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Naufel MF, Pedroso AP, de Souza AP, Boldarine VT, Oyama LM, Lo Turco EG, Hachul H, Ribeiro EB, Telles MM. Targeted Analysis of Plasma Polar Metabolites in Postmenopausal Depression. Metabolites 2024; 14:286. [PMID: 38786763 PMCID: PMC11123176 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression will be the disease with the highest incidence worldwide by 2030. Data indicate that postmenopausal women have a higher incidence of mood disorders, and this high vulnerability seems to be related to hormonal changes and weight gain. Although research evaluating the profile of metabolites in mood disorders is advancing, further research, maintaining consistent methodology, is necessary to reach a consensus. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to carry out an exploratory analysis of the plasma polar metabolites of pre- and postmenopausal women to explore whether the profile is affected by depression. The plasma analysis of 50 polar metabolites was carried out in a total of 67 postmenopausal women, aged between 50 and 65 years, either without depression (n = 25) or with depression symptoms (n = 42), which had spontaneous onset of menopause and were not in use of hormone replacement therapy, insulin, or antidepressants; and in 42 healthy premenopausal women (21 without depression and 21 with depression symptoms), aged between 40 and 50 years and who were not in use of contraceptives, insulin, or antidepressants. Ten metabolites were significantly affected by depression symptoms postmenopause, including adenosine (FDR = 3.778 × 10-14), guanosine (FDR = 3.001 × 10-14), proline (FDR = 1.430 × 10-6), citrulline (FDR = 0.0001), lysine (FDR = 0.0004), and carnitine (FDR = 0.0331), which were down-regulated, and dimethylglycine (FDR = 0.0022), glutathione (FDR = 0.0048), creatine (FDR = 0.0286), and methionine (FDR = 0.0484) that were up-regulated. In premenopausal women with depression, oxidized glutathione (FDR = 0.0137) was down-regulated, and dimethylglycine (FDR = 0.0406) and 4-hydroxyproline (FDR = 0.0433) were up-regulated. The present study provided new data concerning the consequences of depression on plasma polar metabolites before and after the establishment of menopause. The results demonstrated that the postmenopausal condition presented more alterations than the premenopausal period and may indicate future measures to treat the disturbances involved in both menopause and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Naufel
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Amanda Paula Pedroso
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Adriana Pereira de Souza
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Valter Tadeu Boldarine
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | | | - Helena Hachul
- Department of Psychobiology, UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil;
- Department Gynaecology, UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane Beraldi Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Mônica Marques Telles
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
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Dos Santos B, Piermartiri T, Tasca CI. The impact of purine nucleosides on neuroplasticity in the adult brain. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-09988-9. [PMID: 38367178 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-09988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the nervous system's ability to adapt and reorganize its cell structures and neuronal networks in response to internal and external stimuli. In adults, this process involves neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and synaptic and neurochemical plasticity. Several studies have reported the significant impact of the purinergic system on neuroplasticity modulation. And, there is considerable evidence supporting the role of purine nucleosides, such as adenosine, inosine, and guanosine, in this process. This review presents extensive research on how these nucleosides enhance the neuroplasticity of the adult central nervous system, particularly in response to damage. The mechanisms through which these nucleosides exert their effects involve complex interactions with various receptors and signaling pathways. Adenosine's influence on neurogenesis involves interactions with adenosine receptors, specifically A1R and A2AR. A1R activation appears to inhibit neuronal differentiation and promote astrogliogenesis, while A2AR activation supports neurogenesis, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Inosine and guanosine positively impact cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and neuritogenesis. Inosine seems to modulate extracellular adenosine levels, and guanosine might act through interactions between purinergic and glutamatergic systems. Additionally, the review discusses the potential therapeutic implications of purinergic signaling in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, emphasizing the importance of these nucleosides in the neuroplasticity of brain function and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tetsade Piermartiri
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Dos Santos RAL, de Lima Reis SR, Gibbert PC, de Arruda CM, Doneda DL, de Matos YAV, Viola GG, Rios Santos F, de Lima E, da Silva Buss Z, Vandresen-Filho S. Guanosine treatment prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 164:296-303. [PMID: 37392719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine is a purinergic nucleoside that has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, mainly through its ability to modulate the glutamatergic system. An increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels triggers the activation of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), leading to glutamatergic excitotoxicity, which has important roles in the pathophysiology of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible antidepressant-like effects and underlying mechanisms of action of guanosine against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression in a mouse model. Mice were