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Picone M, Russo M, Marchetto D, Distefano GG, Baccichet M, Scalabrin E, Galvan T, Humar M, Lesar B, Guarneri I, Tagliapietra D, Capodaglio G, Volpi Ghirardini A. An Integrated Testing Strategy (ITS) to assess the environmental compatibility of wood protection techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134484. [PMID: 38723484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
To quantify the possible impact of different wood protection techniques on the aquatic environment, we applied a tiered Integrated Testing Strategy (ITS) on leachates obtained from untreated (UTW) Norway spruce (Picea abies), specimens treated with a copper-ethanolamine-based preservative solution, complying with the Use Class 3 (UC3), and specimens thermally modified (TM). Different maturation times in water were tested to verify whether toxicant leaching is time-dependent. Tier I tests, addressing acute effects on Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, and Daphnia magna, evidenced that TM toxicity was comparable or even lower than in UTW. Conversely, UC3 significantly affected all species compared to UTW, also after 30 days of maturation in water, and was not considered an environmentally acceptable wood preservation solution. Tier II (effects on early-life stages of Lymnea auricularia) and III (chronic effects on D. magna and L. auricularia) performed on UTW and TM confirmed the latter as an environmentally acceptable treatment, with increasing maturation times resulting in decreased adverse effects. The ITS allowed for rapid and reliable identification of potentially harmful effects due to preservation treatments, addressed the choice for a less impacting solution, and can be effective for manufacturers in identifying more environmentally friendly solutions while developing their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Picone
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Martina Russo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Davide Marchetto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giuseppe Distefano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Marco Baccichet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Elisa Scalabrin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy; National Council for the Research - Institute of Polar Sciences, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Thomas Galvan
- Agri.Te.Co. Società Cooperativa, via via Angelo Toffoli 13, 30175 Venezia-Marghera, Italy
| | - Miha Humar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bostjan Lesar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irene Guarneri
- National Council for the Research - Institute of Marine Sciences, Tesa 104, Arsenale, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Davide Tagliapietra
- National Council for the Research - Institute of Marine Sciences, Tesa 104, Arsenale, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venezia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Capodaglio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
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Mastrangelo R, Chelazzi D, Baglioni P. New horizons on advanced nanoscale materials for Cultural Heritage conservation. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:566-579. [PMID: 38264785 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have permeated numerous scientific and technological fields, and have gained growing importance over the past decades also in the preservation of Cultural Heritage. After a critical overview of the main nanomaterials adopted in art preservation, we provide new insights into some highly relevant gels, which constitute valuable tools to selectively remove dirt or other unwanted layers from the surface of works of art. In particular, the recent "twin-chain" gels, obtained by phase separation of two different PVAs and freeze-thawing, were considered as the most performing gel systems for the cleaning of Cultural Heritage. Three factors are crucial in determining the final gel properties, i.e., pore size, pore connectivity, and surface roughness, which belong to the micro/nanodomain. The pore size is affected by the molecular weight of the phase-separating PVA polymer, while pore connectivity and tortuosity likely depend on interconnections formed during gelation. Tortuosity greatly impacts on cleaning capability, as the removal of matter at the gel-target interface increases with the uploaded fluid's residence time at the interface (higher tortuosity produces longer residence). The gels' surface roughness, adaptability and stickiness can also be controlled by modulating the porogen amount or adding different polymers to PVA. Finally, PVA can be partially replaced with different biopolymers yielding gels with enhanced sustainability and effective cleaning capability, where the selection of the biopolymer affects the gel porosity and effectiveness. These results shed new light on the effect of micro/nanoscale features on the cleaning performances of "twin-chain" and composite gels, opening new horizons for advanced and "green"/sustainable gel materials that can impact on fields even beyond art preservation, like drug-delivery, detergency, food industry, cosmetics and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Mastrangelo
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy.
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy.
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, FI 50019, Italy.
