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Dissanayake PD, Alessi DS, Yang X, Kim JY, Yeom KM, Roh SW, Noh JH, Shaheen SM, Ok YS, Rinklebe J. Redox-mediated changes in the release dynamics of lead (Pb) and bacterial community composition in a biochar amended soil contaminated with metal halide perovskite solar panel waste. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173296. [PMID: 38761950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the redox-mediated changes in a lead (Pb) contaminated soil (900 mg/kg) due to the addition of solar cell powder (SC) and investigated the impact of biochar derived from soft wood pellet (SWP) and oil seed rape straw (OSR) (5% w/w) on Pb immobilization using an automated biogeochemical microcosm system. The redox potential (Eh) of the untreated (control; SC) and biochar treated soils (SC + SWP and SC + OSR) ranged from -151 mV to +493 mV. In SC, the dissolved Pb concentrations were higher under oxic (up to 2.29 mg L-1) conditions than reducing (0.13 mg L-1) conditions. The addition of SWP and OSR to soil immobilized Pb, decreased dissolved concentration, which could be possibly due to the increase of pH, co-precipitation of Pb with FeMn (hydro)oxides and pyromorphite, and complexation with biochar surface functional groups. The ability and efficiency of OSR for Pb immobilization were higher than SWP, owing to the higher pH and density of surface functional groups of OSR than SWP. Biochar enhanced the relative abundance of Proteobacteria irrespective of Eh changes, while the relative abundance of Bacteroidota increased under oxidizing conditions. Overall, we found that both OSR and SWP immobilized Pb in solar panel waste contaminated soil under both oxidizing and reducing redox conditions which may mitigate the potential risk of Pb contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavani Dulanja Dissanayake
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstrasse 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Soils and Plant Nutrition Division, Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila 61150, Sri Lanka
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xing Yang
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstrasse 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Joon Yong Kim
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mun Yeom
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Woon Roh
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Noh
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstrasse 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstrasse 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Barreiro C, Albillos SM, García-Estrada C. Penicillium chrysogenum: Beyond the penicillin. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2024; 127:143-221. [PMID: 38763527 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Almost one century after the Sir Alexander Fleming's fortuitous discovery of penicillin and the identification of the fungal producer as Penicillium notatum, later Penicillium chrysogenum (currently reidentified as Penicillium rubens), the molecular mechanisms behind the massive production of penicillin titers by industrial strains could be considered almost fully characterized. However, this filamentous fungus is not only circumscribed to penicillin, and instead, it seems to be full of surprises, thereby producing important metabolites and providing expanded biotechnological applications. This review, in addition to summarizing the classical role of P. chrysogenum as penicillin producer, highlights its ability to generate an array of additional bioactive secondary metabolites and enzymes, together with the use of this microorganism in relevant biotechnological processes, such as bioremediation, biocontrol, production of bioactive nanoparticles and compounds with pharmaceutical interest, revalorization of agricultural and food-derived wastes or the enhancement of food industrial processes and the agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barreiro
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain; Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, León, Spain.
