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Tsiodra I, Tavernaraki K, Grivas G, Parinos C, Papoutsidaki K, Paraskevopoulou D, Liakakou E, Gogou A, Bougiatioti A, Gerasopoulos E, Kanakidou M, Mihalopoulos N. Spatiotemporal Gradients of PAH Concentrations in Greek Cities and Associated Exposure Impacts. TOXICS 2024; 12:293. [PMID: 38668516 PMCID: PMC11055022 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
To study the spatiotemporal variability of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and assess their carcinogenic potential in six contrasting urban environments in Greece, a total of 305 filter samples were collected and analyzed. Sampling sites included a variety of urban background, traffic (Athens, Ioannina and Heraklion), rural (Xanthi) and near-port locations (Piraeus and Volos). When considering the sum of 16 U.S. EPA priority PAHs, as well as that of the six EU-proposed members, average concentrations observed across locations during summer varied moderately (0.4-2.2 ng m-3) and independently of the population of each site, with the highest values observed in the areas of Piraeus and Volos that are affected by port and industrial activities. Winter levels were significantly higher and more spatially variable compared to summer, with the seasonal enhancement ranging from 7 times in Piraeus to 98 times in Ioannina, indicating the large impact of PAH emissions from residential wood burning. Regarding benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), an IARC Group 1 carcinogen and the only EU-regulated PAH, the winter/summer ratios were 24-33 in Athens, Volos, Heraklion and Xanthi; 60 in Piraeus; and 480 in Ioannina, which is afflicted by severe wood-burning pollution events. An excellent correlation was observed between organic carbon (OC) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) during the cold period at all urban sites (r2 > 0.8) with stable BaP/OC slopes (0.09-0.14 × 10-3), highlighting the potential use of OC as a proxy for the estimation of BaP in winter conditions. The identified spatiotemporal contrasts, which were explored for the first time for PAHs at such a scale in the Eastern Mediterranean, provide important insights into sources and controlling atmospheric conditions and reveal large deviations in exposure risks among cities that raise the issue of environmental injustice on a national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Tsiodra
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Kalliopi Tavernaraki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Constantine Parinos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece; (C.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Kyriaki Papoutsidaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Despina Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Alexandra Gogou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece; (C.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Evangelos Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
- Center for Studies of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
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Zhang X, Li Z. Investigating industrial PAH air pollution in relation to population exposure in major countries: A scoring approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117801. [PMID: 36996564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common air pollutants worldwide, associated with industrial processes. In the general population, both modeling and field studies revealed a positive correlation between air PAH concentrations and urinary PAH metabolite levels. Many countries lack population urinary data that correspond to local PAH air concentrations. Thus, we proposed a scoring-based approximate approach to investigating that correlation in selected countries, hypothesizing that PAH air concentrations in selected regions could represent the national air quality influenced by industrial emission and further correlate to PAH internal exposure in the general population. This research compiled 85 peer-reviewed journal articles and 9 official monitoring datasets/reports covering 34 countries, 16 of which with both atmospheric PAH data and human biomonitoring data. For the air pollution score (AirS), Egypt had the highest AirS at 0.94 and Pakistan was at the bottom of the score ranking at -1.95, as well as the median in the UK (AirS: 0.50). For the population exposure score (ExpS), China gained the top ExpS at 0.44 and Spain was with the lowest ExpS of -1.52, with the median value in Italy (ExpS: 0.43). Through the correlation analysis, atmospheric PAHs and their corresponding urinary metabolites provided a positive relationship to a diverse extent, indicating that the related urinary metabolites