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James SN, Sengar A, Vijayanandan A. Investigating the biodegradability of iodinated X-ray contrast media in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification system. J Hazard Mater 2023; 452:131196. [PMID: 36940530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the biodegradation of three iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM), namely, iopamidol, iohexol, and iopromide, in simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) system maintained in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The results showed that variable aeration patterns (anoxic-aerobic-anoxic) and micro-aerobic condition were most effective in the biotransformation of ICM while achieving organic carbon and nitrogen removal. The highest removal efficiencies of iopamidol, iohexol, and iopromide were 48.24%, 47.75%, and 57.46%, respectively, in micro-aerobic condition. Iopamidol was highly resistant to biodegradation and possessed the lowest Kbio value, followed by iohexol and iopromide, regardless of operating conditions. The removal of iopamidol and iopromide was affected by the inhibition of nitrifiers. The transformation products after hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and deiodination of ICM were detected in the treated effluent. Due to the addition of ICM, the abundance of denitrifier genera Rhodobacter and Unclassified Comamonadaceae increased, and the abundance of class TM7-3 decreased. The presence of ICM affected the microbial dynamics, and the diversity of microbes in SND resulted in improving the biodegradability of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan N James
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashish Sengar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arya Vijayanandan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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2
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Zhou N, Liu H, Yang X, Watson P, Yang F. Disinfection byproducts of iopamidol, iohexol, diatrizoate and their distinct acute toxicity on Scenedesmus sp., Daphnia magna and Danio rerio. Chemosphere 2023; 333:138885. [PMID: 37209847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increasing the usage of iodinated contrast media (ICM), and thus an increase in the prevalence of ICM-contaminated wastewater. While ICM is generally safe, this has the potential to be problematic because as medical wastewater is treated and disinfected, various ICM-derived disinfection byproducts (DBPs) may be generated and released into the environment. However, little information was available about whether ICM-derived DBPs are toxic to aquatic organisms. In this study, the degradation of three typical ICM (iopamidol, iohexol, diatrizoate) at initial concentration of 10 μM and 100 μM in chlorination and peracetic acid without or with NH4+ was investigated, and the potential acute toxicity of treated disinfected water containing potential ICM-derived DBPs on Daphnia magna, Scenedesmus sp. and Danio rerio was tested. The degradation results suggested that only iopamidol was significantly degraded (level of degradation >98%) by chlorination, and the degradation rate of iohexol and diatrizoate were significantly increased in chlorination with NH4+. All three ICM were not degraded in peracetic acid. The toxicity analysis results indicate that only the disinfected water of iopamidol and iohexol by chlorination with NH4+ were toxic to at least one aquatic organism. These results highlighted that the potential ecological risk of ICM-contained medical wastewater by chlorination with NH4+ should not be neglected, and peracetic acid may be an environment-friendly alternative for the disinfection of wastewater containing ICM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xianhai Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Peter Watson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06268, CT, United States
| | - Feifei Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06268, CT, United States
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Svendsen SB, Rebien Jørgensen L, Liang C, Carvalho PN, Bendix Larsen S, Bester K. Mechanistic studies on the effect of easy degradable carbon on pharmaceuticals removal in intermittently fed moving bed biofilm reactors. Bioresour Technol 2023; 380:129084. [PMID: 37100298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to provide for the first time systematic data on how intermittent feeding with carbon (ethanol) affects the kinetics of pharmaceuticals degradation in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The relationship between the degradation rate constants (K) of 36 pharmaceuticals and the length of famine was tested with 12 different feast-famine ratios: For 17 pharmaceuticals, intermittent feeding increased K with a factor of 3-17, while for six other pharmaceuticals, it decreased K. Concerning intermittent loading, three dependencies were detected: 1) for some compounds (e.g., valsartan, ibuprofen, iohexol), the K decreased linearly with carbon loading, 2) for three compounds (2 sulfonamides and benzotriazole) K increased linearly with carbon loading 3) for most compounds (e.g., beta blockers, macrocyclic antibiotics, candesartan, citalopram, clindamycin, gabapentin) K had a maximum around 6 d famine (with 2 d feast). Optimizing processes on MBBRs need therefore be conducted based on a prioritization of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sif B Svendsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, DK, Denmark
| | - Lucas Rebien Jørgensen
- Institute for Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, DK, Denmark; Kalundborg Utility, Dokhavnsvej 15, 4400 Kalundborg, DK, Denmark
| | - Chuanzhou Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, DK, Denmark; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, DK, Denmark
| | - Sille Bendix Larsen
- Kalundborg Utility, Dokhavnsvej 15, 4400 Kalundborg, DK, Denmark; Novozymes, Hallas Alle 1, 4400 Kalundborg, DK, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, DK, Denmark.
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Sengar A, Vijayanandan A. Fate and removal of iodinated X-ray contrast media in membrane bioreactor: Microbial dynamics and effects of different operational parameters. Sci Total Environ 2023; 869:161827. [PMID: 36708825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) are mainly used in medical sector, and their presence in environmental waters is a cause of concern as they are capable of forming highly toxic iodinated disinfection byproducts. In the present study, the removal mechanisms of the three ICM- iohexol, iopromide, and iopamidol were elucidated in a lab-scale aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR). At steady-state operation (solids retention time (SRT)- 70 days, organic loading rate (OLR)- 0.80 KgCOD/m3-day, nitrogen loading rate (NLR)- 0.08 KgNH4-N/m3-day, hydraulic retention time (HRT)- 12 h), the average removal of iohexol and iopromide was found to be 34.9 and 45.2 %, respectively, whereas iopamidol proved to be highly recalcitrant in aerobic conditions of the MBR (removal <10 % in all phases of the MBR operation). Further, through batch kinetic studies and mass balance analysis, it was observed that ICM were primarily biotransformed in the MBR system and biosorption (Kd < 10 L/Kg) was negligible. The biodegradation rate coefficient values (Kbiol) of the ICM were found to be <0.65 L/g-d which indicate that biotransformation rate of ICM was slow. Increased OLR (1.60 KgCOD/m3-day) and reduced SRT (20 days) were found to negatively affect the removal of the ICM. Further, the removal of ICM was found to depend on its initial concentration, and the increment in the ammonium loading (0.16 KgNH4-N/m3-day) did not favor its removal. The dosing of ICM altered the microbial dynamics of the mixed liquor and reduced the microbial diversity and richness. Bdellovibrio, Zoogloea, and bacteria belonging to TM7-3 class, Cryomorphaceae and Hyphomonadaceae families may contribute in ICM biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sengar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arya Vijayanandan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), New Delhi 110016, India.