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Sudheshwar A, Apel C, Kümmerer K, Wang Z, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Valsami-Jones E, Som C, Nowack B. Learning from Safe-by-Design for Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design: Mapping the current landscape of Safe-by-Design reviews, case studies, and frameworks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108305. [PMID: 38048736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction of the European Commission's "Safe and Sustainable-by-Design" (SSbD) framework, the interest in understanding the implications of safety and sustainability assessments of chemicals, materials, and processes at early-innovation stages has skyrocketed. Our study focuses on the "Safe-by-Design" (SbD) approach from the nanomaterials sector, which predates the SSbD framework. In this assessment, SbD studies have been compiled and categorized into reviews, case studies, and frameworks. Reviews of SbD tools have been further classified as quantitative, qualitative, or toolboxes and repositories. We assessed the SbD case studies and classified them into three categories: safe(r)-by-modeling, safe(r)-by-selection, or safe(r)-by-redesign. This classification enabled us to understand past SbD work and subsequently use it to define future SSbD work so as to avoid confusion and possibilities of "SSbD-washing" (similar to greenwashing). Finally, the preexisting SbD frameworks have been studied and contextualized against the SSbD framework. Several key recommendations for SSbD based on our analysis can be made. Knowledge gained from existing approaches such as SbD, green and sustainable chemistry, and benign-by-design approaches needs to be preserved and effectively transferred to SSbD. Better incorporation of chemical and material functionality into the SSbD framework is required. The concept of lifecycle thinking and the stage-gate innovation model need to be reconciled for SSbD. The development of high-throughput screening models is critical for the operationalization of SSbD. We conclude that the rapid pace of both SbD and SSbD development necessitates a regular mapping of the newly published literature that is relevant to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshat Sudheshwar
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christina Apel
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Lüneburg, Germany; International Sustainable Chemistry Collaborative Centre (ISC3), Bonn, Germany
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lya G Soeteman-Hernández
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Claudia Som
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Khalaj M, Kamali M, Aminabhavi TM, Costa MEV, Dewil R, Appels L, Capela I. Sustainability insights into the synthesis of engineered nanomaterials - Problem formulation and considerations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115249. [PMID: 36632884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been introduced into the market for a wide range of applications. As per the literature review, the fabrication of new generations of ENMs is starting to comply with environmental, economic, and social criteria in addition to technical aspects to meet sustainability criteria. At this stage, identification of the appropriate criteria for the synthesis of ENMs is critical because the technologies already developed at the lab scales are being currently transferred to pilot and full scales. Hence, the development of scientific-based methodologies to identify, screen, and prioritize the involved criteria is highly necessary. In the present manuscript, a fuzzy-Delphi methodology is adopted to identify the main criteria and sub-criteria encompassing the sustainable fabrication of ENMs, and to explore the "degree of consensus" among the experts on the relative importance of the mentioned criteria. The "health and safety risks" respecting the equipment and the materials, solvent used, and availability of "green experts" were identified as the most critical criteria. Furthermore, although all the criteria were identified as being important, some criteria, such as "solvent" and "raw materials cost", raised a lower degree of consensus, indicating that various "degrees of uncertainties" still exist regarding the level of importance of the studied criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Khalaj
- Department of Environment and Planning, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM,University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, Aveiro Institute of Materials, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mohammadreza Kamali
- Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka, 580 031, 580 031, India; Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, India; University Center for Research & Development (UCRO), Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140 413, India.
| | - M Elisabete V Costa
- Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, Aveiro Institute of Materials, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Raf Dewil
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Lise Appels
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Isabel Capela
- Department of Environment and Planning, Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM,University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Subramanian V, Peijnenburg WJGM, Vijver MG, Blanco CF, Cucurachi S, Guinée JB. Approaches to implement safe by design in early product design through combining risk assessment and Life Cycle Assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137080. [PMID: 36328317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Safe by Design (SbD) concept aims to ensure the production, use and disposal of materials and products safely. While there is a growing interest in the potential of SbD to support policy commitments, such as the EU Green Deal and the Circular Economy Action Plan in Europe, methodological approaches and practical guidelines on SbD are, however, largely missing. The combined use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Risk Assessment (RA) is considered suitable to operationalize SbD over the whole life-cycle of a product. Here, we explore the potential of the combined use of LCA and RA at Technological Readiness Level (TRL) 1-6. We perform a review of the literature presenting and/or developing approaches that combine LCA and RA at early stages of product design. We identify that basic early-on-evaluations of safety (e.g., apply lifecycle thinking to assess risk hotspots, avoid use of hazardous chemicals, minimize other environmental impacts from chemicals) are more common, while more complex assessments (e.g., ex-ante LCA, control banding, predictive (eco)toxicology) require specialized expertise. The application of these simplified approaches and guidelines aims to avoid some obvious sources of risks and impacts at early stages. Critical gaps need to be addressed for wider application of SbD, including more studies in the product design context, developing tools and databases containing collated information on risk, greater collaboration between RA/LCA researchers and companies, and policy discussion on the expansion from SbD to Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrishali Subramanian