could reflect the population's exposure to specific atmospheric PAHs. The findings also revealed that in the 16 selected countries, AirS indexes were positively correlated with ExpS indexes, implying that higher PAH levels in the air may lead to elevated metabolite urinary levels in general populations. Furthermore, lowering PAH air concentrations could reduce population internal PAH exposure, implying that strict PAH air regulation or emission would reduce health risks for general populations. Notably, this study was an ideal theoretical research based on proposed assumptions to some extent. Further research should focus on understanding exposure pathways, protecting vulnerable populations, and improving the PAH database to optimize PAH pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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Singh BP, Zughaibi TA, Alharthy SA, Al-Asmari AI, Rahman S. Statistical analysis, source apportionment, and toxicity of particulate- and gaseous-phase PAHs in the urban atmosphere. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1070663. [PMID: 36703843 PMCID: PMC9871548 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The concentrations of particulate and gaseous Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Carbon (PAHs) were determined in the urban atmosphere of Delhi in different seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon). Methodology The samples were collected using instrument air metric (particulate phase) and charcoal tube (gaseous phase) and analyzed through Gas chromatography. The principal component and correlation were used to identify the sources of particulate and gaseous PAHs during different seasons. Results and discussion The mean concentration of the sum of total PAHs (TPAHs) for particulate and gaseous phases at all the sites were found to be higher in the winter season (165.14 ± 50.44 ng/m3 and 65.73 ± 16.84 ng/m3) than in the summer season (134.08 ± 35.0 ng/m3 and 43.43 ± 9.59 ng/m3), whereas in the monsoon season the concentration was least (68.15 ± 18.25 ng/m3 and 37.63 1 13.62 ng/m3). The principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that seasonal variations of PAHs accounted for over 86.9%, 84.5%, and 94.5% for the summer, monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively. The strong and positive correlation coefficients were observed between B(ghi)P and DahA (0.922), B(a)P and IcdP (0.857), and B(a)P and DahA (0.821), which indicated the common source emissions of PAHs. In addition to this, the correlation between Nap and Flu, Flu and Flt, B(a)P, and IcdP showed moderate to high correlation ranging from 0.68 to 0.75 for the particulate phase PAHs. The carcinogenic health risk values for gaseous and particulate phase PAHs at all sites were calculated to be 4.53 × 10-6, 2.36 × 10-5 for children, and 1.22 × 10-5, 6.35 × 10-5 for adults, respectively. The carcinogenic health risk for current results was found to be relatively higher than the prescribed standard of the Central Pollution Control Board, India (1.0 × 10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif A. Alharthy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I. Al-Asmari
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory Department, Ministry of Health, King Aziz Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Air Quality Impact Assessment of a Waste-to-Energy Plant: Modelling Results vs. Monitored Data. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the emissions from a municipal Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plant in Northern Italy on local air quality was assessed using the CALMET-CALPUFF atmospheric dispersion modelling system. Model simulations were based on hourly emission rates measured by continuous stack monitoring systems and considered both air quality-regulated pollutants (nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, toxic elements, benzo(a)pyrene), and other trace pollutants typical of WtE plants (dioxins, furans, and mercury). The model results were compared to both long-term observations from the air quality monitoring network and with short-term measurements from dedicated monitoring campaigns in the vicinity of the WtE plant, in both warm and cold season conditions. Modelling and observational results showed that the estimated plant contributions are very limited. This suggests that the observed concentration levels were the result of the contribution of all the sources distributed over the area and that they were not solely driven by the activity of the plant. Estimated contributions from the plant’s emissions were usually at least two orders of magnitudes lower than the ambient levels at the nearest monitoring site and even lower at the farthest sites.
