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Narayanan M, Alshiekheid MA, Saravanan M. Antibacterial, mosquito larvicidal, and cytotoxicity potential of AgNPs synthesized using Pittosporum undulatum under in vitro conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119585. [PMID: 39029730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the phytochemical profile and silver nanoparticle (AgNPs)-synthesizing ability of Pittosporum undulatum methanol extract were investigated. Furthermore, biological applications of the AgNPs, such as antibacterial effect (against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli), mosquito larvicidal effect (against Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti), and cytotoxicity (against fibroblast cell line L929) were evaluated using in vitro experiments. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the methanol extract contained cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, coumarins, phenolics, and tannins. Furthermore, standard characterization techniques such as UV-Vis spectrometry, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and XRD confirmed that the methanol extract of P. undulatum effectively synthesized the AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs had a spherical shape and size of 20-200 nm. The bactericidal analysis revealed that the AgNPs have dose-dependent antibacterial activity. The MTT assay showed that the AgNPs were bio-compatible up to a dosage of 250 μg mL-1 in the normal fibroblast cell line L929. Furthermore, the LC50 values for AgNPs against larvae of An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ae. aegypti were 0.4, 4.7, and 1.2 ppm, respectively. Field trials demonstrated that the larvicidal effect was enhanced within 24-72 h, and the rate of reduction increased over time. Thus, our findings provide an ideal sustainable AgNP bio-pesticide to combat filarial, dengue, and malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
- Center for Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602 105, India
| | - Maha A Alshiekheid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, Riyadh - 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mythili Saravanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Moraes-de-Souza I, de Moraes BPT, Silva AR, Ferrarini SR, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF. Tiny Green Army: Fighting Malaria with Plants and Nanotechnology. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:699. [PMID: 38931823 PMCID: PMC11206820 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria poses a global threat to human health, with millions of cases and thousands of deaths each year, mainly affecting developing countries in tropical and subtropical regions. Malaria's causative agent is Plasmodium species, generally transmitted in the hematophagous act of female Anopheles sp. mosquitoes. The main approaches to fighting malaria are eliminating the parasite through drug treatments and preventing transmission with vector control. However, vector and parasite resistance to current strategies set a challenge. In response to the loss of drug efficacy and the environmental impact of pesticides, the focus shifted to the search for biocompatible products that could be antimalarial. Plant derivatives have a millennial application in traditional medicine, including the treatment of malaria, and show toxic effects towards the parasite and the mosquito, aside from being accessible and affordable. Its disadvantage lies in the type of administration because green chemical compounds rapidly degrade. The nanoformulation of these compounds can improve bioavailability, solubility, and efficacy. Thus, the nanotechnology-based development of plant products represents a relevant tool in the fight against malaria. We aim to review the effects of nanoparticles synthesized with plant extracts on Anopheles and Plasmodium while outlining the nanotechnology green synthesis and current malaria prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Moraes-de-Souza
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro—UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil; (I.M.-d.-S.); (B.P.T.d.M.)
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, Brazil;
| | - Bianca P. T. de Moraes
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro—UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil; (I.M.-d.-S.); (B.P.T.d.M.)
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, Brazil;
| | - Adriana R. Silva
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, Brazil;
| | - Stela R. Ferrarini
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sinop Campus—UFMT, Cuiabá 78550-728, Brazil;
| | - Cassiano F. Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro—UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro 20211-010, Brazil; (I.M.-d.-S.); (B.P.T.d.M.)