orally pre-treated with saline (0.9% NaCl), guanosine (8 or 16 mg/kg), or fluoxetine (30 mg/kg) for 7 days before LPS (0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) injection. One day after LPS injection, mice were subjected to the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open field test (OFT). After the behavioral tests, mice were euthanized and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IDO-1, glutathione, and malondialdehyde in the hippocampus were measured. Pretreatment with guanosine was able to prevent LPS- induced depressive-like behaviors in the TST and FST. In the OFT, no locomotor changes were observed with any treatment. Both guanosine (8 and 16 mg/kg/day) and fluoxetine treatment prevented the LPS-induced increase in TNF-α and IDO expression and lipid peroxidation as well as decrease of reduced glutathione levels in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings suggest that guanosine may have neuroprotective effects against LPS-induced depressive-like behavior through preventing oxidative stress and the expression of IDO-1 and TNF-α in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozielly Aparecida Lemes Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina de Lima Reis
- Laboratório de Investigação, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristiane Gibbert
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria de Arruda
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Diego Luiz Doneda
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Yohan Alves Victor de Matos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Rios Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Eliângela de Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Ziliani da Silva Buss
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Imunologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Samuel Vandresen-Filho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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Zhornitsky S, Oliva HNP, Jayne LA, Allsop ASA, Kaye AP, Potenza MN, Angarita GA. Changes in synaptic markers after administration of ketamine or psychedelics: a systematic scoping review. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1197890. [PMID: 37435405 PMCID: PMC10331617 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1197890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ketamine and psychedelics have abuse liability. They can also induce "transformative experiences" where individuals experience enhanced states of awareness. This enhanced awareness can lead to changes in preexisting behavioral patterns which could be beneficial in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that ketamine and psychedelics may alter markers associated with synaptic density, and that these changes may underlie effects such as sensitization, conditioned place preference, drug self-administration, and verbal memory performance. In this scoping review, we examined studies that measured synaptic markers in animals and humans after exposure to ketamine and/or psychedelics. Methods A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, through PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, and Web of Science, based on a published protocol (Open Science Framework, DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/43FQ9). Both in vivo and in vitro studies were included. Studies on the following synaptic markers were included: dendritic structural changes, PSD-95, synapsin-1, synaptophysin-1, synaptotagmin-1, and SV2A. Results Eighty-four studies were included in the final analyses. Seventy-one studies examined synaptic markers following ketamine treatment, nine examined psychedelics, and four examined both. Psychedelics included psilocybin/psilocin, lysergic acid diethylamide, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, and ibogaine/noribogaine. Mixed findings regarding synaptic changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been reported when ketamine was administered in a single dose under basal conditions. Similar mixed findings were seen under basal conditions in studies that used repeated administration of ketamine. However, studies that examined animals during stressful conditions found that a single dose of ketamine counteracted stress-related reductions in synaptic markers in the hippocampus and PFC. Repeated administration of ketamine also counteracted stress effects in the hippocampus. Psychedelics generally increased synaptic markers, but results were more consistently positive for certain agents. Conclusion Ketamine and psychedelics can increase synaptic markers under certain conditions. Heterogeneous findings may relate to methodological differences, agents administered (or different formulations of the same agent), sex, and type of markers. Future studies could address seemingly mixed results by using meta-analytical approaches or study designs that more fully consider individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Henrique N. P. Oliva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Laura A. Jayne
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Aza S. A. Allsop
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Alfred P. Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Hartford, CT, United States
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Gustavo A. Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