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carlos F Blanco
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Cucurachi
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen B Guinée
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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Cazzagon V, Giubilato E, Bonetto A, Blosi M, Zanoni I, Costa AL, Vineis C, Varesano A, Marcomini A, Hristozov D, Semenzin E, Badetti E. Identification of the safe(r) by design alternatives for nanosilver-enabled wound dressings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:987650. [PMID: 36312555 PMCID: PMC9614711 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.987650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of silver nanoparticles (NPs) in medical devices is constantly increasing due to their excellent antimicrobial properties. In wound dressings, Ag NPs are commonly added in large excess to exert a long-term and constant antimicrobial effect, provoking an instantaneous release of Ag ions during their use or the persistence of unused NPs in the wound dressing that can cause a release of Ag during the end-of-life of the product. For this reason, a Safe-by-Design procedure has been developed to reduce potential environmental risks while optimizing functionality and costs of wound dressings containing Ag NPs. The SbD procedure is based on ad-hoc criteria (e.g., mechanical strength, antibacterial effect, leaching of Ag from the product immersed in environmental media) and permits to identify the best one among five pre-market alternatives. A ranking of the SbD alternatives was obtained and the safer solution was selected based on the selected SbD criteria. The SbD framework was also applied to commercial wound dressings to compare the SbD alternatives with products already on the market. The iterative procedure permitted to exclude one of the alternatives (based on its low mechanical strength) and proved to be an effective approach that can be replicated to support the ranking, prioritisation, and selection of the most promising options early in the innovation process of nano-enabled medical devices as well as to encourage the production of medical devices safer for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Cazzagon
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - E. Giubilato
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice Mestre, Italy
- GreenDecision Srl, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - A. Bonetto
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - M. Blosi
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, Italy
| | - I. Zanoni
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, Italy
| | - A. L. Costa
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, Italy
| | - C. Vineis
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (CNR-STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy, Biella, Italy
| | - A. Varesano
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (CNR-STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy, Biella, Italy
| | - A. Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - D. Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice Mestre, Italy
- GreenDecision Srl, Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - E. Semenzin
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice Mestre, Italy
- *Correspondence: E. Semenzin, ; E. Badetti,
| | - E. Badetti
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice Mestre, Italy
- *Correspondence: E. Semenzin, ; E. Badetti,
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7
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Tsalidis GA, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Noorlander CW, Saedy S, van Ommen JR, Vijver MG, Korevaar G. Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design Framework Based on a Prospective Life Cycle Assessment: Lessons Learned from a Nano-Titanium Dioxide Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4241. [PMID: 35409922 PMCID: PMC8998679 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Safe-and-sustainable-by-design (SSbD) is a concept that takes a systems approach by integrating safety, sustainability, and functionality throughout a product's the life cycle. This paper proposes a framework based on a prospective life cycle assessment for early safety and sustainability assessment. The framework's purpose is to identify environmental sustainability and toxicity hotspots early in the innovation process for future SSbD applicability. If this is impossible, key performance indicators are assessed. Environmental sustainability aspects, such as global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED), and toxicity aspects, such as human toxicity potential and freshwater ecotoxicity potential, were assessed upon applying the framework on a case study. The case study regarded using nano-titanium dioxide (P25-TiO2) or a modified nano-coated version (Cu2O-coated/P25-TiO2) as photocatalysts to produce hydrogen from water using sunlight. Although there was a decrease in environmental impact (GWP and CED), the modified nano-coated version had a relatively higher level of human toxicity and freshwater eco-toxicity. For the presented case study, SSbD alternatives need to be considered that improve the photocatalytic activity but are not toxic to the environment. This case study illustrates the importance of performing an early safety and environmental sustainability assessment to avoid the development of toxic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Archimidis Tsalidis
- Engineering Systems and Services Department, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands;
- Department of Biotechnology, Applied Sciences Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 92629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lya G. Soeteman-Hernández
- Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (L.G.S.-H.); (C.W.N.)
| | - Cornelle W. Noorlander
- Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (L.G.S.-H.); (C.W.N.)
| | - Saeed Saedy
- Chemical Engineering Department, Applied Sciences Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; (S.S.); (J.R.v.O.)