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, Brazil;
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Summer M, Tahir HM, Ali S. Sonication and heat-mediated synthesis, characterization and larvicidal activity of sericin-based silver nanoparticles against dengue vector (Aedes aegypti). Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1363-1377. [PMID: 37119431 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication, characterization and evaluation of the larvicidal potential of novel silk protein (sericin)-based silver nanoparticles (Se-AgNPs) were the prime motives of the designed study. Furthermore, investigation of the sericin as natural reducing or stabilizing agent was another objective behind this study. Se-AgNPs were synthesized using sonication and heat. Fabricated Se-AgNPs were characterized using particle size analyzer, UV spectrophotometry, FTIR and SEM which confirmed the fabrication of the Se-AgNPs. Size of sonication-mediated Se-AgNPs was smaller (7.49 nm) than heat-assisted Se-AgNPs (53.6 nm). Being smallest in size, sonication-assisted Se-AgNPs revealed the significantly highest (F4,10 = 39.20, p = .00) larvicidal activity against fourth instar lab and field larvae (F4,10 = 1864, p = .00) of dengue vector (Aedes aegypti) followed by heat-assisted Se-AgNPs and positive control (temephos). Non-significant larvicidal activity was showed by silver (without sericin) which made the temperature stability of silver, debatable. Furthermore, findings of biochemical assays (glutathione-S transferase, esterase, and acetylcholinesterase) showed the levels of resistance in field strain larvae. Aforementioned findings of the study suggests the sonication as the best method for synthesis of Se-AgNPs while the larvicidal activity is inversely proportional to the size of Se-AgNPs, i.e., smallest the size, highest the larvicidal activity. Conclusively, status of the sericin as a natural reducing/stabilizing agent has been endorsed by the findings of this study. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Incorporation of biocompatible and inexpensive sericin as a capping/reducing agent for synthesis of Se-AgNPs. A novel sonication method was used for the fabrication of Se-AgNPs which were thoroughly characterized by particle size analyzer, UV-visible spectrophotometry, SEM and FTIR. Analysis of enzymatic (GSTs, ESTs) levels in field and lab strains of Aedes aegypti larvae for evaluation of insecticides resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Summer
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Tahir
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Gowthami P, Kosiha A, Meenakshi S, Boopathy G, Ramu AG, Choi D. Biosynthesis of Co 3O 4 nanomedicine by using Mollugo oppositifolia L. aqueous leaf extract and its antimicrobial, mosquito larvicidal activities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9002. [PMID: 37268654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a relatively revolutionary area that generates day-to-day advancement. It makes a significant impact on our daily life. For example, in parasitology, catalysis and cosmetics, nanoparticles possess distinctive possessions that make it possible for them in a broad range of areas. We utilized Mollugo oppositifolia L. aqueous leaf extract assisted chemical reduction method to synthesize Co3O4 nanoparticles. Biosynthesized Co3O4 Nps were confirmed via UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, EDX, Fourier-transform infrared, and HR-TEM analysis. The crystallite size from XRD studies revealed around 22.7 nm. The biosynthesized Co3O4 nanoparticle was further assessed for mosquito larvicidal activity against south-urban mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus, and antimicrobial activities. The synthesized Co3O4 particle (2) displayed significant larvicidal activity towards mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus with the LD50 value of 34.96 µg/mL than aqueous plant extract (1) and control Permethrin with the LD50 value of 82.41 and 72.44 µg/mL. When compared to the standard antibacterial treatment, Ciprofloxacin, the Co3O4 nanoparticle (2) produced demonstrates significantly enhanced antibacterial action against the pathogens E. coli and B. cereus. The MIC for Co3O4 nanoparticles 2 against C. albicans was under 1 μg/mL, which was much lower than the MIC for the control drug, clotrimale, which was 2 µg per milliliter. Co3O4 nanoparticles 2, with a MIC of 2 μg/mL, has much higher antifungal activity than clotrimale, whose MIC is 4 μg/mL, against M. audouinii.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gowthami
- PG Department of Chemistry, Shrimati Devkunvar Nanalal Bhatt Vaishnav College for Women, Chennai, India
- School of Basic Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, India
| | - A Kosiha
- School of Basic Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, India.
| | - S Meenakshi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Ramapuram Campus, Chennai, 600 089, India
| | - G Boopathy
- Peri College of Arts and Science, Mannivakkam, Chennai, 600048, India
| | - A G Ramu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, 2639, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, 2639, Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea.
