisms underlying pain disorders, including gene mutation, epigenetic modification, posttranslational modification, inflammasome, signaling pathways and microbiota. To better present a comprehensive view of pain research, two prominent issues, sexual dimorphism and pain comorbidities, are discussed in detail based on current findings. The status quo of pain evaluation and manipulation is summarized. A series of improved and innovative pain management strategies, such as gene therapy, monoclonal antibody, brain-computer interface and microbial intervention, are making strides towards clinical application. We highlight existing limitations and future directions for enhancing the quality of preclinical and clinical research. Efforts to decipher the complexities of pain pathology will be instrumental in translating scientific discoveries into clinical practice, thereby improving pain management from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Qixuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yajiao Shi
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hanghang Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fengyu Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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2
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Nagel J, Törmäkangas O, Kuokkanen K, El-Tayeb A, Messinger J, Abdelrahman A, Bous C, Schiedel AC, Müller CE. Preparation and preliminary evaluation of a tritium-labeled allosteric P2X4 receptor antagonist. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10005-2. [PMID: 38795223 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X4 receptors are ATP-gated cation channels that were proposed as novel drug targets due to their role in inflammation and neuropathic pain. Only few potent and selective P2X4 receptor antagonists have been described to date. Labeled tool compounds suitable for P2X4 receptor binding studies are lacking. Here, we present a novel allosteric P2X4 receptor antagonist possessing high potency in the low nanomolar range. We describe its tritium-labeling resulting in the P2X4-selective radiotracer [3H]PSB-OR-2020 with high specific activity (45 Ci/mmol; 1.67 TBq/mmol). A radioligand binding assay was developed using human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell membranes recombinantly expressing the human P2X4 receptor. Competition binding studies with structurally diverse P2X4 receptor antagonists revealed different allosteric binding sites indicating that the new class of P2X4 receptor antagonists, to which PSB-OR-2020 belongs, interacts with an unprecedented allosteric site. [3H]PSB-OR-2020 may become a useful tool for research on P2X4 receptors and for promoting drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nagel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn, 53121, Germany
| | - Olli Törmäkangas
- Orion Pharma, Orion Corporation, Tengströminkatu 8, FI-20360 Turku, and Orionintie 1A, Espoo, FI- 02200, Finland
| | - Katja Kuokkanen
- Orion Pharma, Orion Corporation, Tengströminkatu 8, FI-20360 Turku, and Orionintie 1A, Espoo, FI- 02200, Finland
| | - Ali El-Tayeb
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn, 53121, Germany
| | - Josef Messinger
- Orion Pharma, Orion Corporation, Tengströminkatu 8, FI-20360 Turku, and Orionintie 1A, Espoo, FI- 02200, Finland
| | - Aliaa Abdelrahman
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn, 53121, Germany
| | - Christiane Bous
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn, 53121, Germany
| | - Anke C Schiedel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn, 53121, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, An der Immenburg 4, Bonn, 53121, Germany.