| | - J. Ruud van Ommen
- Chemical Engineering Department, Applied Sciences Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; (S.S.); (J.R.v.O.)
| | - Martina G. Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Gijsbert Korevaar
- Engineering Systems and Services Department, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands;
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Li Q, Hu Y, Zhang B. Phosphonium-based ionic liquids as antifungal agents for conservation of heritage sandstone. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1922-1931. [PMID: 35425254 PMCID: PMC8979122 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09169g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With a view to preventing fungal deterioration of historical stone artworks, we report the use of phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) as potent antifungal agents against dematiaceous fungi commonly found on heritage stones. Three ILs: tributyldodecylphosphonium polyoxometalate [P44412][POM], tributyltetradecylphosphonium polyoxometalate [P44414][POM], and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium polyoxometalate [P66614][POM] were prepared and their thermal stabilities and in vitro antifungal activities were evaluated. From the ramped temperature thermogravimetric analysis and antifungal experiments it can be clearly observed that the alkyl chain length of the tetraalkylphosponium cation has a significant influence on the thermal and antifungal properties. The thermal stability and antifungal activity decreased as the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl substituents increased and, thus, followed the order [P44412][POM] > [P44414][POM] > [P66614][POM]. In addition, inoculation of four fungal species on IL-coated sandstone surfaces showed significant inhibition of fungal growth, endowing the materials with potential applications in heritage sandstone conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Yulan Hu
- School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Bingjian Zhang
- School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
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Alberto AR, Matos C, Carmona-Aparicio G, Iten M. Nanomaterials, a New Challenge in the Workplace. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1357:379-402. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-88071-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNanomaterials are a nanotechnological product of increasing importance given the possibilities they offer to improve quality of life and support sustainable development. Safe management of nanomaterials is needed to ensure that this emerging technology has the highest levels of acceptance among different interest groups, including workers. This chapter reviews the current state that presents the different stages of risk management applied to nanomaterials, including standardisation, regulation, risk assessment and risk control. Particularly, the chapter contextualizes the development of nanotechnologies at European level and analyses the scientific evidence available on the risks derived from nanomaterials use. Furthermore, it highlights the required conditions to encourage the responsible development of nanomaterials, as well as reflects on the lack of consensus in terms of approaches and frameworks that could facilitate standardisation adoption, regulatory enforcement and industry intervention concerning nanomaterials.
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10
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Ielo I, Giacobello F, Castellano A, Sfameni S, Rando G, Plutino MR. Development of Antibacterial and Antifouling Innovative and Eco-Sustainable Sol-Gel Based Materials: From Marine Areas Protection to Healthcare Applications. Gels 2021; 8:26. [PMID: 35049561 PMCID: PMC8774406 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of surfaces is the leading cause of deterioration and contaminations. Fouling and bacterial settlement led to damaged coatings, allowing microorganisms to fracture and reach the inner section. Therefore, effective treatment of surface damaged material is helpful to detach bio-settlement from the surface and prevent deterioration. Moreover, surface coatings can withdraw biofouling and bacterial colonization due to inherent biomaterial characteristics, such as superhydrophobicity, avoiding bacterial resistance. Fouling was a past problem, yet its untargeted toxicity led to critical environmental concerns, and its use became forbidden. As a response, research shifted focus approaching a biocompatible alternative such as exciting developments in antifouling and antibacterial solutions and assessing their antifouling and antibacterial performance and practical feasibility. This review introduces state-of-the-art antifouling and antibacterial materials and solutions for several applications. In particular, this paper focuses on antibacterial and antifouling agents for concrete and cultural heritage conservation, antifouling sol-gel-based coatings for filtration membrane technology, and marine protection and textile materials for biomedicine. In addition, this review discusses the innovative synthesis technologies of antibacterial and antifouling solutions and the consequent socio-economic implications. The synthesis and the related physico-chemical characteristics of each solution are discussed. In addition, several characterization techniques and different parameters that influence the surface finishing coatings deposition were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Ielo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN—CNR, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Fausta Giacobello
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN—CNR, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Angela Castellano
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN—CNR, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Sfameni
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN—CNR, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Rando
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Plutino
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN—CNR, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
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11