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Onen H, Luzala MM, Kigozi S, Sikumbili RM, Muanga CJK, Zola EN, Wendji SN, Buya AB, Balciunaitiene A, Viškelis J, Kaddumukasa MA, Memvanga PB. Mosquito-Borne Diseases and Their Control Strategies: An Overview Focused on Green Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles. INSECTS 2023; 14:221. [PMID: 36975906 PMCID: PMC10059804 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes act as vectors of pathogens that cause most life-threatening diseases, such as malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow fever, Zika, West Nile, Lymphatic filariasis, etc. To reduce the transmission of these mosquito-borne diseases in humans, several chemical, biological, mechanical, and pharmaceutical methods of control are used. However, these different strategies are facing important and timely challenges that include the rapid spread of highly invasive mosquitoes worldwide, the development of resistance in several mosquito species, and the recent outbreaks of novel arthropod-borne viruses (e.g., Dengue, Rift Valley fever, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, etc.). Therefore, the development of novel and effective methods of control is urgently needed to manage mosquito vectors. Adapting the principles of nanobiotechnology to mosquito vector control is one of the current approaches. As a single-step, eco-friendly, and biodegradable method that does not require the use of toxic chemicals, the green synthesis of nanoparticles using active toxic agents from plant extracts available since ancient times exhibits antagonistic responses and broad-spectrum target-specific activities against different species of vector mosquitoes. In this article, the current state of knowledge on the different mosquito control strategies in general, and on repellent and mosquitocidal plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles in particular, has been reviewed. By doing so, this review may open new doors for research on mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson Onen
- Department of Entomology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot 51/59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda
| | - Miryam M. Luzala
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation Technologique en Environnement et en Sciences de la Santé (CRITESS), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Stephen Kigozi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, Kampala P.O. Box 1, Uganda
| | - Rebecca M. Sikumbili
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation Technologique en Environnement et en Sciences de la Santé (CRITESS), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 190, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Claude-Josué K. Muanga
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation Technologique en Environnement et en Sciences de la Santé (CRITESS), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Eunice N. Zola
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation Technologique en Environnement et en Sciences de la Santé (CRITESS), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sébastien N. Wendji
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation Technologique en Environnement et en Sciences de la Santé (CRITESS), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Aristote B. Buya
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation Technologique en Environnement et en Sciences de la Santé (CRITESS), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Aiste Balciunaitiene
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Viškelis
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Martha A. Kaddumukasa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, Kampala P.O. Box 1, Uganda
| | - Patrick B. Memvanga
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre de Recherche et d’Innovation Technologique en Environnement et en Sciences de la Santé (CRITESS), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa B.P. 212, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Srisawat R, Sriwichai P, Ruangsittichai J, Rotejanaprasert C, Imaizumi N, Yamaki D, Maekawa M, Eshita Y, Okazaki N. Hydroxyapatite-binding Silver/Titanium Dioxide as a Potential Control Compound Against Mosquito Vectors, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:122-130. [PMID: 36373613 PMCID: PMC9835759 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Controlling mosquitoes is vital for counteracting the rising number of mosquito-borne illnesses. Vector control requires the implementation of various measures; however, current methods lack complete effectiveness, and new control agents or substances are urgently needed. Therefore, this study developed a nonwoven fabric sheet coated with hydroxyapatite-binding silver/titanium dioxide compound (hydroxyapatite-binding silver/titanium dioxide sheet [HATS])and evaluated its effectiveness on all stages of laboratory Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus); Diptera: Culicidae and Anopheles dirus (Peyton & Harrison); Diptera: Culicidae. We reared larvae with HATS and control sheets and assessed their mortality, emergence, and hatching rates. The submersion rates of engorged female mosquitoes in submerged HATS and