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3
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Fortuny-Gomez A, Fountain SJ. Pharmacological differences between human and mouse P2X4 receptor explored using old and new tools. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10018-x. [PMID: 38767821 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the P2X4 receptor as a therapeutic target for several cardiovascular, inflammatory and neurological conditions. Key to exploring the physiological and pathophysiological roles of P2X4 is access to selective compounds to probe function in cells, tissues and animal models. There has been a recent growth in selective antagonists for P2X4, though agonist selectivity is less well studied. As there are some known pharmacological differences between P2X receptors from different species, it is important to understand these differences when designing a pharmacological strategy to probe P2X4 function in human tissue and mouse models. Here, we provide a systematic comparison of agonist and antagonist pharmacology in 1321N1 cells expressing either human or mouse P2X4 orthologues. We identify a rank order of agonist potency of ATP > 2-MeSATP > αβmeATP = BzATP > CTP = γ-[(propargyl)-imido]-ATP for human P2X4 and ATP > 2-MeSATP = CTP > ATPγS = γ-[(propargyl)-imido]-ATP = BzATP for mouse. Human P2X4 is not activated by ATPγS but can be activated by αβmeATP. We identify a rank order of antagonist potency of BAY-1797 = PSB-12062 = BX-430 > 5-BDBD > TNP-ATP = PPADS for human P2X4 and BAY-1797 > PSB-12062 = PPADS > TNP-ATP for mouse. Mouse P2X4 is not antagonised by 5-BDBD or BX-430. The study reveals key pharmacological differences between human and mouse P2X4, highlighting caution when selecting tools for comparative studies between human and mouse and ascribing cellular responses of some commonly used agonists to P2X4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fortuny-Gomez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Samuel J Fountain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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4
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Yadalam PK, Natarajan PM, Mosaddad SA, Heboyan A. Graph neural networks-based prediction of drug gene association of P2X receptors in periodontal pain. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2024; 14:335-338. [PMID: 38680473 PMCID: PMC11053325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor, a member of the P2X receptor family, plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, particularly pain perception. Its expression across immune, neuronal, and glial cells facilitates the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, thereby influencing pain development and maintenance, as evidenced by its association with pulpitis in rats. Notably, P2X receptors such as P2X3 and P2X7 are pivotal in dental pain pathways, making them promising targets for novel analgesic interventions. Leveraging graph neural networks (GNNs) presents an innovative approach to model graph data, aiding in the identification of drug targets and prediction of their efficacy, complementing advancements in genomics and proteomics for therapeutic development. In this study, 921 drug-gene interactions involving P2X receptors were accessed through https://www.probes-drugs.org/. These interactions underwent meticulous annotation, preprocessing, and subsequent utilization to train and assess GNNs. Furthermore, leveraging Cytoscape, the CytoHubba plugin, and other bioinformatics tools, gene expression networks were constructed to pinpoint hub genes within these interactions. Through analysis, SLC6A3, SLC6A2, FGF1, GRK2, and PLA2G2A were identified as central hub genes within the context of P2X receptor-mediated drug-gene interactions. Despite achieving a 65 percent accuracy rate, the GNN model demonstrated suboptimal predictive power for gene-drug interactions associated with oral pain. Hence, further refinements and enhancements are imperative to unlock its full potential in elucidating and targeting pathways underlying oral pain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Yadalam
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Prabhu Manickam Natarajan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences and Research, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Artak Heboyan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Biringer RG. Migraine signaling pathways: purine metabolites that regulate migraine and predispose migraineurs to headache. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2813-2848. [PMID: 36947357 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating disorder that afflicts over 1 billion people worldwide, involving attacks that result in a throbbing and pulsating headache. Migraine is thought to be a neurovascular event associated with vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and neuronal activation. Understanding signaling in migraine pathology is central to the development of therapeutics for migraine prophylaxis and for mitigation of migraine in the prodrome phase before pain sets in. The fact that both vasoactivity and neural sensitization are involved in migraine indicates that agonists which promote these phenomena may very well be involved in migraine pathology. One such group of agonists is the purines, in particular, adenosine phosphates and their metabolites. This manuscript explores what is known about the relationship between these metabolites and migraine pathology and explores the potential for such relationships through their known signaling pathways. Reported receptor involvement in vasoaction and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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6