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Ranalli G, Bosch-Roig P, Crudele S, Rampazzi L, Corti C, Zanardini E. Dry biocleaning of artwork: an innovative methodology for Cultural Heritage recovery? MICROBIAL CELL 2021; 8:91-105. [PMID: 33981761 PMCID: PMC8080898 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.05.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An innovative methodology is proposed, based on applied biotechnology to the recovery of altered stonework: the “dry biocleaning”, which envisages the use of dehydrated microbial cells without the use of free water or gel-based matrices. This methodology can be particularly useful for the recovery of highly-ornamented stoneworks, which cannot be treated using the conventional cleaning techniques. The experimental plan included initial laboratory tests on Carrara marble samples, inoculated with dehydrated Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells, followed by on-site tests performed on “Quattro Fontane” (The Four Fountains), a travertine monumental complex in Rome (Italy), on altered highly ornamented areas of about 1,000 cm2. The mechanism is based on the spontaneous re-hydration process due to the environmental humidity and on the metabolic fermentative activity of the yeast cells. Evaluation by physical-chemical analyses, after 18 hours of the biocleaning, confirmed a better removal of salts and pollutants, compared to both nebulization treatment and control tests (without cells). The new proposed on-site dry biocleaning technique, adopting viable yeast cells, represents a promising method that can be further investigated and optimized for recovering specific altered Cultural Heritage stoneworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ranalli
- Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Pilar Bosch-Roig
- Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Instituto de Restauration de Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Simone Crudele
- Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Laura Rampazzi
- Department of Human Sciences, Innovation and Territory, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy.,The Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Corti
- Department of Human Sciences, Innovation and Territory, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zanardini
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
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12
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Surface Active Ionic Liquids Based Coatings as Subaerial Anti-Biofilms for Stone Built Cultural Heritage. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New surface active ionic liquids (SAILs), based on cholinium cations and dodecylbenzenesulfonate as anion, have been synthesized and their potential application as antimicrobial colonization agents on cultural heritage (CH)stone materials investigated. The biocidal activity and antifouling capabilities were, preliminarily, evaluated by a screening on pure Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria strain cultures, yeasts, hyphomycetes and single-celled algae. Tests on stone materials (marble and tufa) vs. a stabilized community, constituted by a mixture of microbial strains, revealed that some SAILs display both antimicrobial and preventive antibiofilm action against new colonization. Analogous tests have been performed on the cholinium@halide precursors.
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13
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Present and Future Perspectives for Biocides and Antifouling Products for Stone-Built Cultural Heritage: Ionic Liquids as a Challenging Alternative. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview of the most recent research activities on counteracting the biodeterioration process of stone monuments, underlining all those aspects regarding eventual procedural drawbacks and compliance with sustainable criteria. For this purpose, the definition of “green conservation of cultural heritage” has been proposed. Its basics have been utilized in the text to highlight the issues arising from the most common conservative procedures as well as guidelines for the development of innovative technologies. The review then deals with the most innovative antimicrobial approaches, among which nano- and bio-technologies play a main role. Ionic liquids are a special class of salts, which can be prepared by applying Safe by Design concepts, to meet the Green Conservation criteria.
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14
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Isigonis P, Afantitis A, Antunes D, Bartonova A, Beitollahi A, Bohmer N, Bouman E, Chaudhry Q, Cimpan MR, Cimpan E, Doak S, Dupin D, Fedrigo D, Fessard V, Gromelski M, Gutleb AC, Halappanavar S, Hoet P, Jeliazkova N, Jomini S, Lindner S, Linkov I, Longhin EM, Lynch I, Malsch I, Marcomini A, Mariussen E, de la Fuente JM, Melagraki G, Murphy F, Neaves M, Packroff R, Pfuhler S, Puzyn T, Rahman Q, Pran ER, Semenzin E, Serchi T, Steinbach C, Trump B, Vrček IV, Warheit D, Wiesner MR, Willighagen E, Dusinska M. Risk Governance of Emerging Technologies Demonstrated in Terms of its Applicability to Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003303. [PMID: 32700469 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies have reached maturity and market penetration that require nano-specific changes in legislation and harmonization among legislation domains, such as the amendments to REACH for nanomaterials (NMs) which came into force in 2020. Thus, an assessment of the components and regulatory boundaries of NMs risk governance is timely, alongside related methods and tools, as part of the global efforts to optimise nanosafety and integrate it into product design processes, via Safe(r)-by-Design (SbD) concepts. This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art regarding risk governance of NMs and lays out the theoretical basis for the development and implementation of an effective, trustworthy and transparent risk governance framework for NMs. The proposed framework enables continuous integration of the evolving state of the science, leverages best practice from contiguous disciplines and facilitates responsive re-thinking of nanosafety governance to meet future needs. To achieve and operationalise such framework, a science-based Risk Governance Council (RGC) for NMs is being developed. The framework will provide a toolkit for independent NMs' risk governance and integrates needs and views of stakeholders. An extension of this framework to relevant advanced materials and emerging technologies is also envisaged, in view of future foundations of risk research in Europe and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Isigonis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, Mestre, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | | | | | - Alena Bartonova