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Lei C, Li N, Chen J, Wang Q. Hypericin Ameliorates Depression-like Behaviors via Neurotrophin Signaling Pathway Mediating m6A Epitranscriptome Modification. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093859. [PMID: 37175269 PMCID: PMC10179818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericin, one of the major antidepressant constituents of St. John's wort, was shown to exert antidepressant effects by affecting cerebral CYP enzymes, serotonin homeostasis, and neuroinflammatory signaling pathways. However, its exact mechanisms are unknown. Previous clinical studies reported that the mRNA modification N6-methyladenosine (m6A) interferes with the neurobiological mechanism in depressed patients, and it was also found that the antidepressant efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) is related to m6A modifications. Therefore, we hypothesize that the antidepressant effect of hypericin may relate to the m6A modification of epitranscriptomic regulation. We constructed a UCMS mouse depression model and found that hypericin ameliorated depressive-like behavior in UCMS mice. Molecular pharmacology experiments showed that hypericin treatment upregulated the expression of m6A-modifying enzymes METTL3 and WTAP in the hippocampi of UCMS mice. Next, we performed MeRIP-seq and RNA-seq to study m6A modifications and changes in mRNA expression on a genome-wide scale. The genome-wide m6A assay and MeRIP-qPCR results revealed that the m6A modifications of Akt3, Ntrk2, Braf, and Kidins220 mRNA were significantly altered in the hippocampi of UCMS mice after stress stimulation and were reversed by hypericin treatment. Transcriptome assays and qPCR results showed that the Camk4 and Arhgdig genes might be related to the antidepressant efficacy of hypericin. Further gene enrichment results showed that the differential genes were mainly involved in neurotrophic factor signaling pathways. In conclusion, our results show that hypericin upregulates m6A methyltransferase METTL3 and WTAP in the hippocampi of UCMS mice and stabilizes m6A modifications to exert antidepressant effects via the neurotrophin signaling pathway. This suggests that METTL3 and WTAP-mediated changes in m6A modifications may be a potential mechanism for the pathogenesis of depression and the efficacy of antidepressants, and that the neurotrophin signaling pathway plays a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Lei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qingzhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Kukuia KK, Appiah F, Dugbartey GJ, Takyi YF, Amoateng P, Amponsah SK, Adi-Dako O, Koomson AE, Ayertey F, Adutwum-Ofosu KK. Extract of Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll. Arg. increased prefrontal cortex dendritic spine density and serotonin and attenuated para-chlorophenylalanine-aggravated aggressive and depressive behaviors in mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:962549. [PMID: 36386158 PMCID: PMC9649488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: Depression-related aggression is linked to serotonin (5-HT) and dendritic spine alterations. Although Mallotus oppositifolius extract (MOE) has potential for reducing this effect, its specific role remains uncertain. Herein, we evaluated this potential and associated alterations in the brain. Methods: A standard resident-intruder model of para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA)-induced depression-associated aggression in male ICR mice was used. The resident mice received pCPA (300 mg/kg, i. p.) for 3 consecutive days while saline-treated mice served as negative control. The pCPA aggressive mice were subsequently treated orally with either MOE (30, 100, 300 mg/kg), fluoxetine (20 mg/kg), tryptophan (20 mg/kg) or saline (untreated pCPA group) for 28 days. Locomotor activity was assessed using open field test. Serotonin (5-HT) levels in mice brain and phytochemical fingerprint of MOE were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify constituents of MOE. Dendritic spine density and morphology were evaluated using Golgi-Cox staining technique and analyzed with ImageJ and Reconstruct software. Results: Administration of pCPA induced aggressive behavior in mice, evidenced by increased attack behaviors (increased number and duration of attacks), which positively correlated with squeaking and tail rattling. MOE treatment significantly reduced these characteristics of aggression in comparison with vehicle (non-aggressive) and untreated pCPA groups (p < 0.001), and also reduced social exploration behavior. Although the behavioral effects of MOE were comparable to those of fluoxetine and tryptophan, these effects were quicker compared to fluoxetine and tryptophan. Additionally, MOE also markedly increased 5-HT concentration and dendritic spine density in the prefrontal cortex relative to vehicle and untreated pCPA groups (p < 0.05). Interestingly, these behavioral effects were produced without compromising locomotor activity. GC-MS analysis of the MOE identified 17 known compounds from different chemical classes with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective and antidepressant activities, which may have contributed to its anti-aggressive effect. Conclusion: MOE decreased depression-associated aggressive behavior in mice via increased 5-HT concentration and dendritic spine density in the prefrontal cortex. The MOE-mediated effects were faster than those of fluoxetine and tryptophan. Our finding suggests that MOE may have clinical promise in decreasing aggressive and depressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy K.E. Kukuia
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- *Correspondence: Kennedy K.E. Kukuia, ; Kevin K. Adutwum-Ofosu,
| | - Frimpong Appiah
- Department of Community Health and Medicine, School of Food and Health Sciences, Anglican University College of Technology, Nkoranza, Ghana
| | - George J. Dugbartey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw F. Takyi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Patrick Amoateng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seth K. Amponsah
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ofosua Adi-Dako
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Awo E. Koomson
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frederick Ayertey
- Department of Phytochemistry, Center for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akuapem, Ghana
| | - Kevin K. Adutwum-Ofosu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- *Correspondence: Kennedy K.E. Kukuia, ; Kevin K. Adutwum-Ofosu,