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Kuan YH, Li FA, Cheng SJ, Chang WP, Shyu BC. Modulation of Thalamocingulate Nociceptive Transmission and Glutamate Secretion by Targeting P2×7 Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:1915-1930. [PMID: 37271352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexity and diversity of pain signaling have led to obstacles for prominent treatments due to mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Among adenosine triphosphate (ATP) receptors, P2×7 differs in many respects from P2×1-6, it plays a significant role in various inflammatory pain, but whether it plays a role in noninflammatory pain has not been widely discussed. In this study, we utilized major neuropharmacological methods to record the effects of manipulating P2×7 during nociceptive signal transmission in the thalamocingulate circuits. Our results show that regardless of the specific cell type distribution of P2×7 in the central nervous system (CNS), it participates directly in the generated nociceptive transmission, which indicates its apparent functional existence in the major pain transmission path, the thalamocingulate circuits. Activation of P2×7 may facilitate transmission velocity along the thalamocingulate projection as well as neuron firings and synaptic vesicle release in anterior cingulate cortical neurons. Targeting thalamic P2×7 affects glutamate and ATP secretion during nociceptive signal transmission. PERSPECTIVE: The observations in this study provide evidence that the ATP receptor P2×7 presents in the central ascending pain path and plays a modulatory role during nociceptive transmission, which could contribute new insights for many antinociceptive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hui Kuan
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Jhong Cheng
- Neuro Circuit Electrophysiology Core Facility, Neuroscience Program, Academia Sinica (NPAS), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Peng Chang
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bai-Chuang Shyu
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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7
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Qu SY, Wang HZ, Hu QQ, Ma YQ, Kang YR, Ma LQ, Li X, Chen LH, Liu BY, Shao XM, Liu BY, Du JY, Liang Y, Zhao HL, Jiang YL, Fang JQ, He XF. Electroacupuncture may alleviate diabetic neuropathic pain by inhibiting the microglia P2X4R and neuroinflammation. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09972-9. [PMID: 37870716 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a common and destructive complication of diabetes mellitus. The discovery of effective therapeutic methods for DNP is vitally imperative because of the lack of effective treatments. Although 2 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) was a successful approach for relieving DNP, the mechanism underlying the effect of EA on DNP is still poorly understood. Here, we established a rat model of DNP that was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. P2X4R was upregulated in the spinal cord after STZ-injection. The upregulation of P2X4R was mainly expressed on activated microglia. Intrathecal injection of a P2X4R antagonist or microglia inhibitor attenuated STZ-induced nociceptive thermal hyperalgesia and reduced the overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the spinal cord. We also assessed the effects of EA treatment on the pain hypersensitivities of DNP rats, and further investigated the possible mechanism underlying the analgesic effect of EA. EA relieved the hyperalgesia of DNP. In terms of mechanism, EA reduced the upregulation of P2X4R on activated microglia and decreased BDNF, IL-1β and TNF-α in the spinal cord. Mechanistic research of EA's analgesic impact would be beneficial in ensuring its prospective therapeutic effect on DNP as well as in extending EA's applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ying Qu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han-Zhi Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qun-Qi Hu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Qi Ma
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Rong Kang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Qian Ma
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu-Hang Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo-Yu Liu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Shao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo-Yi Liu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Ying Du
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Li Zhao
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian-Qiao Fang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao-Fen He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Shen C, Zhang Y, Cui W, Zhao Y, Sheng D, Teng X, Shao M, Ichikawa M, Wang J, Hattori M. Structural insights into the allosteric inhibition of P2X4 receptors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6437. [PMID: 37833294 PMCID: PMC10575874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are ATP-activated cation channels, and the P2X4 subtype plays important roles in the immune system and the central nervous system, particularly in neuropathic pain. Therefore, P2X4 receptors are of increasing interest as potential drug targets. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of the zebrafish P2X4 receptor in complex with two P2X4 subtype-specific antagonists, BX430 and BAY-1797. Both antagonists bind to the same allosteric site located at the subunit interface at the top of the extracellular domain. Structure-based mutational analysis by electrophysiology identified the important residues for the allosteric inhibition of both zebrafish and human P2X4 receptors. Structural comparison revealed the ligand-dependent structural rearrangement of the binding pocket to stabilize the binding of allosteric modulators, which in turn would prevent the structural changes of the extracellular domain associated with channel activation. Furthermore, comparison with the previously reported P2X structures of other subtypes provided mechanistic insights into subtype-specific allosteric inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wenwen Cui
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Danqi Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xinyu Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Miaoqing Shao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Muneyoshi Ichikawa
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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9