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Ali-Taleshi MS, Squizzato S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Moeinaddini M, Masiol M. Using a hybrid approach to apportion potential source locations contributing to excess cancer risk of PM 2.5-bound PAHs during heating and non-heating periods in a megacity in the Middle East. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111617. [PMID: 34228953 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent one of the major toxic pollutants associated with PM2.5 with significant human health and climate effects. Because of local and long-range transport of atmospheric PAHs to receptor sites, higher global attentions have been focused to improve PAHs pollution emission management. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected at three urban sites located in the capital of Iran, Tehran, during the heating and non-heating periods (H-period and NH-period). The US EPA 16 priority PAHs were analyzed and the data were processed to the following detailed aims: (i) investigate the H-period and NH-period variations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs concentrations; (ii) identify the PAHs sources and the source locations during the two periods; (iii) carry out a source-specific excess cancer risk (ECR) assessment highlighting the potential source locations contributing to the ECR using a hybrid approach. Total PAHs (TPAHs) showed significantly higher concentrations (1.56-1.89 times) during the H-period. Among the identified PAHs compounds, statistically significant periodical differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed only between eight PAHs species (Nap, BaA, Chr, BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP, and DahA) at all three sampling sites which can be due to the significant differences of PAHs emission sources during H and NH-periods. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs accounted for 52.7% and 46.8% on average of TPAHs during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) led to identifying four main PAHs sources including industrial emissions, petrogenic emissions, biomass burning and natural gas emissions, and vehicle exhaust emissions. Industrial and petrogenic emissions exhibited the highest contribution (19.8%, 27.2%, respectively) during the NH-period, while vehicle exhaust and biomass burning-natural gas emissions showed the largest contribution (40.7%, 29.6%, respectively) during the H-period. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) on factor contributions was used for tracking the potential locations of the identified sources. In addition to local sources, long-range transport contributed to a significant fraction of TPHAs in Tehran both during the H- and NH-periods. Source-specific carcinogenic risks assessment apportioned vehicle exhaust (44.2%, 2.52 × 10-4) and biomass burning-natural gas emissions (33.9%, 8.31 × 10-5) as the main cancer risk contributors during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. CWT maps pointed out the different distribution patterns associated with the cancer risk from the identified sources. This will allow better risk management through the identification of priority PAHs sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy
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Ali-Taleshi MS, Moeinaddini M, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Feiznia S, Squizzato S, Bourliva A. A one-year monitoring of spatiotemporal variations of PM 2.5-bound PAHs in Tehran, Iran: Source apportionment, local and regional sources origins and source-specific cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:115883. [PMID: 33189444 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5-bound PAHs were analyzed in a total of 135 daily samples collected during four seasons from 2018 to 2019, at three urban sites in Tehran, Iran. This study aims to investigate spatio-temporal variations, source apportionment, potential local and regional sources contributions and lung cancer risks associated with the 16 US EPA priority PAHs. PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 43.8 to 80.3 μg m-3 with the highest concentrations observed in summer. Total PAHs (TPAHs) concentrations ranged between 24.6 and 38.9 ng m-3. Autumn period exhibited the highest average concentration (48.3 ng m-3) followed by winter (29.5 ng m-3), spring (25.9 ng m-3) and summer (16.1 ng m-3). Five PAHs sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis: diesel exhaust, unburned petroleum-petrogenic, industrial, gasoline exhaust and coal/biomass combustion-natural gas emissions, accounting for 22.3%, 15.6%, 7.5%, 30.9%, and 23.6% of TPAHs, respectively. Site-specific bivariate polar (BP) and conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF) plots were computed to assess PM2.5 and TPAHs local source locations. CBPF pointed out that TPHAs sources are likely of local origin, showing the highest probability close to the sampling sites associated with low wind speed (<5 m s-1). The potential source contribution function (PSCF) and the concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) models were applied to investigate the long-range transport of PM2.5 and TPAHs. In addition to local sources contributions, Eastern areas were highly related to long-distance transport of PM2.5 and the Western areas showed the highest contribution of the total, medium molecular weight (MMW) (4 rings) and high molecular weight (HMW) (5-6 rings) PAHs. The upper bound of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) via inhalation exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs was at a moderate risk level (3.14 × 10-4 to 6.17 × 10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Sadat Feiznia
- Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Anna Bourliva
- Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Nogarotto DC, Pozza SA. A review of multivariate analysis: is there a relationship between airborne particulate matter and meteorological variables? ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:573. [PMID: 32772266 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among statistical tools for the study of atmospheric pollutants, trajectory regression analysis (TRA), cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA) can be highlighted. Therefore, this article presents a systematic review of such techniques based on (i) air mass influences on particulate matter (PM) and (ii) the study of the relationship between PM and meteorological variables. This article aims to review studies that use TRA and to review studies that adopt CA and/or PCA to identify the associations and relationship between meteorological variables and atmospheric pollutants. Papers published between 2006 and 2018 and indexed by five of the main scientific databases were considered (ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PubMed, SciELO, and Scopus databases). PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations supported this systematic review. From the resulting most relevant papers, eight studies analyzed the influence of air mass trajectories on PM using TRA and twenty-one studies searched for the relationship between meteorological variables and PM using CA and/or PCA. A combination of TRA and time series models was identified as the possibility of future works. Besides, studies that simultaneously combine the three techniques to identify both the influence of air masses on PM and its relationship with meteorological variables are a possibility of future papers, because it can lead to a better comprehension of such a phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Andrea Pozza
- School of Technology (FT), University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
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Padoan S, Zappi A, Adam T, Melucci D, Gambaro A, Formenton G, Popovicheva O, Nguyen DL, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R. Organic molecular markers and source contributions in a polluted municipality of north-east Italy: Extended PCA-PMF statistical approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109587. [PMID: 32668546 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exceeding the maximum levels for environmental pollutants creates public and scientific interest for the environmental and human health impact it may have. In Northern Italy, the Po Valley, and in particular the Veneto region, is still a hotspot for air quality improvement. Several monitoring campaigns were carried out in this area to acquire information about sources of pollutants which are considered critical. For the first time, a deep study of the aerosol organic fraction was performed in the town Sernaglia della Battaglia, nearby Treviso. During three seasons of 2017, PM1 and PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously. Organic molecular markers have been analyzed by in-situ derivatization thermal desorption gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IDTD-GC-TOFMS). Alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxi-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, anhydrous sugars, resins acids, triterpenoids, and acids were considered. The organic chemical composition has been analyzed based on seasonal variation and source contributions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) have been combined to deeply investigate the main sources of particulate organic matter. On the one hand, PCA evaluates the correlations between the organic markers and their seasonal distribution. On the other hand, the source contributions to aerosol composition are estimated by PMF. Four main emission sources were found by PMF: solid fuel combustion (coal, wood), combustion of petroleum distillates (gas and fuel oil) and exhaust gases of vehicles, industrial combustion processes, home heating, and forest fires are evaluated as the most important sources for the air quality and pollution in this municipality of Northern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Padoan
- Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany; CMA Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany.
| | - Alessandro Zappi
- Department of Chemistry Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Thomas Adam
- Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany; CMA Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Dora Melucci
- Department of Chemistry Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Gianni Formenton
- Department of Regional Laboratories, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection of Veneto, Mestre, Italy
| | | | - Dac-Loc Nguyen
- CMA Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany; Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, D-18051, Rostock, Germany; Institute of Geophysics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Ralf Zimmermann
- CMA Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany; Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), University of Rostock, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
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Combination of Different Approaches to Infer Local or Regional Contributions to PM2.5 Burdens in Graz, Austria. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In early 2017 high particulate matter (PM) levels were observed across mid-Europe, including Austria. Here we characterize PM pollution in the city of Graz during January to March 2017, a period with substantial exceedances (34 days) of the European Union (EU) PM10 short time limit value. This study evaluates whether the observed exceedances can be attributed to the accumulation of pollutants emitted by local sources or to a larger scale pollution episode including transport. The analyses are based on the ratios of PM10 concentrations determined at an urban and background site, and the analyses of chemical composition of PM2.5 samples (i.e., water soluble ions, organic and elemental carbon, anhydro-sugars, humic-like substances, aluminum, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Source apportionment was realized using a macro-tracer model. Overall, the combination of different approaches (PM10 ratios, chemical composition, and macro-tracer derived source apportionment) enabled a conclusive identification of time periods characterized by the accumulation of emissions from local sources or regional pollution episodes.
