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Bystrov DA, Volegova DD, Korsakova SA, Salmina AB, Yurchenko SO. Electric Field-Induced Effects in Eukaryotic Cells: Current Progress and Limitations. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2025. [PMID: 40279199 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2025.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2025]
Abstract
Electric fields (EFs) offer a powerful tool for manipulating cells and modulating their behavior, holding significant promise for regenerative medicine and cell biology. We provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of different types of EF on eukaryotic cells with the special focus on physical mechanisms and signaling pathways involved. Direct current EF induces electrophoresis and electroosmosis, influencing cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Alternating current EF, through dielectric polarization and dielectrophoresis, enables cell manipulation, trapping, and sorting. Pulsed EF, particularly high-intensity, short-duration pulses, induces reversible and irreversible electroporation, facilitating drug and gene delivery. The review covers some technological aspects of EF generation, emphasizing the importance of experimental setups, and integration with microfluidic platforms for high-throughput analysis and precise manipulations. Furthermore, the synergistic potential of combining EFs with optical tweezers is highlighted, enabling fine-tuned control of cell positioning, intercellular interactions, and measurement of biophysical properties. Finally, the review addresses limitations of EF application, such as field heterogeneity and potential side effects, and outlines the directions for future studies, including developing the minimally invasive delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A Bystrov
- Center "Soft Matter and Physics of Fluids," Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria D Volegova
- Center "Soft Matter and Physics of Fluids," Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofia A Korsakova
- Center "Soft Matter and Physics of Fluids," Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla B Salmina
- Center "Soft Matter and Physics of Fluids," Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
- Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav O Yurchenko
- Center "Soft Matter and Physics of Fluids," Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
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Xu Y, Wu J, Dong L, Di G. The role of Nrf2 in protection against electrostatic field-induced oxidative stress and learning and memory decline in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7005-7017. [PMID: 36018411 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The intensity of static electric field (SEF) in the surrounding environment of transmission lines has been greatly increased with the rapid development of ultra-high-voltage direct-current transmission. Therefore, the potential health effects of SEF have stimulated great public attention. It has been proven that SEF exposure can cause reversible damage to the nervous system through oxidative stress; however, the mechanism of its recovery is unclear. This study focused on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a vital regulator of oxidative stress, and has been identified to notably impact the protection of organisms against many external stimuli. Herein, it was found that 56.3 kV/m SEF exposure for 7 days and 14 days significantly improved the expression levels of Nrf2 protein in the cytoplasm and nucleus of mice' hippocampus, as well as antioxidant genes, superoxide dismutase 2, and glutathione peroxidase 1. No significant difference in the expression level of the Nrf2 gene was found. The results indicated that the body could activate the Nrf2 signalling under SEF exposure by means other than up-regulation of Nrf2 gene expression. Inhibiting Nrf2 signalling by isoniazid could block SEF-induced gene transcription and protein expression, resulting in a decrease in antioxidant capacity, an increase in the level of lipid peroxide product, and irretrievability of learning and memory damage. These results demonstrated that the Nrf2 signalling pathway exhibited a protective role in SEF-induced oxidative damage and decline in learning and memory ability, which provides a potential strategy for preventing and treating SEF-related neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Xu
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315300, People's Republic of China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Dong
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Di
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Lai H. Neurological effects of static and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields. Electromagn Biol Med 2022; 41:201-221. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2022.2064489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Dong L, Xiang J, Guo J, Chen G, Di G. Can static electric fields increase the activity of nitric oxide synthase and induce oxidative stress and damage of spleen? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:4093-4100. [PMID: 34398376 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of ultra-high-voltage (UHV) direct-current (DC) transmissions, the impact of static electric fields (SEF) in the vicinity of overhead UHV DC transmission lines on health has aroused much public concern. This study explored the effects of 56.3kV/m SEF on the spleen of mice. Results showed that SEF exposure of 21days significantly increased malonic dialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase activity, calcineurin activity, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, and the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the spleen and caused the separation of nucleus and nuclear membrane, the disappearance of mitochondrial membrane, and the deficiency of mitochondrial cristae in splenic lymphocytes. By analysis and discussion, it was deduced that SEF could induce oxidative stress of the spleen by increasing the activity of NOS. Oxidative stress could further cause ultrastructural changes of splenic lymphocytes. Moreover, oxidative stress could cause the increase of the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and NF-κB, which contributed to the occurrence of spleen inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Xiang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Di
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Di G, Kim H, Xu Y, Kim J, Gu X. A comparative study on influences of static electric field and power frequency electric field on cognition in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 66:91-95. [PMID: 30639900 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, electromagnetic fields around ultra-high voltage transmission lines have received considerable attentions for their potential biological effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of static electric field (SEF) and power frequency electric field (PFEF) on cognition. Mice were exposed to SEF and PFEF with the same strength (35 kV/m) for 49 days, respectively. Behaviors in Morris water maze test and amino acid neurotransmitter levels in hippocampus were examined during exposure. Results indicated that the exposure of 35 kV/m SEF would not cause significant influences on learning and memory ability in mice, while the exposure of 35 kV/m PFEF would cause significant positive effects on learning and memory ability in mice on day 33. This difference in effects from SEF and PFEF on cognition was possibly induced by the difference in the degree of molecular polarization and ion migration in organisms under exposure of two kinds of electric fields with different frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Di
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Hakbong Kim
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Yaqian Xu
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jonghyok Kim
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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Lin Q, Dong L, Xu Y, Di G. Studies on effects of static electric field exposure on liver in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15507. [PMID: 30341322 PMCID: PMC6195622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of ultra-high-voltage direct-current transmission, the intensity of static electric field (SEF) under transmission lines increased, which has aroused public attention on its potential health effects. In order to examine effects of SEF exposure on liver, institute of cancer research mice were exposed to SEF with intensities of 27.5 kV/m, 34.7 kV/m and 56.3 kV/m, respectively. In each intensity of SEF exposure, a corresponding sham exposure group was used. Several indices relating to liver function (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were tested after exposure of 7, 14, 21 and 35 days. Results showed that exposure to SEF with intensities of 27.5 kV/m and 34.7 kV/m for 35 days did not significantly influence any detected indices above. Under SEF exposure with intensity of 56.3 kV/m, the SOD activity in liver was significantly increased after exposure of 7 and 14 days. However, no significant increase was found in MDA content as well as the activities of AST and ALT between exposure group and sham exposure group during SEF exposure of 56.3 kV/m. It suggested that from three SEF intensities, only exposure to SEF with intensity of 56.3 kV/m (7 and 14 days) caused a temporary oxidative stress response in liver expressed by the increase in activity of SOD, but it did not produce oxidative damage. This biological effect may be related to the increase of mitochondrial membrane potential of hepatocytes caused by SEF exposure. When the membrane potential exceeds a threshold, Q cycle in mitochondria will be affected, which will result in an increase of superoxide anion concentration and ultimately an oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhao Lin
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Li Dong
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | | | - Guoqing Di
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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