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Li R, Liang C, Svendsen SB, Kisielius V, Bester K. Sartan blood pressure regulators in classical and biofilm wastewater treatment - Concentrations and metabolism. Water Res 2023; 229:119352. [PMID: 36450176 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sartans are a group of pharmaceuticals widely used to regulate blood pressure. Their concentration levels were monitored in 80 wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in the Baltic Sea Region, reached from limit of detection up to 6 µg/L. The concentrations were significantly different in different countries, but consistent within the respective country. The degradation of sartans (losartan, valsartan, irbesartan) in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) that utilize biofilms grown on mobile carriers to treat wastewater was investigated for the first time, and compared with the degradation in a conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment plant. The results showed the formation of six microbial transformation products (TPs) of losartan, four of valsartan, and four of irbesartan in biological wastewater treatment. Four of these metabolites have not been described in the literature before. Chemical structures were suggested and selected TPs were verified and quantified depending on availability of true standards. Valsartan acid was a common TP of losartan, valsartan, and irbesartan. Losartan and irbesartan also shared one TP: losartan/irbesartan TP335. Based on the mass balance analysis, losartan carboxylic acid is the main TP of losartan, and valsartan acid is the main TP of valsartan during the biotransformation process. For irbesartan, TP447 is likely to be the main TP, as its peak areas were two orders of magnitude higher than those of all the other detected TPs of this compound. The effects of adapting biofilms to different biological oxygen demand (BOD) loading on the degradation of sartans as well as the formation of their TPs were investigated. Compared to feeding a poor substrate (pure effluent wastewater from a CAS), feeding with richer substrate (1/3 raw and 2/3 effluent wastewater) promoted the metabolism of most compounds (co-metabolization). However, the addition of raw wastewater inhibited some metabolic pathways of other compounds, such as from losartan/irbesartan to TP335 (competitive inhibition). The formation of irbesartan TP447 did not change with or without raw wastewater. Finally, the sartans and their TPs were investigated in a full-scale CAS wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The removal of losartan, valsartan, and irbesartan ranged from 3.0 % to 72% and some of the transformation products (TPs) from human metabolism were also removed in the WWTP. However, some of the sartan TPs, i.e., valsartan acid, losartan carboxylic acid, irbesartan TP443 and losartan TP453, were formed in the WWTP. Relative high amounts of especially losartan carboxylic acid, which was detected with concentrations up to 2.27 µg/L were found in the effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Chuanzhou Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sif B Svendsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Vaidotas Kisielius
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
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Kisukuri CM, Bednarz RJ, Kampf C, Arndt S, Waldvogel SR. Robust and Self-Cleaning Electrochemical Production of Periodate. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200874. [PMID: 35670517 PMCID: PMC9546426 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Periodate, a platform oxidizer, can be electrochemically recycled in a self-cleaning process. Electrosynthesis of periodate is well established at boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes. However, recovered iodate and other iodo species for recycling can contain traces of organic impurities from previous applications. For the first time, it was shown that the organic impurities do not hamper the electrochemical re-oxidation of used periodate. In a hydroxyl-mediated environment, the organic compounds form CO2 and H2 O during the degradation process. This process is often referred to as "cold combustion" and provides orthogonal conditions to periodate synthesis. To demonstrate the strategy, different dyes, pharmaceutically active ingredients, and iodine compounds were added as model contaminations into the process of electrochemical periodate production. UV/Vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to monitor the degradation of organic molecules, and liquid chromatography-MS was used to control the purity of periodate. As a representative example, dimethyl 5-iodoisophthalate (2 mm), was degraded in 90, 95, and 99 % while generating 0.042, 0.054, and 0.082 kilo equiv. of periodate, respectively. In addition, various organic iodo compounds could be fed into the periodate generation for upcycling such iodo-containing waste, for example, contrast media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M. Kisukuri
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | | | - Christopher Kampf
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Sebastian Arndt
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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Hou M, Li X, Fu Y, Wang L, Lin D, Wang Z. Degradation of iodinated X-ray contrast media by advanced oxidation processes: A literature review with a focus on degradation pathways. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Cheng X, Ji Q, Sun D, Zhang J, Chen X, He H, Li S, Yang S, Zhang L. A comparative study on adsorption behavior of iodinated X-ray contrast media iohexol and amidotrizoic acid by magnetic-activated carbon. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:45404-45420. [PMID: 35147873 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As persistent and ubiquitous contaminants in water, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) pose a non-negligible risk to the environment and human health. In this study, we investigated the adsorption behavior of two typical ICM compounds, iohexol (IOH) and amidotrizoic acid (DTZ), on magnetic activated carbon. Theoretical investigations, using density functional theory, identified the molecule structures and calculated the molecular diameters of IOH (1.68 nm) and DTZ (1.16 nm), which revealed that ICM could be adsorbed by mesopores and larger micropores. Therefore, magnetic activated carbon with a porous structure was prepared by the co-precipitation method to investigate the adsorption mechanism of IOH and DTZ. MAC--5 (magnetic activated carbon with a theoretical iron oxide content of 37%) showed the best adsorption ability for both IOH and DTZ, with maximum adsorption capacities of 86.05 and 43.00 mg g-1, respectively. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were applied to explore the mechanisms involved, and the effects of solution pH, initial concentration, temperature, ionic strength, and natural organic matter were also investigated. The pore filling effect, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction, were found to be the main adsorption mechanisms. The co-adsorption data showed that competition may occur in ICM coexisting environments. Interestingly, the used MAC--5 could be successfully regenerated and its adsorption efficiency did not decrease significantly after five cycles, indicating that it is a promising adsorbent for ICM. The results from this study provide some new insights for the treatment of water containing ICM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyi Ji
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunyu Sun
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
- College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian, 354300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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Lopez-Prieto IJ, Park M, AzadiAghdam M, Pan H, Jones SL, Snyder SA. Formation and control of disinfection by-products from iodinated contrast media attenuation through sequential treatment processes of ozone-low pressure ultraviolet light followed by chlorination. Chemosphere 2021; 278:130394. [PMID: 34126675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Different groups of disinfection by-products (DBPs) were studied through the degradation of iopamidol by the sequential oxidation process of ozone-low pressure ultraviolet light (O3-LPUV) followed by chlorination. This paper investigates the attenuation of iopamidol under this sequential treatment and the effect of chlorine contact time (30 min versus 3 days) to control the formation potential of DBPs: trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetamides (HAMs). Thirty target DBPs among the 9 iodinated-DBPs (I-DBPs), were monitored throughout the sequential treatment. Results showed that O3-LPUV removed up to 99% of iopamidol, while ozone and LPUV alone removed only 90% and 76% respectively. After chlorine addition, O3-LPUV yielded 56% lower I-DBPs than LPUV. Increasing chlorine contact time resulted in higher concentrations of all DBP groups (THMs, HANs, and HAMs), with the exception of I-DBPs. One new iodinated-haloacetamide, namely chloroiodoacetamide (CIACM) and one iodoacetonitrile (IACN) were detected. These results suggest the iodine incorporated in iopamidol may be a precursor for iodinated-nitrogenous-DBPs, which are currently not well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel J Lopez-Prieto
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, 1133 E. James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0011, USA.