| | - Silvia M Albillos
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Akram Cheema H, Ilyas S, Kang H, Kim H. Comprehensive review of the global trends and future perspectives for recycling of decommissioned photovoltaic panels. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:187-202. [PMID: 38056367 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid deployment of renewable energy using photovoltaic (PV) panels, the sustainable management of decommissioned PV modules has become challenging. Decommissioned modules contain heavy metals, such as copper, cadmium, and lead, and hazardous polymer substances, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinylidene fluoride, which can pose a serious threat to the environment if disposed in a landfill. In addition, the low concentration value of critical metals, such as silver, indium, and tellurium, can also be lost. In this context, recycling decommissioned PV panels can be useful to resource recovery of valuable metals while lowering environmental stress. However, the lower share of PV modules and the prolonged life of 25-30 years compared to other waste volumes (e.g., electronic waste) hinder the progress in this direction. In contrast, reaching the end-of-life of the deployed first-generation PV panels is creating attraction toward the recycling of decommissioned modules. Henceforth, exploring the commercial viability of PV recycling necessitates a review of the methodologies that have been investigated on a laboratory scale and have the potential to be up-scaled. In this review, the recent trends in various PV-recycling steps, including frame disassembly, delamination, metal extraction, and recovery, are underlined while the associated problems are determined to suggest the required improvements in future technology. Furthermore, the environmental and economic feasibility of a few techniques are discussed to establish the viability of the recycling process. This review contributes to formulating PV waste management strategies and providing future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humma Akram Cheema
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sadia Ilyas
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Kang
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Huang Q, Yuan W, Guo Y, Ke Q. Thermal separation of plastic components from waste crystalline silicon solar cells: Thermogravimetric characteristics and thermokinetics. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:853-864. [PMID: 37751230 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2262426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment is a mainstream technique to separate plastic components from waste crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) modules. In this study, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted for a better understanding of the characteristics of plastic components mainly poly(ethylene-co-vinyl) acetate (EVA) binder and polyfluoroethylene composite membrane (TPT) backsheet in waste c-Si PV panels through thermal treatment at four different heating rates (5-20°C·min-1) under nitrogen and air conditions, respectively. The thermal process of the EVA binder whether in a nitrogen or air atmosphere could be divided into two phases, which were 300-400°C and 400-515°C in nitrogen with the total weight loss reached 99.64%; the two phases in the air were 270-405°C and 405-570°C with the total weight loss was 99.68%. The thermal weight loss of TPT in nitrogen has only one phase occured between 380°C and 520°C, and the weight loss rate is about 83%. There are two weight loss phases in the air atmosphere, which the first phase starts from 265°C to 485°C and the second phase ends at 635°C with a final weight loss reaching 97%. Furthermore, the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method was chosen to calculate the pyrolysis kinetic parameters. The activation energy for EVA in nitrogen (261.16 kJ·mol-1) was higher than in air (209.04 kJ·mol-1), also the TPT in nitrogen (188.28 kJ·mol-1) higher than in air (172.21 kJ·mol-1). That indicated that the thermal decomposition of EVA binder was accelerated at first phase in nitrogen, but there is little difference in air atmosphere. Moreover, the activation energy of PVF of the TPT backsheet in the first phase was lower than that in the second phase. This study provides the fundamental basis to develop efficient thermal separation for the plastic components EVA and TPT in waste PV panels.Implications: This study mainly aims to explore the thermal separation of plastic components of waste c-Si panels for heating treatment, so that developing an accurate heat treatment approach that is efficient to implement for the separation of secondary raw material i.e., glass and silicon wafer from end-of-life PV panels. Therefore, this research findings have significant implications for providing the basic data support for waste PV panels management recycling standards, specifications, or policy documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wenyi Yuan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Guo
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qinfei Ke