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Camargo A, Bettio LEB, Rosa PB, Rosa JM, Altê GA, Rodrigues ALS. The antidepressant-like effect of guanosine involves the modulation of adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptors. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09898-8. [PMID: 36166131 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine has been considered a promising candidate for antidepressant responses, but if this nucleoside could modulate adenosine A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR) receptors to exert antidepressant-like actions remains to be elucidated. This study investigated the role of A1R and A2AR in the antidepressant-like response of guanosine in the mouse tail suspension test and molecular interactions between guanosine and A1R and A2AR by docking analysis. The acute (60 min) administration of guanosine (0.05 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased the immobility time in the tail suspension test, without affecting the locomotor performance in the open-field test, suggesting an antidepressant-like effect. This behavioral response was paralleled with increased A1R and reduced A2AR immunocontent in the hippocampus, but not in the prefrontal cortex, of mice. Guanosine-mediated antidepressant-like effect was not altered by the pretreatment with caffeine (3 mg/kg, i.p., a non-selective adenosine A1R/A2AR antagonist), 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX - 2 mg/kg, i.p., a selective adenosine A1R antagonist), or 4-(2-[7-amino-2-{2-furyl}{1,2,4}triazolo-{2,3-a}{1,3,5}triazin-5-yl-amino]ethyl)-phenol (ZM241385 - 1 mg/kg, i.p., a selective adenosine A2AR antagonist). However, the antidepressant-like response of guanosine was completely abolished by adenosine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p., a non-selective adenosine A1R/A2AR agonist), N-6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA - 0.05 mg/kg, i.p., a selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist), and N-6-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(methylphenyl)ethyl]adenosine (DPMA - 0.1 mg/kg, i.p., a selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist). Finally, docking analysis also indicated that guanosine might interact with A1R and A2AR at the adenosine binding site. Overall, this study reinforces the antidepressant-like of guanosine and unveils a previously unexplored modulation of the modulation of A1R and A2AR in its antidepressant-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Camargo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, FlorianopolisSanta Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Luis E B Bettio
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, FlorianopolisSanta Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Priscila B Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, FlorianopolisSanta Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Julia M Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, FlorianopolisSanta Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Glorister A Altê
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, FlorianopolisSanta Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, FlorianopolisSanta Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Tang R, Cao QQ, Hu SW, He LJ, Du PF, Chen G, Fu R, Xiao F, Sun YR, Zhang JC, Qi Q. Sulforaphane activates anti-inflammatory microglia, modulating stress resilience associated with BDNF transcription. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:829-839. [PMID: 34272506 PMCID: PMC8976037 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is an organic isothiocyanate and an NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) inducer that exerts prophylactic effects on depression-like behavior in mice. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin, is widely accepted for its antidepressant effects and role in stress resilience. Here, we show that SFN confers stress resilience via BDNF upregulation and changes in abnormal dendritic spine morphology in stressed mice, which is accompanied by rectifying the irregular levels of inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that SFN activated Nrf2 to promote BDNF transcription by binding to the exon I promoter, which is associated with increased Nrf2, and decreased methyl-CpG binding protein-2 (MeCP2), a transcriptional suppressor of BDNF, in BV2 microglial cells. Furthermore, SFN inhibited the pro-inflammatory phenotype and activated the anti-inflammatory phenotype of microglia, which was associated with increased Nrf2 and decreased MeCP2 expression in microglia of stressed mice. Hence, our findings support that Nrf2 induces BDNF transcription via upregulation of Nrf2 and downregulation of MeCP2 in microglia, which is associated with changes in the morphology of damaged dendritic spines in stressed mice. Meanwhile, the data presented here provide evidence for the application of SFN as a candidate for the prevention and intervention of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XSchool of Medicine, Xi-an Medicine College, Xi-an, 710000 China
| | - Qian-qian Cao
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Sheng-wei Hu
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Lu-juan He
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Peng-fei Du
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, 4564496 China
| | - Gang Chen
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548School of traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Rao Fu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Fei Xiao
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yi-rong Sun
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Ji-chun Zhang
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Qi Qi
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Clinical Translational Center for Targeted Drug, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
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9