| | - Minkyu Park
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, 1133 E. James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0011, USA
| | - Mojtaba AzadiAghdam
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, 1133 E. James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0011, USA
| | - Hongrui Pan
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, 1133 E. James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0011, USA
| | - Sara L Jones
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, 1133 E. James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0011, USA
| | - Shane A Snyder
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, 1133 E. James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0011, USA; Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Clean Tech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-08, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
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Sengar A, Vijayanandan A. Comprehensive review on iodinated X-ray contrast media: Complete fate, occurrence, and formation of disinfection byproducts. Sci Total Environ 2021; 769:144846. [PMID: 33736235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated contrast media (ICM) are drugs which are used in medical examinations for organ imaging purposes. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have shown incapability to remove ICM, and as a consequence, ICM and their transformation products (TPs) have been detected in environmental waters. ICM show limited biotransformation and low sorption potential. ICM can act as iodine source and can react with commonly used disinfectants such as chlorine in presence of organic matter to yield iodinated disinfection byproducts (IDBPs) which are more cytotoxic and genotoxic than conventionally known disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Even highly efficient advanced treatment systems have failed to completely mineralize ICM, and TPs that are more toxic than parent ICM are produced. This raises issues regarding the efficacy of existing treatment technologies and serious concern over disinfection of ICM containing waters. Realizing this, the current review aims to capture the attention of scientific community on areas of less focus. The review features in depth knowledge regarding complete environmental fate of ICM along with their existing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sengar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arya Vijayanandan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Edefell E, Falås P, Kharel S, Hagman M, Christensson M, Cimbritz M, Bester K. MBBRs as post-treatment to ozonation: Degradation of transformation products and ozone-resistant micropollutants. Sci Total Environ 2021; 754:142103. [PMID: 32920394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The degradation potential of micropollutants and transformation products in biological post-treatment after ozonation is partly unknown. A pilot plant with ozonation and subsequent biological treatment in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was thus operated over 16 months to investigate the removal of micropollutants and the formation and removal of N-oxide transformation products. Lab-scale kinetic experiments were performed in parallel. At a moderate ozone dose of 0.5 g O3 g-1 DOC, further degradation of gabapentin and 3 iodinated contrast media (iomeprol, iopamidol, and iohexol) could be induced by the biofilm at prolonged exposure times. To facilitate comparison of feeding regimens in biofilm systems a new surface-related degradation rate constant was introduced. The availability of substrates in the pilot MBBR influenced the micropollutant degradation kinetics with increasing and decreasing degradation rates. N-oxides from erythromycin, clarithromycin, tramadol, and venlafaxine were formed during ozonation and could not be degraded by the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Edefell
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Suman Kharel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marinette Hagman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AB, AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, 226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Cimbritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Thamaraiselvan C, Thakur AK, Gupta A, Arnusch CJ. Electrochemical Removal of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants Using Robust Laser-Induced Graphene Membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:1452-1462. [PMID: 33390015 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The removal of emerging environmental pollutants in water and wastewater is essential for high drinking water quality or for discharge to the environment. Electrochemical treatment is a promising technology shown to degrade undesirable organic compounds or metals via oxidation and reduction, and carbon-based electrodes have been reported. Here, we fabricated a robust, porous laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode on a commercial water treatment membrane using the multilasing technique and demonstrated the electrochemical removal of iohexol, an iodine contrast compound, and chromium(VI), a highly toxic heavy metal ion. Multiple lasing resulted in a more ordered graphitic lattice, a more physically robust carbon layer, and a 3-4-fold higher electrical conductivity. These properties ultimately led to a more efficient electrochemical process, and the optimized LIG electrodes showed a higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. At 3 V, 90% of Cr(VI) was removed after 6 h and reached >95% removal after 8 h at pH 2. Cr(VI) was mainly reduced to Cr(III), with small amounts of Cr(I) and Cr(0), which were partially deposited on the electrode membrane surface, confirmed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Under the same conditions, 50% of iohexol was degraded after 6 h and the transformation products (TPs) were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. A total of seven main intermediates were identified including deiodinated TPs (m/z = 695, 570, and 443), probably occurring via three transformation pathways including oxidative deiodination, amide hydrolysis, and deacetylation. The electrical energy costs calculated for the removal of 2 mg L-1 Cr(VI) was ∼$0.08/m3 in this system. Taken together, the porous LIG electrodes might be utilized for electrochemical removal of emerging contaminants in multiple applications because they can be rapidly formed on flexible polymer substrates at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambaram Thamaraiselvan
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Amit K Thakur
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Christopher J Arnusch
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
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13
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Liang DH, Hu Y, Liang D, Chenga J, Chena Y. Bioaugmentation of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) with Achromobacter JL9 for enhanced sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation in aquaculture wastewater. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111258. [PMID: 32971319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether bioaugmentation improves sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation and nitrogen removal in the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) system. The effects of the C/N ratio on SMX degradation and nitrogen removal were also evaluated. Using MBBR system operation experiments, the bioaugmented reactor was found to perform more effectively than the non-bioaugmentation reactor, with the highest SMX, nitrate-N, and ammonia-N removal efficiencies of 80.49, 94.70, and 96.09%, respectively. The changes in the sulfonamide resistance genes and bacterial communities were detected at various operating conditions. The results indicate that the diversity of the bacterial communities and the abundance of resistance genes were markedly influenced by bioaugmentation and the C/N ratio, with Achromobacter among the dominant genera in the MBBR system. The bio-toxicity of samples, calculated as the inhibition percentage (IP) toward Escherichia coli, was found to decrease to non-toxic ranges after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hui Liang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yongyou Hu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Dongmin Liang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jianhua Chenga
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yuancai Chena
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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14
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Tang K, Ooi GTH, Torresi E, Kaarsholm KMS, Hambly A, Sundmark K, Lindholst S, Sund C, Kragelund C, Christensson M, Bester K, Andersen HR. Municipal wastewater treatment targeting pharmaceuticals by a pilot-scale hybrid attached biofilm and activated sludge system (Hybas™). Chemosphere 2020; 259:127397. [PMID: 32599380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid wastewater treatment process with combined attached biofilm (moving bed biofilm reactor) and activated sludge, named as Hybas™, was implemented for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The system consisted of six staged reactors in series including pre-denitrification and nitrification in the Hybas™ line and post-denitrification in a pure MBBR. In addition to the significant removal of nutrients and organic matter from municipal wastewater, Hybas™ also showed removal capacity for pharmaceuticals. Of particular interest was the enhanced removal for pharmaceuticals (i.e. X-ray contrast media) compared to other biological systems. Spiking experiments showed that the maximum removal rate constants (k, h-1) for 10 out of the 21 investigated pharmaceuticals (including diclofenac) were observed to occur within the two aerobic Hybas ™ reactors, operated in a flow-shifting mode that allows even biofilm growth of nitrifying bacteria. In total, 14 out of the 21 pharmaceuticals were removed by more than 50% during continuous flow operation in the all Hybas™ line and post-denitrification MBBR. The calculated and estimated removal contributions of pharmaceuticals by each individual reactor were also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gordon T H Ooi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Århus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Elena Torresi
- Veolia Water Technologies AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kamilla M S Kaarsholm
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Adam Hambly
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Sundmark
- Krüger Veolia, Gladsaxevej 262, 2860, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Sabine Lindholst
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Alle 29, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Caroline Kragelund
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Alle 29, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Århus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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15