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Guo CR, Zhang ZZ, Zhou X, Sun MY, Li TT, Lei YT, Gao YH, Li QQ, Yue CX, Gao Y, Lin YY, Hao CY, Li CZ, Cao P, Zhu MX, Rong MQ, Wang WH, Yu Y. Chronic cough relief by allosteric modulation of P2X3 without taste disturbance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5844. [PMID: 37730705 PMCID: PMC10511716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are cation channels that sense extracellular ATP. Many therapeutic candidates targeting P2X receptors have begun clinical trials or acquired approval for the treatment of refractory chronic cough (RCC) and other disorders. However, the present negative allosteric modulation of P2X receptors is primarily limited to the central pocket or the site below the left flipper domain. Here, we uncover a mechanism of allosteric regulation of P2X3 in the inner pocket of the head domain (IP-HD), and show that the antitussive effects of quercetin and PSFL2915 (our nM-affinity P2X3 inhibitor optimized based on quercetin) on male mice and guinea pigs were achieved by preventing allosteric changes of IP-HD in P2X3. While being therapeutically comparable to the newly licensed P2X3 RCC drug gefapixant, quercetin and PSFL2915 do not have an adverse effect on taste as gefapixant does. Thus, allosteric modulation of P2X3 via IP-HD may be a druggable strategy to alleviate RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Run Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zhong-Zhe Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Meng-Yang Sun
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Tian-Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yun-Tao Lei
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yu-Hao Gao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qing-Quan Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Chen-Xi Yue
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yi-Yu Lin
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Cui-Yun Hao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Chang-Zhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Qiang Rong
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Ye Yu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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10
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Zheng G, Ren J, Shang L, Bao Y. Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and regulation of pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 955:175859. [PMID: 37429517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a ubiquitous and highly concerned clinical symptom, usually caused by peripheral or central nervous injury, tissue damage, or other diseases. The long-term existence of pain can seriously affect daily physical function and quality of life and produce great torture on the physiological and psychological levels. However, the complex pathogenesis of pain involving molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways has not been fully elucidated, and managing pain remains highly challenging. As a result, finding new targets to pursue effective and long-term pain treatment strategies is required and urgent. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation and recycling process that maintains tissue homeostasis and energy supply, which can be cytoprotective and is vital in maintaining neural plasticity and proper nervous system function. Much evidence has shown that autophagy dysregulation is linked to the emergence of neuropathic pain, such as postherpetic neuralgia and cancer-related pain. Autophagy has also been connected to pain caused by osteoarthritis and lumbar disc degeneration. It is worth noting that in recent years, studies on traditional Chinese medicine have also proved that several traditional Chinese medicine monomers involve autophagy in the mechanism of pain relief. Therefore, autophagy can serve as a potential regulatory target to provide new ideas and inspiration for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Juanxia Ren
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Lu Shang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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11
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Sophocleous RA, Sluyter R. From dolphins to dogs: new opportunities to understand the role of P2X4 receptors in spinal cord injury and neuropathic pain. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1497-1498. [PMID: 36571351 PMCID: PMC10075128 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reece A Sophocleous
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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12
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Gu YJ, Qian HY, Zhou F, Zhang L, Chen L, Song Y, Chen YN, Zhang HL. Folic acid relieves bone cancer pain by downregulating P2X2/3 receptors in rats. Brain Res 2023; 1811:148405. [PMID: 37164174 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone cancer pain (BCP) remains a clinical challenge due to the limited and side effects of therapeutic methods. Folic acid has been known as an FDA approved dietary supplement and proved to have an analgesic effect in neuropathic pain. Here we investigate the role and mechanism of folic acid in bone cancer pain of a rat model. METHODS Walker 256 tumor cells were inoculated into the left tibia of rats to induce bone cancer pain model. Pain reflex were assessed by paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) response to Von Frey filaments and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) response to thermal stimulation. Folic acid was injected intraperitoneally to evaluate its analgesic effect in rats with bone cancer pain. Western blotting and qPCR were used to determine P2X2/3 receptor protein and mRNA levels in ipsilateral L4-6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn (SDH). RESULTS The PWT and PWL of rats with bone cancer pain were obviously decreased compared to the naïve and sham rats. Interestingly, continuous folic acid treatment significantly increased the PWT and PWL of rats with bone cancer pain. P2X2 and P2X3 receptors were clearly upregulated at both mRNA and protein expression in L4-6 DRG and SDH of rats with bone cancer pain. P2X2 and P2X3 receptors were mainly localized with CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) or IB4 (isolectin B4) positive neurons in L4-6 DRG of rats with bone cancer pain. Notably, continuous folic acid treatment significantly reduced the expression of P2X2 and P2X3 receptors in L4-6 DRG and SDH of rats with bone cancer pain. Finally, intrathecal injection of A317491 (a selective antagonist of P2X2/3 receptors) markedly elevated the PWT and PWL of rats with bone cancer pain. CONCLUSION These results suggest that folic acid has an effective antinociceptive effect on bone cancer pain, which is mediated by downregulating P2X2/3 receptors in L4-6 DRG and SDH of rats with bone cancer pain. Folic acid may be a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer patients for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Juan Gu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - He-Ya Qian
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - Long Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - Ya-Nan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China.