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Liao W, Zhou J, Zhu S, Xiao A, Li K, Schauer JJ. Characterization of aerosol chemical composition and the reconstruction of light extinction coefficients during winter in Wuhan, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125033. [PMID: 31610462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate light extinction contributions of aerosol chemical constituents and their impacts on atmospheric visibility, the PM2.5 and its chemical components, light scattering (bsp) and absorption (bap) were continuously measured in Wuhan from January to February 2018. The average of PM2.5 concentration, bsp and bap were 96.5 ± 13.7 μg m-3, 564 ± 124 Mm-1 and 44 ± 8 Mm-1 during polluted days, respectively, which was about 2.0, 2.1 and 1.6 times higher than those of clean days, respectively. Compared with the clean days, the increase of the mass concentrations of SNA (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) during polluted days was higher than those of organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon, indicated the increase of SNA was the main cause of air pollution. The PM2.5 concentration threshold was 66 μg m-3, corresponding to the visibility lower than 10 km. The revised Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) algorithm was used to reconstruct the light extinction coefficient (bext) in Wuhan. The sum of light extinction coefficients of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 and organic matter (OM) accounted for 70.5% and 83.9% of bext during clean and polluted days, respectively. The backward trajectory and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis revealed that regional transport accounted for 55.6% of the total airflow, which originated from south, northwest and west of Wuhan. The increases of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 concentrations, emitted from local vehicle exhaust and coal combustion, and their hygroscopic growth in ambient were the major causes of pollution in Wuhan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Liao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Jiabin Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Shengjie Zhu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Safety Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Anshan Xiao
- Sinopec Research Institute of Safety Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kuan Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Fang B, Zhang L, Zeng H, Liu J, Yang Z, Wang H, Wang Q, Wang M. PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources and Health Risk during Non-Heating and Heating Periods (Tangshan, China). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020483. [PMID: 31940862 PMCID: PMC7014208 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may lead to adverse health risks. To understand the potential sources and carcinogenic risks of PAHs in Tangshan, 40 PM2.5 samples were collected for analysis of eighteen PM2.5-bound PAHs during non-heating period and heating period. The results display a significant variation. The median concentration of ∑18PAHs during the heating period (282 ng/m3) was higher than during the non-heating period (185 ng/m3). Especially, the median concentration of Benzopyrene (BaP) during the heating period (61.6 ng/m3) was 16.9-fold that during the non-heating period (3.64 ng/m3). It exceeded BaP annual average limit of China (1 ng/m3). Diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA) both indicated that vehicle emissions and coal and biomass combustion were the dominant contributors of PAHs pollution in Tangshan. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of three age groups (children, teenagers, and adults) ranged from 2.56 × 10−6 to 5.26 × 10−5 during the entire sampling periods. The 95% risk values of adults exceeded 10−4 during the heating periods, indicating a potential health risk from PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Hao Zeng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Ze Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongwei Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-0315-880-5585 (Q.W.); +86-0315-880-5576 (M.W.)
| | - Manman Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-0315-880-5585 (Q.W.); +86-0315-880-5576 (M.W.)
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Mueller A, Ulrich N, Hollmann J, Zapata Sanchez CE, Rolle-Kampczyk UE, von Bergen M. Characterization of a multianalyte GC-MS/MS procedure for detecting and quantifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH derivatives from air particulate matter for an improved risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:112967. [PMID: 31610516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A correct description of the concentration and distribution of particle bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is important for risk assessment of atmospheric particulate matter. A new targeted GC-MS/MS method was developed for analyzing 64 PAHs including compounds with a molecular weight >300, as well as nitro-, methyl-, oxy- and hydroxyl derivatives in a single analysis. The instrumental LOD ranged between 0.03 and 0.7 pg/μL for PAHs, 0.2-7.9 pg/μL for hydroxyl and oxy PAHs, 0.1-7.4 pg/μL for nitro PAHs and 0.06-0.3 pg/μL for methyl-PAHs. As an example for the relevance of this method samples of PM10 were collected at six sampling sites in Medellin, Colombia, extracted and the concentration of 64 compounds was determined. The 16 PAHs from the EPA priority list contributed only from 54% to 69% to the sum of all analyzed compounds, PAH with high molecular weight accounted for 8.8%-18.9%. Benzo(a)pyrene equivalents (BaPeq) were calculated for the estimation of the life time cancer (LCR). The LCR according to the samples ranged from 2.75 × 10-5 to 1.4 × 10-4 by a calculation with toxic equivalent factors (TEF) and 5.7 × 10-5 to 3.8 × 10-4 with potency equivalent factor (PEF). By using the new relative potency factors (RPF) recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) the LCR ranged from 1.3 × 10-4 to 7.2 × 10-4. Hence, it was around six times higher than the well-known TEF. The novel method enables the reliable quantification of a more comprehensive set of PAHs bound on PM and thus will facilitate and improve the risk assessment of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mueller