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Artabe AE, Cunha-Silva H, Barranco A. Enzymatic assays for the assessment of toxic effects of halogenated organic contaminants in water and food. A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111677. [PMID: 32810589 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds are a particular group of contaminants consisting of a large number of substances, and of great concern due to their persistence in the environment, potential for bioaccumulation and toxicity. Some of these compounds have been classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under The Stockholm Convention and many toxicity assessments have been conducted on them previously. In this work we provide an overview of enzymatic assays used in these studies to establish toxic effects and dose-response relationships. Studies in vivo and in vitro have been considered with a particular emphasis on the impact of halogenated compounds on the activity of relevant enzymes to the humans and the environment. Most information available in the literature focuses on chlorinated compounds, but brominated and fluorinated molecules are also the target of increasing numbers of studies. The enzymes identified can be classified as enzymes: i) the activities of which are affected by the presence of halogenated organic compounds, and ii) those involved in their metabolisation/detoxification resulting in increased activities. In both cases the halogen substituent seems to have an important role in the effects observed. Finally, the use of these enzymes in biosensing tools for monitoring of halogenated compounds is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Ereño Artabe
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Hugo Cunha-Silva
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Barranco
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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16
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He H, Wang W, Xu C, Yang S, Sun C, Wang X, Yao Y, Mi N, Xiang W, Li S, Liu G. Highly efficient degradation of iohexol on a heterostructured graphene-analogue boron nitride coupled Bi 2MoO 6 photocatalyst under simulated sunlight. Sci Total Environ 2020; 730:139100. [PMID: 32380369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Iohexol (IOH), as a typical iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICMs) with potential threat to human health, is difficult to be removed with the conventional wastewater treatment methods. In this work, new boron nitride coupled Bi2MoO6 layered microspheres (BN/Bi2MoO6) composites were applied to remove IOH from water via photocatalytic degradation. The degradation constant kapp of IOH over 3.5 wt% BN/Bi2MoO6 was 0.016 min-1, which was 3.2 times that of Bi2MoO6 (0.005 min-1). The degradation rate of IOH on 3.5 wt% BN/Bi2MoO6 reached 92% in 150 min. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of BN/Bi2MoO6 can be attributed to the heterojunction between BN and Bi2MoO6. The matched type-I band alignment heterojunction of two semiconductors prominently improved the charge separation. Based on the trapping experiments, holes and superoxide radicals were proved to be the main active species for photocatalytic IOH degradation. Besides, the degradation products of IOH were analyzed by LC-HRMS and the possible degradation mechanism of IOH was also proposed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; School of the Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Chenmin Xu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Youru Yao
- School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Na Mi
- School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Weiming Xiang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of the Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
| | - Guo Liu
- Chengdu University of Technology, Key Lab Geohazard Prevent & Geoenvironm Protect, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, PR China
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17
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El-Athman F, Adrian L, Jekel M, Putschew A. Deiodination in the presence of Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain CBDB1: comparison of the native enzyme and co-factor vitamin B 12. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:32636-32644. [PMID: 31631234 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triiodinated benzoic acid derivatives are widely used as contrast media for medical examinations and are found at high concentrations in urban aquatic environments. During bank filtration, deiodination of iodinated contrast media has been observed under anoxic/anaerobic conditions. While several bacterial strains capable of dechlorination and debromination have been isolated and characterized, deiodination has not yet been shown for an isolated strain. Here, we investigate dehalogenation of iodinated contrast media (ICM), triiodobenzoic acids (TIBA), and analogous chlorinated compounds by Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain CBDB1 and its corrinoid co-factor vitamin B12. No cell growth of CBDB1 was observed using iodinated compounds as electron acceptor. Only negligible deiodination occurred for ICM, whereas 2,3,5-TIBA was nearly completely deiodinated by CBDB1 without showing cell growth. Furthermore, TIBA inhibited growth with hexachlorobenzene which is usually a well-suited electron acceptor for strain CBDB1, indicating that TIBA is toxic for CBDB1. The involvement of CBDB1 enzymes in the deiodination of TIBA was verified by the absence of deiodination activity after heat inactivation. Adding iodopropane also inhibited the deiodination of TIBA by CBDB1 cells, indicating the involvement of a corrinoid-enzyme in the reductive TIBA deiodination. The results further suggest that the involved electron transport is decoupled from proton translocation and therefore growth. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima El-Athman
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Chair of Water Quality Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- Department Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, Chair of Geobiotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Jekel
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Chair of Water Quality Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Putschew
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Chair of Water Quality Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Zhao Y, Yuan Q, He Z, Wang H, Yan G, Chang Y, Chu Z, Ling Y, Wang H. Influence of Carrier Filling Ratio on the Advanced Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent by Denitrifying MBBR. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16183244. [PMID: 31487886 PMCID: PMC6765910 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The filling ratio (FR) of a carrier has an influence on the pollutant removal of the aerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). However, the effect of the polyethylene (PE) carrier FR on the performance and microbial characteristics of the denitrifying MBBR for the treatment of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent has not been extensively studied. A bench-scale denitrifying MBBR was set up and operated with PE carrier FRs of 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% for the degradation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen from WWTP effluent at 12 h hydraulic retention time (HRT). The nitrate removal rates with FRs of 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% were 94.3 ± 3.9%, 87.7 ± 7.3%, 89.7 ± 11.6%, and 94.6 ± 4.0%, and the corresponding denitrification rates (rNO3--N) were 8.0 ± 5.6, 11.3 ± 4.6, 11.6 ± 4.6, and 10.0 ± 4.9 mg NO3--N/L/d, respectively. Nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis illustrated that the highest functional diversity (Shannon's diversity index, H') of biofilm microbial community was obtained at 30% FR. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results indicated that the abundance of nitrate reductase (narG) and nosZ genes at 30% FR was significantly higher than that at 20% FR, and no significant changes were observed at 40% and 50% FRs. Thus, 30% FR was recommended as the optimal carrier FR for the denitrifying MBBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- Engineering Center for Environmental Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- Engineering Center for Environmental Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zan He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- Beijing China's Sustainable Development Water Purification Material Technology Co., Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
- Engineering Center for Environmental Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Guokai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- Engineering Center for Environmental Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- Engineering Center for Environmental Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhaosheng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- Engineering Center for Environmental Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- Engineering Center for Environmental Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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19
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Zhao Y, Liu D, Huang W, Yang Y, Ji M, Nghiem LD, Trinh QT, Tran NH. Insights into biofilm carriers for biological wastewater treatment processes: Current state-of-the-art, challenges, and opportunities. Bioresour Technol 2019; 288:121619. [PMID: 31202712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm carriers play an important role in attached growth systems for wastewater treatment processes. This study systematically summarizes the traditional and novel biofilm carriers utilized in biofilm-based wastewater treatment technology. The advantages and disadvantages of traditional biofilm carriers are evaluated and discussed in light of basic property, biocompatibility and applicability. The characteristics, applications performance, and mechanism of novel carriers (including slow-release carriers, hydrophilic/electrophilic modified carriers, magnetic carriers and redox mediator carriers) in wastewater biological treatment were deeply analyzed. Slow release biofilm carriers are used to provide a solid substrate and electron donor for the growth of microorganisms and denitrification for anoxic and/or anaerobic bioreactors. Carriers with hydrophilic/electrophilic modified surface are applied for promoting biofilm formation. Magnetic materials-based carriers are employed to shorten the start-up time of bioreactor. Biofilm carriers acting as redox mediators are used to accelerate biotransformation of recalcitrant pollutants in industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Duo Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Long Duc Nghiem
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Quang Thang Trinh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1-Create Way, #15-02 Create Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
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20