| | - Hai-Long Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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13
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Purinergic receptors mediate endothelial dysfunction and participate in atherosclerosis. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:265-272. [PMID: 34981330 PMCID: PMC9984579 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and involves damage to vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that results in endothelial dysfunction (ED). The vascular endothelium is the key to maintaining blood vessel health and homeostasis. ED is a complex pathological process involving inflammation, shear stress, vascular tone, adhesion of leukocytes to ECs, and platelet aggregation. The activation of P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y2 receptors regulates vascular tone in response to shear stress, while activation of the A2A, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2Y12 receptors promotes the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, P2X1, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptor activation regulates platelet activity. These purinergic receptors mediate ED and participate in atherosclerosis. In short, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y12 receptors are potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.
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14
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Luo Z, Wang T, Zhang Z, Zeng H, Yi M, Li P, Pan J, Zhu C, Lin N, Liang S, Verkhratsky A, Nie H. Polyphyllin VI screened from Chonglou by cell membrane immobilized chromatography relieves inflammatory pain by inhibiting inflammation and normalizing the expression of P2X 3 purinoceptor. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1117762. [PMID: 36865911 PMCID: PMC9971013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1117762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Inflammatory pain is one of the most common diseases in daily life and clinic. In this work, we analysed bioactive components of the traditional Chinese medicine Chonglou and studied mechanisms of their analgesic effects. Material and methods: Molecular docking technology and U373 cells overexpressing P2X3 receptors combined with the cell membrane immobilized chromatography were used to screen possible CL bioactive molecules interacting with the P2X3 receptor. Moreover, we investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Polyphyllin VI (PPIV), in mice with chronic neuroinflammatory pain induced by CFA (complete Freund's adjuvant). Results: The results of cell membrane immobilized chromatography and molecular docking showed that PPVI was one of the effective compounds of Chonglou. In mice with CFA-induced chronic neuroinflammatory pain, PPVI decreased the thermal paw withdrawal latency and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and diminished foot edema. Additionally, in mice with CFA-induced chronic neuroinflammatory pain, PPIV reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and downregulated the expression of P2X3 receptors in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. Conclusion: Our work identifies PPVI as a potential analgesic component in the Chonglou extract. We demonstrated that PPVI reduces pain by inhibiting inflammation and normalizing P2X3 receptor expression in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Luo
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenglang Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hekun Zeng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqin Yi
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Li
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqin Pan
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Alexei Verkhratsky, ; Hong Nie,
| | - Hong Nie
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Alexei Verkhratsky, ; Hong Nie,
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15
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Zheng G, Ren J, Shang L, Bao Y. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway: A Role in Pain Processing. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1611-1630. [PMID: 36738366 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pain, as one of the most prevalent clinical symptoms, is a complex physiological and psychological activity. Long-term severe pain can become unbearable to the body. However, existing treatments do not provide satisfactory results. Therefore, new mechanisms and therapeutic targets need to be urgently explored for pain management. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is crucial in embryonic development, cell differentiation and proliferation, and nervous system regulation. Here, we review the recent studies on the Shh signaling pathway and its action in multiple pain-related diseases. The Shh signaling pathway is dysregulated under various pain conditions, such as pancreatic cancer pain, bone cancer pain, chronic post-thoracotomy pain, pain caused by degenerative lumbar disc disease, and toothache. Further studies on the Shh signaling pathway may provide new therapeutic options for pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangda Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Juanxia Ren
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lu Shang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beixiange 5, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
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16