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nadin Ulrich
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Analytical Environmental Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Hollmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carmen E Zapata Sanchez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellin, Facultad de Minas, Departamento de Geociencias y Medioambiente, Carrera 80 Nr 65-223, Bl M3, Calaire, 050041 Medellin, Colombia
| | - Ulrike E Rolle-Kampczyk
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Dep. of Molecular Systems Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Wang C, Meng Z, Yao P, Zhang L, Wang Z, Lv Y, Tian Y, Feng Y. Sources-specific carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of PM 2.5-bound PAHs in Beijing, China: Variations of contributions under diverse anthropogenic activities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109552. [PMID: 31442804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To study source-specific carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under diverse anthropogenic activities, PM2.5-bound PAHs were detected in Beijing in four periods. PAHs in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting (APEC) was much lower than that in after-APEC period. The highest PAHs concentration was in heating period (303 ng/m3). Sources were quantified by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). In heating period, due to high emissions, weak diffusion, low degradation and evaporation, high contributions of all sources were observed, and both absolute and relative contributions of coal combustion increased. Changed contributions in during-APEC and after-APEC periods implied effectiveness of reinforced emission control, especially for coal combustion and vehicles. Furthermore, variations of sources-specific carcinogenicity and mutagenicity were investigated. In non-heating period, contributions of gasoline exhaust (38.4% TEQ: Toxic Equivalent Quantity, 33.7% MEQ: Mutagenic Equivalent Quantity) and diesel exhaust (53.8% TEQ, 57.9% MEQ) dominated both carcinogenic and mutagenic risks. Coal combustion sharply increased in heating period, attributing 27.5% TEQ and 21.7% MEQ. In during-APEC period, all contributions to carcinogenicity and mutagenicity were lower than those in after-APEC period, but "others" linked with regional transport contributed increased fractions (above 20%). Sources-specific carcinogenicity and mutagenicity under diverse anthropogenic activities, especially for APEC meeting with reinforced control, gave a new insight into assessment of control measures based on health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhao Meng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peiting Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yibing Lv
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Chao S, Liu J, Chen Y, Cao H, Zhang A. Implications of seasonal control of PM 2.5-bound PAHs: An integrated approach for source apportionment, source region identification and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:685-695. [PMID: 30716675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5-bound PAHs are ubiquitous in urban atmospheres and are characterized as carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic upon inhalation. A total of 218 daily PM2.5 samples were collected during one year in the urban district of Beijing, China. Analysis showed that the annual mean concentration of total PAHs (TPAHs) was 66.2 ng/m3, with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) accounting for 12.4%. High-molecular-weight (HMW, 4-6 rings) PAHs were the dominant components. Seasonal TPAH concentrations decreased in the order of heating season (156 ng/m3) > autumn (20.4 ng/m3) > spring (16.0 ng/m3) > summer (12.5 ng/m3) and were related to meteorological conditions and source emission intensity. The source-attributed mass contribution and source regions of three sources (i.e., (1) vehicle emissions; (2) coal combustion; and (3) petroleum volatilization, natural gas and biomass combustion) were identified by integrating the positive matrix factorization (PMF), potential source contribution function (PSCF) and conditional probability function (CPF). Vehicle emissions contributed the most mass (54.6%), followed by coal combustion (29.8%), on an annual basis. Combined with actual regional emissions, vehicle emissions were mainly derived from local sources, while coal combustion mainly came from regional transport from surrounding areas. Vehicle emissions and coal combustion have much higher mass contributions in the heating season. The source-attributed cancer risk was further evaluated based on source mass contribution and inhalation unit risk. Vehicle emissions contributed the largest risk (2.8 × 10-6, accounting for 71%) as a result of 30 years of exposure for local residents, exceeding the acceptable level (10-6). The heating season showed the most risk, especially in response to vehicle emissions and coal combustion. Overall, the source-attributed cancer risk was regarded as the better index for the development of a control strategy of PM2.5-bound PAHs for protecting residents. Based on this index, priority control sources in each season were identified to supply a more effective management solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihong Chao
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yanjiao Chen
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Aichen Zhang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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