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Gallé T, Koehler C, Plattes M, Pittois D, Bayerle M, Carafa R, Christen A, Hansen J. Large-scale determination of micropollutant elimination from municipal wastewater by passive sampling gives new insights in governing parameters and degradation patterns. Water Res 2019; 160:380-393. [PMID: 31158619 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple balancing method using passive samplers over a week's period has been developed and tested successfully to determine elimination rates of 22 common micropollutants of household and industrial sources in 18 full-scale wastewater treatment plants of different design and performance. Independent reactor tests to delineate elimination rates with native sludge of the treatment plants correlated very well with the full-scale elimination rate determinations. As opposed to common assumptions, this large dataset indicated that shorter sludge retention times - read: higher active biomass - showed higher micropollutant elimination rates in many cases. Multivariate statistical analysis of the elimination rates over the 18 treatment plants was able to group compounds according to common degradation pathways and showed that sensitivity to SRT drove the grouping. The dataset also allowed to determine population equivalent normalized loads of the investigated micropollutants. The application of WWTP balancing with passive sampling makes it relatively easy to gather elimination rates and inlet loads on a much broader basis than before and gives orientation for more in-depth analysis of degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gallé
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - C Koehler
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - M Plattes
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - D Pittois
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - M Bayerle
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - R Carafa
- Rovira i Virgili University, Tecnatox - Department of Chemical Engineering, Països Catalans, 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - A Christen
- University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 6, rue Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, L-1359, Luxembourg
| | - J Hansen
- University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 6, rue Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, L-1359, Luxembourg
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21
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Torresi E, Tang K, Deng J, Sund C, Smets BF, Christensson M, Andersen HR. Removal of micropollutants during biological phosphorus removal: Impact of redox conditions in MBBR. Sci Total Environ 2019; 663:496-506. [PMID: 30716641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Further biological polishing of micropollutants in WWTP effluents is limited by the lack of available carbon for cometabolic degradation. Metabolism of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) stored intracellularly during enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) could serve as carbon source for post-denitrification and micropollutant cometabolism. The removal of nine micropollutants (i.e., pharmaceuticals and corrosion inhibitors) was investigated by using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBRs), selecting phosphorus (PAO) or glycogen (GAO) accumulating organisms under different redox conditions. Three laboratory-scale MBBRs were operated in sequencing-batch mode under cyclical anaerobic and aerobic/anoxic conditions for phosphorus removal. Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the biodegradation potential of micropollutants along with the utilization of internally stored PHA. Experiments showed that aerobic PAO were able to efficiently remove most of the targeted micropollutants. The removal of benzotriazole, 5‑methyl‑1H‑benzotriazole, carbamazepine, ketoprofen and diclofenac occurred simultaneously to phosphorus uptake and terminated when phosphorus was no longer available. Denitrifying PAO and aerobic GAO exhibited lower removal of micropollutants than aerobic PAO. Degradation profiles of stored PHA suggested a diverse utilization of the different fractions of PHA for phosphorus and micropollutant removal, with PHV (poly 3‑hydroxyvalerate) most likely used for the cometabolism of targeted micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torresi
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Veolia Water Technologies AB, AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kai Tang
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jie Deng
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina Sund
- Veolia Water Technologies, Krüger A/S, Gladsaxevej 363, DK 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Barth F Smets
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AB, AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Nsenga Kumwimba M, Meng F. Roles of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in improving metabolism and cometabolism of trace organic chemicals in biological wastewater treatment processes: A review. Sci Total Environ 2019; 659:419-441. [PMID: 31096373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While there has been a significant recent improvement in the removal of pollutants in natural and engineered systems, trace organic chemicals (TrOCs) are posing a major threat to aquatic environments and human health. There is a critical need for developing potential strategies that aim at enhancing metabolism and/or cometabolism of these compounds. Recently, knowledge regarding biodegradation of TrOCs by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) has been widely developed. This review aims to delineate an up-to-date version of the ecophysiology of AOB and outline current knowledge related to biodegradation efficiencies of the frequently reported TrOCs by AOB. The paper also provides an insight into biodegradation pathways by AOB and transformation products of these compounds and makes recommendations for future research of AOB. In brief, nitrifying WWTFs (wastewater treatment facilities) were superior in degrading most TrOCs than non-nitrifying WWTFs due to cometabolic biodegradation by the AOB. To fully understand and/or enhance the cometabolic biodegradation of TrOCs by AOB, recent molecular research has focused on numerous crucial factors including availability of the compounds to AOB, presence of growth substrate (NH4-N), redox potentials, microorganism diversity (AOB and heterotrophs), physicochemical properties and operational parameters of the WWTFs, molecular structure of target TrOCs and membrane-based technologies, may all significantly impact the cometabolic biodegradation of TrOCs. Still, further exploration is required to elucidate the mechanisms involved in biodegradation of TrOCs by AOB and the toxicity levels of formed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nsenga Kumwimba
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Fangang Meng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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Ooi GTH, Tang K, Chhetri RK, Kaarsholm KMS, Sundmark K, Kragelund C, Litty K, Christensen A, Lindholst S, Sund C, Christensson M, Bester K, Andersen HR. Biological removal of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater in a pilot-scale staged moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) utilising nitrifying and denitrifying processes. Bioresour Technol 2018; 267:677-687. [PMID: 30071459 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hospital wastewater contains high concentrations of pharmaceuticals, which pose risks to receiving waters. In this study, a pilot plant consisting of six moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) in series (with the intention to integrate Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal, nitrification and denitrification as well as prepolishing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for ozonation) was built to integrate pharmaceutical removal and intermittent feeding of the latter reactors aimed for micropollutant removal. Based on the experimental resultss, nitrifying MBBRs achieved higher removal as compared to denitrifying MBBRs except for azithromycin, clarithromycin, diatrizoic acid, propranolol and trimethoprim. In the batch experiments, nitrifying MBBRs showed the ability to remove most of the analysed pharmaceuticals, with degradation rate constants ranging from 5.0 × 10-3 h-1 to 2.6 h-1. In general, the highest degradation rate constants were observed in the nitrifying MBBRs while the latter MBBRs showed lower degradation rate constant. However, when the degradation rate constants were normalised to the respective biomass, the intermittently fed reactors presented the highest specific activity. Out of the 22 compounds studied, 17 compounds were removed with more than 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T H Ooi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Institute of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ravi K Chhetri
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kamilla M S Kaarsholm
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Sundmark
- Krüger Veolia, Gladsaxevej 262, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Caroline Kragelund
- Department of Water and Environment, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Alle 29, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Klaus Litty
- Department of Water and Environment, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Alle 29, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alice Christensen
- Department of Water and Environment, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Alle 29, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sabine Lindholst
- Department of Water and Environment, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Alle 29, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Institute of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Tran NH, Reinhard M, Gin KYH. Occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plants from different geographical regions-a review. Water Res 2018; 133:182-207. [PMID: 29407700 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants, such as antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, hormones, and artificial sweeteners, are recognized as new classes of water contaminants due to their proven or potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. This review provides comprehensive data on the occurrence of 60 emerging contaminants (ECs) in influent, treated effluent, sludge, and biosolids in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In particular, data on the occurrence of ECs in the influents and effluents of WWTPs are systematically summarized and categorized according to geographical regions (Asia, Europe, and North America). The occurrence patterns of ECs in raw influent and treated effluents of WWTPs between geographical regions were compared and evaluated. Concentrations of most ECs in raw influent in Asian region tend to be higher than those in European and North American countries. Many antibiotics were detected in the influents and effluents of WWTPs at concentrations close to or exceeding the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for resistance selection. The efficacy of EC removal by sorption and biodegradation during wastewater treatment processes are discussed in light of kinetics and parameters, such as sorption coefficients (Kd) and biodegradation constants (kbiol), and physicochemical properties (i.e. log Kow and pKa). Commonly used sampling and monitoring strategies are critically reviewed. Analytical research needs are identified, and novel investigative approaches for future monitoring studies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| | - Martin Reinhard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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25