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Camargo A, Dalmagro AP, Wolin IAV, Siteneski A, Zeni ALB, Rodrigues ALS. A low-dose combination of ketamine and guanosine counteracts corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior and hippocampal synaptic impairments via mTORC1 signaling. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110371. [PMID: 34089815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine exhibits rapid and sustained antidepressant responses, but its repeated use may cause adverse effects. Augmentation strategies have been postulated to be useful for the management/reduction of ketamine's dose and its adverse effects. Based on the studies that have suggested that ketamine and guanosine may share overlapping mechanisms of action, the present study investigated the antidepressant-like effect of subthreshold doses of ketamine and guanosine in mice subjected to repeated administration of corticosterone (CORT) and the role of mTORC1 signaling for this effect. The ability of the treatment with ketamine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) plus guanosine (0.01 mg/kg, p.o.) to counteract the depressive-like behavior induced by CORT (20 mg/kg, p.o., for 21 days) in mice, was paralleled with the prevention of the CORT-induced reduction on BDNF levels, Akt (Ser473) and GSK-3β (Ser9) phosphorylation, and PSD-95, GluA1, and synapsin immunocontent in the hippocampus. No changes on mTORC1 and p70S6K immunocontent were found in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of any experimental group. No alterations on BDNF, Akt/GSK-3β, mTORC1/p70S6K, and synaptic proteins were observed in the prefrontal cortex of mice. The antidepressant-like and pro-synaptogenic effects elicited by ketamine plus guanosine were abolished by the pretreatment with rapamycin (0.2 nmol/site, i.c.v., a selective mTORC1 inhibitor). Our results showed that the combined administration of ketamine and guanosine at low doses counteracted CORT-induced depressive-like behavior and synaptogenic disturbances by activating mTORC1 signaling. This study supports the notion that the combined administration of guanosine and ketamine may be a useful therapeutic strategy for the management of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Camargo
- Neuroscience Postgraduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dalmagro
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Bioactive Substances, Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Ingrid A V Wolin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Siteneski
- Neuroscience Postgraduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia B Zeni
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Bioactive Substances, Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89030-903, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Neuroscience Postgraduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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10
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Camargo A, Dalmagro AP, Fraga DB, Rosa JM, Zeni ALB, Kaster MP, Rodrigues ALS. Low doses of ketamine and guanosine abrogate corticosterone-induced anxiety-related behavior, but not disturbances in the hippocampal NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2555-2568. [PMID: 34342672 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Guanosine has been shown to potentiate ketamine's antidepressant-like actions, although its ability to augment the anxiolytic effect of ketamine remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the anxiolytic-like effects of a single administration with low doses of ketamine and/or guanosine in mice subjected to chronic administration of corticosterone and the role of NLRP3-driven signaling. METHODS Corticosterone (20 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered for 21 days, followed by a single administration of ketamine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), guanosine (0.01 mg/kg, p.o.), or ketamine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) plus guanosine (0.01 mg/kg, p.o.). Anxiety-like behavior and NLRP3-related targets were analyzed 24 h following treatments. RESULTS Corticosterone reduced the time spent in the open arms and the central zone in the elevated plus-maze test and open-field test, respectively. Corticosterone raised the number of unsupported rearings and the number and time of grooming, and decreased the latency to start grooming in the open-field test. Disturbances in regional distribution (increased rostral grooming) and grooming transitions (increased aborted and total incorrect transitions) were detected in corticosterone-treated mice. These behavioral alterations were accompanied by increased immunocontent of Iba-1, ASC, NLRP3, caspase-1, TXNIP, and IL-1β in the hippocampus, but not in the prefrontal cortex. The treatments with ketamine, guanosine, and ketamine plus guanosine were effective to counteract corticosterone-induced anxiety-like phenotype, but not disturbances in the hippocampal NLRP3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel evidence that low doses of ketamine and/or guanosine reverse corticosterone-induced anxiety-like behavior and shows that the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway is likely unrelated to this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Camargo
- Center of Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Postgraduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dalmagro
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Bioactive Substances, Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, 89030-903, Brazil
| | - Daiane B Fraga
- Center of Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Postgraduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Julia M Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia B Zeni
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Bioactive Substances, Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, 89030-903, Brazil
| | - Manuella P Kaster
- Center of Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Postgraduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Center of Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Postgraduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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11