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Extracellular binding sites of positive and negative allosteric P2X4 receptor modulators. Life Sci 2022; 311:121143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Dong CR, Zhang WJ, Luo HL. Association between P2X3 receptors and neuropathic pain: As a potential therapeutic target for therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113029. [PMID: 35489283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common clinical symptom of various diseases, and it seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. Owing to the complex pathological mechanism of neuropathic pain, clinical treatment of pain is challenging. Therefore, there is growing interest among researchers to explore potential therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain. A large number of studies have shown that development of neuropathic pain is related to nerve conduction and related signaling molecules. P2X3 receptors (P2X3R) are ATP-dependent ion channels that participate in the transmission of neural information and related signaling pathways, sensitize the central nervous system, and play a key role in the development of neuropathic pain. In this paper, we summarized the structure and biological characteristics of the P2X3R gene and discussed the role of P2X3R in the nervous system. Moreover, we outlined the related pathological mechanisms of pain and described the relationship between P2X3R and chronic pain to provide valuable information for development of novel treatment strategies for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Rong Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 343000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 343000, China.
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 343000, China
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18
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Mahmood A, Iqbal J. Purinergic receptors modulators: An emerging pharmacological tool for disease management. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1661-1703. [PMID: 35561109 DOI: 10.1002/med.21888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is mediated through extracellular nucleotides (adenosine 5'-triphosphate, uridine-5'-triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, uridine-5'-diphosphate, and adenosine) that serve as signaling molecules. In the early 1990s, purines and pyrimidine receptors were cloned and characterized drawing the attention of scientists toward this aspect of cellular signaling. This signaling pathway is comprised of four subtypes of adenosine receptors (P1), eight subtypes of G-coupled protein receptors (P2YRs), and seven subtypes of ligand-gated ionotropic receptors (P2XRs). In current studies, the pathophysiology and therapeutic potentials of these receptors have been focused on. Various ligands, modulating the functions of purinergic receptors, are in current clinical practices for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, several purinergic receptors ligands are in advanced phases of clinical trials as a remedy for depression, epilepsy, autism, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and cancers. In the present study, agonists and antagonists of purinergic receptors have been summarized that may serve as pharmacological tools for drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Mahmood
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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19
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Tozaki-Saitoh H, Takeda H, Inoue K. The Role of Microglial Purinergic Receptors in Pain Signaling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061919. [PMID: 35335282 PMCID: PMC8949888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is an essential modality of sensation in the body. Purinergic signaling plays an important role in nociceptive pain transmission, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and is important for communication between both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Microglia and astrocytes express a variety of purinergic effectors, and a variety of receptors play critical roles in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of purinergic signaling and of the compounds that modulate purinergic transmission, with the aim of highlighting the importance of purinergic pathways as targets for the treatment of persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa 831-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-944-32-6137
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa 831-8501, Japan;
| | - Kazuhide Inoue
- Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
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20
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Cui WW, Wang SY, Zhang YQ, Wang Y, Fan YZ, Guo CR, Li XH, Lei YT, Wang WH, Yang XN, Hattori M, Li CZ, Wang J, Yu Y. P2X3-selective mechanism of Gefapixant, a drug candidate for the treatment of refractory chronic cough. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1642-1653. [PMID: 35465163 PMCID: PMC9014320 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which Gefapixant/AF-219 selectively acts on the P2X3 receptor is unclear. The negative allosteric site of AF-219 at P2X3 is also a potent allosteric site for other P2X subtypes. The selectivity of AF-219 for P2X3 is determined by the accessibility of binding site and the internal shape of this pocket. The finding will provide new perspectives for drug design against P2X3-mediated diseases such as RCC.
