Application of Dempster-Shafer theory and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process for evaluating the effects of geological formation units on groundwater quality

An applicability test of the conventional and neural network methods to map the overall water quality of the Caspian Sea

This study investigates the water quality of the Caspian Sea by examining the presence of nutrients and heavy metals in the water. Water samples were collected from 22 stations and analyzed for nutrient and heavy metal levels. The study used the fuzzy method to prepare water quality maps and employed ANNs methods to predict microbial contamination for future years. The results revealed that the western and northwestern parts of the region had higher nutrient levels (about 40.2 % of the region), while the eastern and northeastern shores were highly polluted due to increased urbanization (about 70.1 % of the region). The long short-term memory (LSTM) method was found to have the highest accuracy compared to other ANNs methods and indicated a recent increase in pollution (R_{Water quality}²=0.940, R_OECD²=0.950, R_TRIX²=0.840). The study recommends targeted research to identify the causes and means of controlling pollution in light of the predicted increase in pollution in the Caspian Sea.