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Schmidt F, Amrein M, Hedwig S, Kober-Czerny M, Paracchino A, Holappa V, Suhonen R, Schäffer A, Constable EC, Snaith HJ, Lenz M. Organic solvent free PbI 2 recycling from perovskite solar cells using hot water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130829. [PMID: 36682249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells represent an emerging and highly promising renewable energy technology. However, the most efficient perovskite solar cells critically depend on the use of lead. This represents a possible environmental concern potentially limiting the technologies' commercialization. Here, we demonstrate a facile recycling process for PbI2, the most common lead-based precursor in perovskite absorber material. The process uses only hot water to effectively extract lead from synthetic precursor mixes, plastic- and glass-based perovskites (92.6 - 100% efficiency after two extractions). When the hot extractant is cooled, crystalline PbI2 in high purity (> 95.9%) precipitated with a high yield: from glass-based perovskites, the first cycle of extraction / precipitation was sufficient to recover 94.4 ± 5.6% of Pb, whereas a second cycle yielded another 10.0 ± 5.2% Pb, making the recovery quantitative. The solid extraction residue remaining is consequently deprived of metals and may thus be disposed as non-hazardous waste. Therefore, exploiting the highly temperature-dependent solubility of PbI2 in water provides a straightforward, easy to implement way to efficiently extract lead from PSC at the end-of-life and deposit the extraction residues in a cost-effective manner, mitigating the potential risk of lead leaching at the perovskites' end-of-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schmidt
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Meret Amrein
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Hedwig
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kober-Czerny
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | | | - Ville Holappa
- Printed materials systems, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Kaitoväylä 1, Oulu 90570, Finland
| | - Riikka Suhonen
- Printed materials systems, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Kaitoväylä 1, Oulu 90570, Finland
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Markus Lenz
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Uible MC, Kieser JM, Bart SC. Separation of Tellurium from Metal Chalcogenides through Mild Anhydrous Chlorination. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202364. [PMID: 36322693 PMCID: PMC10107169 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The separation of tellurium from cadmium telluride is examined using a unique combination of mild, anhydrous chlorination and complexation of the subsequent tellurium tetrachloride with 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate ligands (dtbc). The resulting tellurium complex, Te(dtbc)2 , is isolated in moderate yield and features a 103 to 104 reduction in cadmium content, as provided by XRF and ICP-MS analysis. Similar results were obtained from zinc telluride. A significant separation between Te, Se, and S was observed after treating a complex mixture of metal chalcogenides with this protocol. These three tunable steps can be applied for future applications of CdTe photovoltaic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine C Uible
- Department of Chemistry, H.C. Brown Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jerod M Kieser
- Department of Chemistry, H.C. Brown Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Suzanne C Bart
- Department of Chemistry, H.C. Brown Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Muthusamy PD, Velusamy G, Thandavan S, Govindasamy BR, Savarimuthu N. Industrial Internet of things-based solar photo voltaic cell waste management in next generation industries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:35542-35556. [PMID: 35237911 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, modern industries generate their energy by using renewable solar. The rapid increase in photovoltaic (PV) module installations provides a better energy conversion, but their life cycle is a major concern. This research paper focuses on the recycling process for solar PV modules using the Internet of Things in industries. The smart bin with the Internet of Things (IoT) utilizes a machine learning approach to collect solar waste. The proposed smart bin uses k-Nearest Neighbor's algorithm (k-NN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), a network-based learning algorithm. These algorithms are useful in updating the level of the bin via alert messages. It also helps in identifying the type of waste material. The k-NN algorithm provides 83% accuracy in predicting the bin level in a real-time testing environment. The smart dust bin classifies the waste materials, and notifies its level to the collection center through the IoT platform when the level reaches a prescribed threshold, the signal corresponding to the level is passed to the common waste collection unit. IoT is connected to Cloud Server. It helps to predict the level of the smart bin. Delay is introduced in the order of 3-8 s while the alert message is sent to the common waste collection unit. The system monitors the smart bin levels and sends the notifications to alert and initiate the collection unit. Real-time mobile app monitors the bin's level and location. The cloud IoT analytics analyze the solar e-waste in a different locations in industries.The proposed system works better and provides accurate results by using machine learning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimala Devi Muthusamy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velalar College of Engineering and Technology, Erode - 638012, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gowrishankar Velusamy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velalar College of Engineering and Technology, Erode - 638012, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathya Thandavan