Gefapixant/AF-219, a selective inhibitor of the P2X3 receptor, is the first new drug other than dextromethorphan to be approved for the treatment of refractory chronic cough (RCC) in nearly 60 years. To date, seven P2X subtypes (P2X1-7) activated by extracellular ATP have been cloned, and subtype selectivity of P2X inhibitors is a prerequisite for reducing side effects. We previously identified the site and mechanism of action of Gefapixant/AF-219 on the P2X3 receptor, which occupies a pocket consisting of the left flipper (LF) and lower body (LB) domains. However, the mechanism by which AF-219 selectively acts on the P2X3 receptor is unknown. Here, we combined mutagenesis, chimera construction, molecular simulations, covalent occupation and chemical synthesis, and find that the negative allosteric site of AF-219 at P2X3 is also present in other P2X subtypes, at least for P2X1, P2X2 and P2X4. By constructing each chimera of AF-219 sensitive P2X3 and insensitive P2X2 subtypes, the insensitive P2X2 subtype was made to acquire the inhibitory properties of AF-219 and AF-353, an analog of AF-219 with higher affinity. Our results suggest that the selectivity of AF-219/AF-353 for P2X3 over the other P2X subtypes is determined by a combination of the accessibility of P2X3 binding site and the internal shape of this pocket, a finding that could provide new perspectives for drug design against P2X3-mediated diseases such as RCC, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hypertension and overactive bladder disorder.
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21
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Vultaggio-Poma V, Falzoni S, Salvi G, Giuliani AL, Di Virgilio F. Signalling by extracellular nucleotides in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119237. [PMID: 35150807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides are released from all cells through regulated pathways or as a result of plasma membrane damage or cell death. Outside the cell, nucleotides act as signalling molecules triggering multiple responses via specific plasma membrane receptors of the P2 family. In the nervous system, purinergic signalling has a key function in neurotransmission. Outside the nervous system, purinergic signalling is one of the major modulators of basal tissue homeostasis, while its dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of various disease, including inflammation and cancer. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence shows that selective P2 agonists or antagonists are effective treatments for many pathologies, thus highlighting the relevance of extracellular nucleotides and P2 receptors as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giada Salvi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Muñoz MF, Griffith TN, Contreras JE. Mechanisms of ATP release in pain: role of pannexin and connexin channels. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:549-561. [PMID: 34792743 PMCID: PMC8677853 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a physiological response to bodily damage and serves as a warning of potential threat. Pain can also transform from an acute response to noxious stimuli to a chronic condition with notable emotional and psychological components that requires treatment. Indeed, the management of chronic pain is currently an important unmet societal need. Several reports have implicated the release of the neurotransmitter adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and subsequent activation of purinergic receptors in distinct pain etiologies. Purinergic receptors are broadly expressed in peripheral neurons and the spinal cord; thus, purinergic signaling in sensory neurons or in spinal circuits may be critical for pain processing. Nevertheless, an outstanding question remains: what are the mechanisms of ATP release that initiate nociceptive signaling? Connexin and pannexin channels are established conduits of ATP release and have been suggested to play important roles in a variety of pathologies, including several models of pain. As such, these large-pore channels represent a new and exciting putative pharmacological target for pain treatment. Herein, we will review the current evidence for a role of connexin and pannexin channels in ATP release during nociceptive signaling, such as neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Collectively, these studies provide compelling evidence for an important role of connexins and pannexins in pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F. Muñoz
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Theanne N. Griffith
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jorge E. Contreras
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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23
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Leduc-Pessah H, Trang T. Tackling the opioid crisis: Novel mechanisms and clinical perspectives. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:5-9. [PMID: 34672010 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Leduc-Pessah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tuan Trang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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24