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El-Taliawy H, Casas ME, Bester K. Removal of ozonation products of pharmaceuticals in laboratory Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBRs). J Hazard Mater 2018; 347:288-298. [PMID: 29329011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The major pathway of pharmaceuticals from urban applications to urban surface waters is via wastewater treatment plants. Ozonation is able to remove pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents. However, during that reaction, ozonation products are formed. Some ozonation products were found to be persistent and have adverse effect on the environment. Moving bed bio reactors (MBBRs) were tested for the removal of the ozonation products of macrolide antibiotics and diclofenac at two different concentration levels 1 μg/L and 10 μg/L in laboratory reactors. It was found that the MBBRs are capable of degrading these compounds without back-transformation into the parent compounds. However, reaction rate constants and the degradation kinetics varied for different compounds and different concentrations. Depending on compound and conditions, the degradation reaction kinetics was found to follow either i) zero order ii) first order or iii) lag phase succeeded by first order. The study has proven that MBBRs have the potential to be efficient in polishing post ozonation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham El-Taliawy
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Monica Escola Casas
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
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26
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Tang K, Ooi GTH, Litty K, Sundmark K, Kaarsholm KMS, Sund C, Kragelund C, Christensson M, Bester K, Andersen HR. Removal of pharmaceuticals in conventionally treated wastewater by a polishing moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) with intermittent feeding. Bioresour Technol 2017; 236:77-86. [PMID: 28390280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that aerobic moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) remove pharmaceuticals better than activated sludge. Thus we used a MBBR system to polish the effluent of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. To overcome that effluent contains insufficient organic matter to sustain enough biomass, the biofilm was intermittently fed with raw wastewater. The capacity of pharmaceutical degradation was investigated by spiking pharmaceuticals. Actual removal during treatment was assessed by sampling the inlets and outlets of reactors. The removal of the majority of pharmaceuticals was enhanced through the intermittent feeding of the MBBR. First-order rate constants for pharmaceutical removal, normalised to biomass, were significantly higher compared to other studies on activated sludge and suspended biofilms, especially for diclofenac, metoprolol and atenolol. Due to the intermittently feeding, degradation of diclofenac occurred with a half-life of only 2.1h and was thus much faster than any hitherto described wastewater bioreactor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gordon T H Ooi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Environmental Science, Århus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Klaus Litty
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Allé 29, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Sundmark
- Veolia Water Technologies - Krüger A/S, Gladsaxevej 363, DK 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
| | - Kamilla M S Kaarsholm
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina Sund
- Veolia Water Technologies - Krüger A/S, Gladsaxevej 363, DK 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
| | - Caroline Kragelund
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Allé 29, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies - AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, Se-226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Environmental Science, Århus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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27
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Wu D, Lu G, Zhang R, Lin Q, Yao J, Shen X, Wang W. Effective degradation of diatrizoate by electro-peroxone process using ferrite/carbon nanotubes based gas diffusion cathode. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Ooi GTH, Escola Casas M, Andersen HR, Bester K. Transformation products of clindamycin in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). Water Res 2017; 113:139-148. [PMID: 28213335 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Clindamycin is widely prescribed for its ability to treat a number of common bacterial infections. Thus, clindamycin enters wastewater via human excretion or disposal of unused medication and widespread detection of pharmaceuticals in rivers proves the insufficiency of conventional wastewater treatment plants in removing clindamycin. Recently, it has been discovered that attached biofilm reactors, e.g., moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) obtain a higher removal of pharmaceuticals than conventional sludge wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, this study investigated the capability of MBBRs applied in the effluent of conventional wastewater treatment plants to remove clindamycin. First, a batch experiment was executed with a high initial concentration of clindamycin to identify the transformation products. It was shown that clindamycin can be removed from wastewater by MBBR and the treatment process converts clindamycin into the, possibly persistent, products clindamycin sulfoxide and N-desmethyl clindamycin as well as 3 other mono-oxygenated products. Subsequently, the removal kinetics of clindamycin and the formation of the two identified products were investigated in batch experiments using MBBR carriers from polishing and nitrifying reactors. Additionally, the presence of these two metabolites in biofilm-free wastewater effluent was studied. The nitrifying biofilm reactor had a higher biological activity with k-value of 0.1813 h-1 than the reactor with polishing biofilm (k = 0.0161 h-1) which again has a much higher biological activity for removal of clindamycin than of the suspended bacteria (biofilm-free control). Clindamycin sulfoxide was the main transformation product which was found in concentrations exceeding 10% of the initial clindamycin concentration after 1 day of MBBR treatment. Thus, MBBRs should not necessarily be considered as reactors mineralizing clindamycin as they perform transformation reactions at least to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T H Ooi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Institute of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Monica Escola Casas
- Institute of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Institute of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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29
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Torresi E, Escolà Casas M, Polesel F, Plósz BG, Christensson M, Bester K. Impact of external carbon dose on the removal of micropollutants using methanol and ethanol in post-denitrifying Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors. Water Res 2017; 108:95-105. [PMID: 27871747 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Addition of external carbon sources to post-denitrification systems is frequently used in wastewater treatment plants to enhance nitrate removal. However, little is known about the fate of micropollutants in post-denitrification systems and the influence of external carbon dosing on their removal. In this study, we assessed the effects of two different types and availability of commonly used carbon sources -methanol and ethanol- on the removal of micropollutants in biofilm systems. Two laboratory-scale moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), containing AnoxKaldnes K1 carriers with acclimated biofilm from full-scale systems, were operated in continuous-flow using wastewater dosed with methanol and ethanol, respectively. Batch experiments with 22 spiked pharmaceuticals were performed to assess removal kinetics. Acetyl-sulfadiazine, atenolol, citalopram, propranolol and trimethoprim were easily biotransformed in both MBBRs (biotransformations rate constants kbio between 1.2 and 12.9 L gbiomass-1 d-1), 13 compounds were moderately biotransformed (rate constants between 0.2 and 2 L gbiomass-1 d-1) and 4 compounds were recalcitrant. The methanol-dosed MBBR showed higher kbio (e.g., 1.5-2.5-fold) than in the ethanol-dosed MBBR for 9 out of the 22 studied compounds, equal kbio for 10 compounds, while 3 compounds (i.e., targeted sulfonamides) were biotransformed faster in the ethanol-dosed MBBR. While biotransformation of most of the targeted compounds followed first-order kinetics, removal of venlafaxine, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethizole could be described with a cometabolic model. Analyses of the microbial composition in the biofilms using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that the methanol-dosed MBBR contained higher microbial richness than the one dosed with ethanol, suggesting that improved biotransformation of targeted compounds could be associated with higher microbial richness. During continuous-flow operation, at conditions representative of full-scale denitrification systems (hydraulic residence time = 2 h), the removal efficiencies of micropollutants were below 35% in both MBBRs, with the exception of atenolol and trimethoprim (>80%). Overall, this study demonstrated that MBBRs used for post-denitrification could be optimized to enhance the biotransformation of a number of micropollutants by accounting for optimal carbon sources and extended residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torresi
- Veolia Water Technologies AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47, Lund, Sweden; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mònica Escolà Casas
- Department of Environmental Science, Århus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Benedek G Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Århus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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30
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Fabbri D, Calza P, Dalmasso D, Chiarelli P, Santoro V, Medana C. Iodinated X-ray contrast agents: Photoinduced transformation and monitoring in surface water. Sci Total Environ 2016; 572:340-351. [PMID: 27509072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatment methods have shown to be unsuitable for a complete elimination of iodinated X-ray contrast agents (ICMs), which have thus been found in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and in surface water. Once in the surface water, they could be transformed through different processes and form several transformation products that may need to be monitored as well. To this end, we studied the abatement and transformation of ICMs by combining laboratory experiments with in field analyses. We irradiated different aqueous solutions of the selected pollutants in the presence of TiO2 as photocatalyst, aimed to promote ICMs degradation and to generate photoinduced transformation products (TPs) similar to those occurring in the environment and effluent wastewater. This experimental strategy has been applied to the study of three ICMs, namely iopromide, iopamidol and diatrizoate. A total of twenty-four, ten, and ten TPs were detected from iopamidol, diatrizoate and iopromide, respectively. The analyses were performed using a liquid chromatography-LTQ-FT-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The mineralization process and acute toxicity evolution were assessed as well over time and revealed a lack of mineralization for all ICMs and the formation of harmful byproducts. After characterizing these transformation products, WWTP effluent and surface water taken from several branches of the Chicago River were analyzed for ICMs and their TPs. HRMS with MS/MS fragmentation was used as a confirmatory step for proper identification of compounds in water and wastewater samples. All three of ICM were detected in the effluent and surface water samples, while no significant amount of TPs were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - P Calza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - D Dalmasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60660, United States