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velalar College of Engineering and Technology, Erode - 638012, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Boopathi Raja Govindasamy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velalar College of Engineering and Technology, Erode - 638012, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhan Y, Shen X, Chen M, Yang K, Xie H. Bioleaching of tellurium from mine tailings by indigenous Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 75:1076-1083. [PMID: 34586632 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tellurium (Te) is a scarce and valuable metalloid, which can be found in some mine tailings. In this work, an indigenous Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain was used to leach Te from mine tailings collected in the Shimian Te mine region, China. Under the optimized conditions of initial pH of 2·0, pulp density of 4% and temperature of 30°C, 47·77% of Te can be dissolved after 24 days of bioleaching. The leaching of Te by different systems such as bioleaching, Ferric ion (Fe(III)) leaching and acid leaching was compared. The results showed that the leaching behaviour of Te is similar to that of sulphur in sulphide minerals, that is, Fe(III) first oxidizes telluride (Te(-II)) in minerals to elemental Te, and then elemental Te can be oxidized by bacteria to Te(IV) and Te(VI). Besides, it was also showed by scanning electron microscope observation and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the ore sample before and after bioleaching that some bedded structure covered on the surface of the ore after bioleaching acting as a reaction compartment, and the changing of active groups indicated a possible attachment between bacteria and ore. There is an indirect mechanism involved in bioleaching of Te.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhan
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - X Shen
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - M Chen
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - K Yang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - H Xie
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Nain P, Kumar A. Metal dissolution from end-of-life solar photovoltaics in real landfill leachate versus synthetic solutions: One-year study. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 114:351-361. [PMID: 32702623 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the after end-of-life concerns of solar panels, four commercially available photovoltaics (reduced to 15×15 cm2 size) in broken and unbroken conditions were exposed to three synthetic solutions of pH 4, 7, 10 and one real municipal solid waste landfill leachate for one year. Metals leaching, encapsulant degradation and release, probability of leached metals exceeding their surface water limits, and change in pollution index of leachate after dumping of solar panels were investigated. Rainwater simulating solution was found to be predominant for metal release from silicon-based photovoltaics, with silver, lead and chromium being released up to 683.26 mg/L (26.9%), 23.37 mg/L (17.6%), and 14.96 mg/L (13.05%), respectively. Copper indium gallium (de) selenide (CIGS) photovoltaic was found to be least vulnerable in various conditions with negligible release of indium, molybdenum, selenium and gallium with values ranging between 0.2 and 1mg/L (0.30%-0.74%). In contrast, minimal metals were released in real landfill leachate compared to other leaching solutions for all photovoltaics. Positive correlation was observed between encapsulant release and metal dissolution with a maximum encapsulant release in silicon-based photovoltaics in rainwater conditions. The calcualtion of values of probability of exceedance of leached metals to their respective surface water limits for aluminium (multi- and mono- crystalline-silicon), silver (amorphous photovoltaic) and indium (CIGS) indicated maximum value to be 92.31%. The regression analysis indicated that conditions of the modules and pH of the leaching solution play significant roles in the metal leaching. The increase in leachate contamination potential after one-year of photovoltaics dumping was found to be 12.02%, 10.90%, 15.26%, 54.19% for amorphous, CIGS, mono and multi crystalline-silicon photovoltaics, respectively. Overall, the maximum metal release observed in the present study is 30% of the initial amount under the most stressful conditions, which suggests that short-term leaching studies with millimeter sized sample pieces do not represent the realistic dumping scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Nain
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.
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Assefi M, Maroufi S, Sahajwalla V. Recycling of the scrap LCD panels by converting into the InBO 3 nanostructure product. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:36287-36295. [PMID: 31713827 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of the value-added products from e-waste resources is an important step in the recycling process. The present paper aims to propose a methodology for the recovery of In from scrap LCD panel via preparation of InBO3 nanostructure. Discarded LCD panel was subjected to a recycling process through crushing, milling, and oxalic acid leaching to prepare In2(C2O4)3·6H2O. Through the leaching process, B(OH)3 from glass part (alumina borosilicate) has been leached out along with indium oxalate hydrated. Further thermal treatment on these extracted materials at 600 °C could result in the formation of InBO3 nanostructures with an average particle size of 20 nm. A multistep mechanism based on thermodynamic calculations for the recycling of the InBO3 form extracted precursors was proposed. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Assefi
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Samane Maroufi
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Veena Sahajwalla
- Centre for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
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