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Müller CE, Namasivayam V. Recommended tool compounds and drugs for blocking P2X and P2Y receptors. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:633-648. [PMID: 34476721 PMCID: PMC8677864 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article presents a collection of tool compounds that selectively block and are recommended for studying P2Y and P2X receptor subtypes, investigating their roles in physiology and validating them as future drug targets. Moreover, drug candidates and approved drugs for P2 receptors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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BAC transgenic mice to study the expression of P2X2 and P2Y 1 receptors. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:449-465. [PMID: 34050505 PMCID: PMC8410928 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular purines are important signaling molecules involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes via the activation of P2 receptors. Information about the spatial and temporal P2 receptor (P2R) expression and its regulation remains crucial for the understanding of the role of P2Rs in health and disease. To identify cells carrying P2X2Rs in situ, we have generated BAC transgenic mice that express the P2X2R subunits as fluorescent fusion protein (P2X2-TagRFP). In addition, we generated a BAC P2Y1R TagRFP reporter mouse expressing a TagRFP reporter for the P2RY1 gene expression. We demonstrate expression of the P2X2R in a subset of DRG neurons, the brain stem, the hippocampus, as well as on Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. However, the weak fluorescence intensity in our P2X2R-TagRFP mouse precluded tracking of living cells. Our P2Y1R reporter mice confirmed the widespread expression of the P2RY1 gene in the CNS and indicate for the first time P2RY1 gene expression in mouse Purkinje cells, which so far has only been described in rats and humans. Our P2R transgenic models have advanced the understanding of purinergic transmission, but BAC transgenic models appeared not always to be straightforward and permanent reliable. We noticed a loss of fluorescence intensity, which depended on the number of progeny generations. These problems are discussed and may help to provide more successful animal models, even if in future more versatile and adaptable nuclease-mediated genome-editing techniques will be the methods of choice.
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That was then, this is now: the development of our knowledge and understanding of P2 receptor subtypes. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:9-23. [PMID: 33527235 PMCID: PMC7954963 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P2 receptors are present in virtually all tissues and cell types in the human body, and they mediate the physiological and pharmacological actions of extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. They were first characterised and named by Geoff Burnstock in 1978, then subdivided into P2X and P2Y purinoceptors in 1985 on the basis of pharmacological criteria in functional studies on native receptors. Molecular cloning of receptors in the 1990s revealed P2X receptors to comprise seven different subunits that interact to produce functional homo- and heterotrimeric ligand-gated cation channels. A family of eight P2Y G protein–coupled receptors were also cloned, which can form homo- and heterodimers. Deep insight into the molecular mechanisms of agonist and antagonist action has been provided by more recent determination of the tertiary and quaternary structures of several P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes. Agonists and antagonists that are highly selective for individual subtypes are now available and some are in clinical use. This has all come about because of the intelligence, insight and drive of the force of nature that was Geoff Burnstock.
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Kennedy C. The P2Y/P2X divide: How it began. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114408. [PMID: 33444568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides produce their pharmacological effects through P2 receptors. These were first named by Geoff Burnstock in an extensive review in 1978. They were then subdivided into P2X and P2Y purinoceptors by Burnstock and Kennedy in 1985, based on applying pharmacological criteria to data generated by functional studies in smooth muscle tissues. Several other P2 subtypes, P2T, P2Z, P2U and P2D were subsequently identified in the following years, again using pharmacological criteria. The number and identity of subtypes were clarified and simplified by the cloning of seven ATP-sensitive ligand-gated ion channel subunits and eight adenine and/or uracil nucleotide-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors from 1993 onwards. The former were all classified as members of the P2X receptor family and the latter as members of the P2Y receptor family. More recently, high resolution imaging of the tertiary and quaternary structures of several P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes has provided a much greater understanding of how and where agonists and antagonists bind to the receptors and how this leads to changes in receptor conformation and activity. In addition, medicinal chemistry has produced a variety of subtype-selective agonists and antagonists, some of which are now in clinical use. This progress and success is a testimony to the foresight, intelligence, enthusiasm and drive of Geoff Burnstock, who led the field forward throughout his scientific life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland.
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