| | - P Chiarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola University, Chicago, IL 60660, United States
| | - V Santoro
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - C Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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31
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Jewell KS, Falås P, Wick A, Joss A, Ternes TA. Transformation of diclofenac in hybrid biofilm-activated sludge processes. Water Res 2016; 105:559-567. [PMID: 27690310 PMCID: PMC5250799 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of diclofenac during wastewater treatment was investigated. Attached growth biomass from a carrier-filled compartment of a hybrid-MBBR at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Bad Ragaz, Switzerland was used to test the biotransformation. Laboratory-scale incubation experiments were performed with diclofenac and carriers and high-resolution LC-QTof-MS was implemented to monitor the biotransformation. Up to 20 diclofenac transformation products (TPs) were detected. Tentative structures were proposed for 16 of the TPs after characterization by MS2 fragmentation and/or inferring the structure from the transformation pathway and the molecular formula given by the high resolution ionic mass. The remaining four TPs were unambiguously identified via analytical reference standards. The postulated reactions forming the TPs were: hydroxylation, decarboxylation, oxidation, amide formation, ring-opening and reductive dechlorination. Incubation experiments of individual TPs, those which were available as reference standards, provided a deeper look into the transformation pathways. It was found that the transformation consists of four main pathways but no pathway accounted for a clear majority of the transformation. A 10-day monitoring campaign of the full-scale plant confirmed an 88% removal of diclofenac (from approximately 1.6 μg/L in WWTP influent) and the formation of TPs as found in the laboratory was observed. One of the TPs, N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-indolinone detected at concentrations of around 0.25 μg/L in WWTP effluent, accounting for 16% of the influent diclofenac concentration. The biotransformation of carriers was compared to a second WWTP not utilising carriers. It was found that in contact with activated sludge, similar hydroxylation and decarboxylation reactions occurred but at much slower rates, whereas some reactions, e.g. reductive dechlorination, were not detected at all. Finally, incubation experiments were performed with attached growth biomass from a third WWTP with a similar process configuration to Bad Ragaz WWTP. A similarly effective removal of diclofenac was found with a similar presence of TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Per Falås
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
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Torresi E, Fowler SJ, Polesel F, Bester K, Andersen HR, Smets BF, Plósz BG, Christensson M. Biofilm Thickness Influences Biodiversity in Nitrifying MBBRs-Implications on Micropollutant Removal. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:9279-9288. [PMID: 27477857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In biofilm systems for wastewater treatment (e.g., moving bed biofilms reactors-MBBRs) biofilm thickness is typically not under direct control. Nevertheless, biofilm thickness is likely to have a profound effect on the microbial diversity and activity, as a result of diffusion limitation and thus substrate penetration in the biofilm. In this study, we investigated the impact of biofilm thickness on nitrification and on the removal of more than 20 organic micropollutants in laboratory-scale nitrifying MBBRs. We used novel carriers (Z-carriers, AnoxKaldnes) that allowed controlling biofilm thickness at 50, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μm. The impact of biofilm thickness on microbial community was assessed via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) abundance quantification through quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results from batch experiments and microbial analysis showed that (i) the thickest biofilm (500 μm) presented the highest specific biotransformation rate constants (kbio, L g(-1) d(-1)) for 14 out of 22 micropollutants; (ii) biofilm thickness positively associated with biodiversity, which was suggested as the main factor for the observed enhancement of kbio; (iii) the thinnest biofilm (50 μm) exhibited the highest nitrification rate (gN d(-1) g(-1)), amoA gene abundance and kbio values for some of the most recalcitrant micropollutants (i.e., diclofenac and targeted sulfonamides). Although thin biofilms favored nitrification activity and the removal of some micropollutants, treatment systems based on thicker biofilms should be considered to enhance the elimination of a broad spectrum of micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torresi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Veolia Water Technologies AB-AnoxKaldnes , Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - S Jane Fowler
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Barth F Smets
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Benedek Gy Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AB-AnoxKaldnes , Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
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Polo A, López-peñalver J, Sánchez-polo M, Rivera-utrilla J, Velo-gala I, Salazar-rábago J. Oxidation of diatrizoate in aqueous phase by advanced oxidation processes based on solar radiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016; 319-320:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Margot J, Lochmatter S, Barry DA, Holliger C. Role of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in micropollutant removal from wastewater with aerobic granular sludge. Water Sci Technol 2016; 73:564-575. [PMID: 26877039 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrifying wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are more efficient than non-nitrifying WWTPs to remove several micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides. This may be related to the activity of nitrifying organisms, such as ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOBs), which could possibly co-metabolically oxidize micropollutants with their ammonia monooxygenase (AMO). The role of AOBs in micropollutant removal was investigated with aerobic granular sludge (AGS), a promising technology for municipal WWTPs. Two identical laboratory-scale AGS sequencing batch reactors (AGS-SBRs) were operated with or without nitrification (inhibition of AMOs) to assess their potential for micropollutant removal. Of the 36 micropollutants studied at 1 μg l(-1) in synthetic wastewater, nine were over 80% removed, but 17 were eliminated by less than 20%. Five substances (bisphenol A, naproxen, irgarol, terbutryn and iohexol) were removed better in the reactor with nitrification, probably due to co-oxidation catalysed by AMOs. However, for the removal of all other micropollutants, AOBs did not seem to play a significant role. Many compounds were better removed in aerobic condition, suggesting that aerobic heterotrophic organisms were involved in the degradation. As the AGS-SBRs did not favour the growth of such organisms, their potential for micropollutant removal appeared to be lower than that of conventional nitrifying WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Margot
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecological Engineering Laboratory, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland E-mail: ; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Lochmatter
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Present address: Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University (UGent), Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D A Barry
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecological Engineering Laboratory, Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland E-mail:
| | - Christof Holliger
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Casas ME, Chhetri RK, Ooi G, Hansen KMS, Litty K, Christensson M, Kragelund C, Andersen HR, Bester K. Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater by staged Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR). Water Res 2015; 83:293-302. [PMID: 26164801 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hospital wastewater represents a significant input of pharmaceuticals into municipal wastewater. As Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBRs) appear to remove organic micro-pollutants, hospital wastewater was treated with a pilot plant consisting of three MBBRs in series. The removal of pharmaceuticals was studied in two experiments: 1) A batch experiment where pharmaceuticals were spiked to each reactor and 2) a continuous flow experiment at native concentrations. DOC removal, nitrification as well as removal of pharmaceuticals (including X-ray contrast media, β-blockers, analgesics and antibiotics) occurred mainly in the first reactor. In the batch experiment most of the compounds followed a single first-order kinetics degradation function, giving degradation rate constants ranged from 5.77 × 10(-3) to 4.07 h(-1), from -5.53 × 10(-3) to 9.24 × 10(-1) h(-1) and from 1.83 × 10(-3) to 2.42 × 10(-1) h(-1) for first, second and third reactor respectively. Generally, the highest removal rate constants were found in the first reactor while the lowest were found in the third one. This order was inverted for most compounds, when the removal rate constants were normalized to biomass, indicating that the last tank had the most effective biofilms. In the batch experiment, 21 out of 26 compounds were assessed to be degraded with more than 20% within the MBBR train. In the continuous flow experiment the measured removal rates were lower than those estimated from the batch experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Escolà Casas
- Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ravi Kumar Chhetri
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gordon Ooi
- Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kamilla M S Hansen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klaus Litty
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Allé 29, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Kragelund