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Ali Beitollahi
- INIC, Iran Nanotechnology Initiate Council, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nils Bohmer
- Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DECHEMA), Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60486, Germany
| | - Evert Bouman
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Qasim Chaudhry
- University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, CH1 4BJ, UK
| | - Mihaela Roxana Cimpan
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Biomaterials, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Aarstadveien 19, Bergen, 5009, Norway
| | - Emil Cimpan
- Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Inndalsveien 28, Bergen, 5063, Norway
| | - Shareen Doak
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Damien Dupin
- CIDETEC, Paseo Miramón 196, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Doreen Fedrigo
- ECOS - European Environmental Citizens Organization for Standardization, Rue d'Edimbourg, 26, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES Fougères Laboratory, Contaminant Toxicology Unit and Risk Management Support, Unit of Chemicals Assessment, Risk Assessment Department, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex 94701, France
| | - Maciej Gromelski
- QSAR Lab Sp. z o.o., al. Grunwaldzka 190/102, Gdańsk, 80-266, Poland
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- LIST, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Hoet
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Environment and Health, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Nina Jeliazkova
- IDEA Ideaconsult Limited Liability Company, Angel Kanchev 4, Sofia, 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Stéphane Jomini
- ANSES Fougères Laboratory, Contaminant Toxicology Unit and Risk Management Support, Unit of Chemicals Assessment, Risk Assessment Department, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex 94701, France
| | - Sabine Lindner
- Plastics Europe Deutschland e. V., Mainzer Landstrasse 55, Frankfurt am Main, 60329, Germany
| | - Igor Linkov
- Factor Social Lda., Lisbon, Portugal
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center and Carnegie Mellon University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ineke Malsch
- Malsch TechnoValuation, PO Box 455, Utrecht, AL, 3500, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, Mestre, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Jesus M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | | | | | - Michael Neaves
- ECOS - European Environmental Citizens Organization for Standardization, Rue d'Edimbourg, 26, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rolf Packroff
- Division of 'Hazardous chemicals and biological agents', BAuA - Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Procter & Gamble Co., Miami Valley Innovation Center, 11810 East Miami River Road, Cincinnati, OH, 45239 8707, USA
| | - Tomasz Puzyn
- QSAR Lab Sp. z o.o., al. Grunwaldzka 190/102, Gdańsk, 80-266, Poland
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Group of Environmental Chemometrics, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | | | | | - Elena Semenzin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, Mestre, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Tommaso Serchi
- LIST, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DECHEMA), Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60486, Germany
| | - Benjamin Trump
- Factor Social Lda., Lisbon, Portugal
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center and University of Michigan, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, 10 000, Croatia
| | | | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT) Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708-0287, USA
| | - Egon Willighagen
- Department of Bioinformatics, BiGCaT, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, ER 6229, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
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15
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Semenzin E, Giubilato E, Badetti E, Picone M, Volpi Ghirardini A, Hristozov D, Brunelli A, Marcomini A. Guiding the development of sustainable nano-enabled products for the conservation of works of art: proposal for a framework implementing the Safe by Design concept. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:26146-26158. [PMID: 31280439 PMCID: PMC6717188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology provides innovative and promising solutions for the conservation of cultural heritage, but the development and application of new nano-enabled products pose concerns regarding their human health and environmental risks. To address these issues, we propose a sustainability framework implementing the Safe by Design concept to support product developers in the early steps of product development, with the aim to provide safer nano-formulations for conservation, while retaining their functionality. In addition, this framework can support the assessment of sustainability of new products and their comparison to their conventional chemical counterparts if any. The goal is to promote the selection and use of safer and more sustainable nano-based products in different conservation contexts. The application of the proposed framework is illustrated through a hypothetical case which provides a realistic example of the methodological steps to be followed, tailored and iterated along the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Semenzin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy.
| | - Elisa Giubilato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Badetti
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Picone
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Danail Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Brunelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
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