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Zhang L, Tang M, Xie X, Zhao Q, Hu N, He H, Liu G, Huang S, Peng C, Xiao Y, You Z. Ginsenoside Rb1 induces a pro-neurogenic microglial phenotype via PPARγ activation in male mice exposed to chronic mild stress. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:171. [PMID: 34372875 PMCID: PMC8353817 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-inflammatory approaches are emerging as a new strategy for the treatment of depressive disorders. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), a major component of Panax ginseng, can inhibit inflammatory cascade and alleviate depressive-like behaviors. Microglia can promote or inhibit adult hippocampal neurogenesis according to their functional phenotypes. Here, we examine whether GRb1 may exert antidepressant effects by promoting a pro-neurogenic phenotype of microglia and thereby increasing neurogenesis. Methods The antidepressant effects of GRb1 or the licensed antidepressant imipramine (IMI) were assessed in chronic mild stress (CMS)-exposed male mice. The depressive-like behaviors of mice were evaluated by sucrose preference test, forced swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST). The microglial phenotypes were identified by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and morphological properties, analyzed by RT-qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. The effect of GRb1-treated microglia on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo and in vitro was detected using immunofluorescence staining. Results Behavioral assessment indicated that GRb1 or IMI treatment alleviated depressive-like behaviors in CMS-exposed mice. Immunofluorescence examination demonstrated that GRb1 induced a pro-neurogenic phenotype of microglia via activating PPARγ in vivo and in vitro, which were effectively reversed by the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. In addition, GRb1-treated microglia increased the proliferation and differentiation of neural precursor cells. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that GRb1 alleviated depressive-like behaviors of CMS-exposed male mice mainly through PPARγ-mediated microglial activation and improvement of adult hippocampus neurogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02185-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Mental Health Center of Chengdu, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Minmin Tang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Mental Health Center of Chengdu, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiuying Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Mental Health Center of Chengdu, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Nan Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Mental Health Center of Chengdu, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Hui He
- School of Life Science and Technology, Mental Health Center of Chengdu, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Gangcai Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Mental Health Center of Chengdu, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Mental Health Center of Chengdu, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
| | - Zili You
- School of Life Science and Technology, Mental Health Center of Chengdu, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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12
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Almeida RF, Nonose Y, Ganzella M, Loureiro SO, Rocha A, Machado DG, Bellaver B, Fontella FU, Leffa DT, Pettenuzzo LF, Venturin GT, Greggio S, da Costa JC, Zimmer ER, Elisabetsky E, Souza DO. Antidepressant-Like Effects of Chronic Guanosine in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Mouse Model. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:701408. [PMID: 34421682 PMCID: PMC8371253 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.701408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) leads to pervasive changes in the health of afflicted patients. Despite advances in the understanding of MDD and its treatment, profound innovation is needed to develop fast-onset antidepressants with higher effectiveness. When acutely administered, the endogenous nucleoside guanosine (GUO) shows fast-onset antidepressant-like effects in several mouse models, including the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rodent model. OBX is advocated to possess translational value and be suitable to assess the time course of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This study aimed at investigating the long-term behavioral and neurochemical effects of GUO in a mouse model of depression induced by bilateral bulbectomy (OBX). Mice were submitted to OBX and, after 14 days of recovery, received daily (ip) administration of 7.5 mg/kg GUO or 40 mg/kg imipramine (IMI) for 45 days. GUO and IMI reversed the OBX-induced hyperlocomotion and recognition memory impairment, hippocampal BDNF increase, and redox imbalance (ROS, NO, and GSH levels). GUO also mitigated the OBX-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-10). Brain microPET imaging ([18F]FDG) shows that GUO also prevented the OBX-induced increase in hippocampal FDG metabolism. These results provide additional evidence for GUO antidepressant-like effects, associated with beneficial neurochemical outcomes relevant to counteract depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Farina Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Yasmine Nonose
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Neurobiology Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samanta Oliveira Loureiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andréia Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniele Guilhermano Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bellaver
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Urruth Fontella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas T Leffa
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Pettenuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gianina Teribele Venturin
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samuel Greggio
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departament of Pharmacology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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