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Allé 29, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Escolà Casas M, Chhetri RK, Ooi G, Hansen KMS, Litty K, Christensson M, Kragelund C, Andersen HR, Bester K. Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater by a hybrid biofilm and activated sludge system (Hybas). Sci Total Environ 2015; 530-531:383-392. [PMID: 26057543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hospital wastewater contributes a significant input of pharmaceuticals into municipal wastewater. The combination of suspended activated sludge and biofilm processes, as stand-alone or as hybrid process (hybrid biofilm and activated sludge system (Hybas™)) has been suggested as a possible solution for hospital wastewater treatment. To investigate the potential of such a hybrid system for the removal of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater a pilot plant consisting of a series of one activated sludge reactor, two Hybas™ reactors and one moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) has been established and adapted during 10 months of continuous operation. After this adaption phase batch and continuous experiments were performed for the determination of degradation of pharmaceuticals. Removal of organic matter and nitrification mainly occurred in the first reactor. Most pharmaceuticals were removed significantly. The removal of pharmaceuticals (including X-ray contrast media, β-blockers, analgesics and antibiotics) was fitted to a single first-order kinetics degradation function, giving degradation rate constants from 0 to 1.49 h(-1), from 0 to 7.78 × 10(-1)h(-1), from 0 to 7.86 × 10(-1)h(-1) and from 0 to 1.07 × 10(-1)h(-1) for first, second, third and fourth reactors respectively. Generally, the highest removal rate constants were found in the first and third reactors while the lowest were found in the second one. When the removal rate constants were normalized to biomass amount, the last reactor (biofilm only) appeared to have the most effective biomass in respect to removing pharmaceuticals. In the batch experiment, out of 26 compounds, 16 were assessed to degrade more than 20% of the respective pharmaceutical within the Hybas™ train. In the continuous flow experiments, the measured removals were similar to those estimated from the batch experiments, but the concentrations of a few pharmaceuticals appeared to increase during the first treatment step. Such increase could be attributed to de-conjugation or formation from other metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Escolà Casas
- Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ravi Kumar Chhetri
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gordon Ooi
- Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kamilla M S Hansen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Klaus Litty
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Allé 29, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Caroline Kragelund
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Allé 29, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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37
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Yuan Q, Wang H, Hang Q, Deng Y, Liu K, Li C, Zheng S. Comparison of the MBBR denitrification carriers for advanced nitrogen removal of wastewater treatment plant effluent. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:13970-13979. [PMID: 25953607 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) were used to remove the residual NO3(-)-N of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and the MBBR carriers for denitrification were compared. The results showed that high denitrification efficiency can be achieved with polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane foam, and haydite carriers under following conditions: 7.2 to 8.0 pH, 24 to 26 °C temperature, 12 h hydraulic retention time (HRT), and 25.5 mg L(-1) external methanol dosage, while the WWTP effluent total nitrogen (TN) was between 2.6 and 15.4 mg L(-1) and NO3(-)-N was between 0.2 and 12.6 mg L(-1). The MBBR filled with polyethylene carriers had higher TN and NO3(-)-N removal rate (44.9 ± 19.1 and 83.4 ± 13.0%, respectively) than those with other carriers. The minimum effluent TN and NO3(-)-N of polyethylene MBBR were 1.6 and 0.1 mg L(-1), respectively, and the maximum denitrification rate reached 23.0 g m(-2) day(-1). When chemical oxygen demand (COD)/TN ratio dropped from 6 to 4, the NO3(-)- N and TN removal efficiency decreased significantly in all reactors except for that filled with polyethylene, which indicated that the polyethylene MBBR can resist influent fluctuation much better. The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix analysis showed that all the influent and effluent of MBBRs contain soluble microbial products (SMPs)-like organics and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which can be removed better by MBBRs filled with haydite and polyethylene carriers. The nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ)-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis suggested that the dominant bacteria in polyethylene MBBR are the key denitrificans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Da Yang Fang, Anwai, Chaoyang District, 100012, Beijing, China
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38
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Del Moro G, Pastore C, Di Iaconi C, Mascolo G. Iodinated contrast media electro-degradation: process performance and degradation pathways. Sci Total Environ 2015; 506-507:631-643. [PMID: 25433384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical degradation of six of the most widely used iodinated contrast media was investigated. Batch experiments were performed under constant current conditions using two DSA® electrodes (titanium coated with a proprietary and patented mixed metal oxide solution of precious metals such as iridium, ruthenium, platinum, rhodium and tantalum). The degradation removal never fell below 85% (at a current density of 64 mA/cm(2) with a reaction time of 150 min) when perchlorate was used as the supporting electrolyte; however, when sulphate was used, the degradation performance was above 80% (at a current density of 64 mA/cm(2) with a reaction time of 150 min) for all of the compounds studied. Three main degradation pathways were identified, namely, the reductive de-iodination of the aromatic ring, the reduction of alkyl aromatic amides to simple amides and the de-acylation of N-aromatic amides to produce aromatic amines. However, as amidotrizoate is an aromatic carboxylate, this is added via the decarboxylation reaction. The investigation did not reveal toxicity except for the lower current density used, which has shown a modest toxicity, most likely for some reaction intermediates that are not further degraded. In order to obtain total removal of the contrast media, it was necessary to employ a current intensity between 118 and 182 mA/cm(2) with energy consumption higher than 370 kWh/m(3). Overall, the electrochemical degradation was revealed to be a reliable process for the treatment of iodinated contrast media that can be found in contaminated waters such as hospital wastewater or pharmaceutical waste-contaminated streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Del Moro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale F. De Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy
| | - Carlo Pastore
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale F. De Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy
| | - Claudio Di Iaconi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale F. De Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mascolo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale F. De Blasio 5, Bari 70132, Italy.
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Redeker M, Wick A, Meermann B, Ternes TA. Removal of the iodinated X-ray contrast medium diatrizoate by anaerobic transformation. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:10145-10154. [PMID: 25140788 DOI: 10.1021/es5014714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The iodinated X-ray contrast medium diatrizoate is known to be very persistent in current wastewater treatment as well as in environmental compartments. In this study, the potential of anaerobic processes in soils, sediments, and during wastewater treatment to remove and transform diatrizoate was investigated. In anaerobic batch experiments with soil and sediment seven biologically formed transformation products (TPs) as well as the corresponding transformation pathway were identified. The TPs resulted from successive deiodinations and deacetylations. The final TP 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) was stable under anaerobic conditions. However, DABA was further transformed under air atmosphere, indicating the potential for the mineralization of diatrizoate by combining anaerobic and aerobic conditions. With the development of a methodology using complementary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry techniques, all identified TPs were quantified and the mass balance could be closed without having authentic standards for four of the TPs available. The detection and quantification of diatrizoate TPs in groundwater, in technical wetlands with anaerobic zones, and in a pilot wastewater treatment plant established for anaerobic treatment highlights the transferability and up-scaling of the results attained by laboratory experiments to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Redeker
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) , Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068, Koblenz, Germany
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40
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Rastogi T, Leder C, Kümmerer K. Qualitative environmental risk assessment of photolytic transformation products of iodinated X-ray contrast agent diatrizoic acid. Sci Total Environ 2014; 482-483:378-388. [PMID: 24662206 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed that the aquatic ecosystem is being polluted with an unknown cocktail of pharmaceuticals, their metabolites and/or their transformation products (TPs). Although individual chemicals are typically present at low concentrations, they can interact with each other resulting in additive or potentially even synergistic mixture effects. Therefore it is necessary to assess the environmental risk caused by these chemicals. Data on exposure is required for quantitative risk assessment of TPs and/or metabolites. Such data are mostly missing because of the non-availability of TPs and very often metabolites for experimental testing. This study demonstrates the application of different in silico tools for qualitative risk assessment using the example of photodegradation TPs (photo-TPs) of diatrizoic acid (DIAT), which itself is not readily biodegradable. Its photolytic transformation was studied and the photodegradation pathway was established. The aerobic biodegradability of photo-TPs under the conditions of an aquatic environment was assessed using standardized OECD tests. The qualitative risk assessment of DIAT and selected photo-TPs was performed by the PBT approach (i.e. Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity), using experimental biodegradation test assays, applying different QSAR models with several different toxicological endpoints and in silico read-across approaches. The qualitative risk assessment pointed out that the photo-TPs were less persistent compared to DIAT and none of them possessed any bioaccumulation threat. However, a few photo-TPs were predicted to be active for mutagenicity and genotoxicity, which indicate the need for further testing to confirm these predictions. The present study demonstrates that in silico qualitative risk assessment analysis can increase the knowledge space about the environmental fate of TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Rastogi
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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