control sheets were also compared. The HATS strongly affected mosquito development, resulting in high mortality rates (mean ± SE) of 99.66 ± 0.58% (L1-L2) and 91.11 ± 9.20% (L3-L4) for Ae. aegypti and 100% of both stages for An. dirus. In contrast, mosquitoes raised in the control sheet showed relatively high survival rates of 92.33 ± 3.21% (L1-L2) and 95.67 ± 0.58% (L3-L4) for Ae. aegypti and 86.07 ± 3.53% (L1-L2) and 92.01 ± 8.67% (L3-L4) for An. dirus. Submersion of engorged females was found in the HATS oviposition cup, leading to a decreased number of eggs and a low hatching rate compared to that of the control. Overall, HATS may be a useful new control method for Ae. aegypti and An. dirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patchara Sriwichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Ruangsittichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chawarat Rotejanaprasert
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Naoko Imaizumi
- DR.C Medical Medicine Co., Ltd., Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Dai Yamaki
- DR.C Medical Medicine Co., Ltd., Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Maki Maekawa
- Seltec Co., Ltd., Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0062, Japan
| | | | - Narumi Okazaki
- DR.C Medical Medicine Co., Ltd., Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
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Borges JCM, Haddi K, Valbon WR, Costa LTM, Ascêncio SD, Santos GR, Soares IM, Barbosa RS, Viana KF, Silva EAP, Moura WS, Andrade BS, Oliveira EE, Aguiar RWS. Methanolic Extracts of Chiococca alba in Aedes aegypti Biorational Management: Larvicidal and Repellent Potential, and Selectivity against Non-Target Organisms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3298. [PMID: 36501335 PMCID: PMC9735851 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of formulations containing botanical products for controlling insects that vector human and animal diseases has increased in recent years. Plant extracts seem to offer fewer risks to the environment and to human health without reducing the application strategy's efficacy when compared to synthetic and conventional insecticides and repellents. Here, we evaluated the potential of extracts obtained from caninana, Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. (Rubiaceae), plants as a tool to be integrated into the management of Aedes aegypti, one of the principal vectors for the transmission of arborviruses in humans. We assessed the larvicidal and repellence performance against adult mosquitoes and evaluated the potential undesired effects of the extracts on non-target organisms. We assessed the susceptibility and predatory abilities of the nymphs of Belostoma anurum, a naturally occurring mosquito larva predator, and evaluated the C. alba extract's cytotoxic effects in mammalian cell lines. Our chromatographic analysis revealed 18 compounds, including rutin, naringin, myricetin, morin, and quercetin. The methanolic extracts of C. alba showed larvicidal (LC50 = 82 (72-94) mg/mL) activity without killing or affecting the abilities of B. anurum to prey upon mosquito larvae. Our in silico predictions revealed the molecular interactions between rutin and the AeagOBP1 receptor to be one possible mechanism for the repellent potential recorded for formulations containing C. alba extracts. Low cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines reinforces the selectivity of C. alba extracts. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential of C. alba and one of its constituents (rutin) as alternative tools to be integrated into the management of A. aegypti mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline C. M. Borges
- Department of Biotechnology Biodiversity, Graduate School of Biotechnology of Amazônia (Bionorte), Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
| | - Khalid Haddi
- Departmento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
| | - Wilson R. Valbon
- Departmento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lara T. M. Costa
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
| | - Sérgio D. Ascêncio
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
| | - Gil R. Santos
- Department of Biotechnology Biodiversity, Graduate School of Biotechnology of Amazônia (Bionorte), Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
| | - Ilsamar M. Soares
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Palmas 77001-090, TO, Brazil
| | - Robson S. Barbosa
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Palmas 77001-090, TO, Brazil
| | - Kelvinson F. Viana
- Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Nature, Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), Foz do Iguaçu 85870-901, PR, Brazil
| | - Eder A. P. Silva
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
| | - Wellington S. Moura
- Department of Biotechnology Biodiversity, Graduate School of Biotechnology of Amazônia (Bionorte), Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
| | - Bruno S. Andrade
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia, Jequié 45206-190, BA, Brazil
| | - Eugenio E. Oliveira
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
- Departmento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Raimundo W. S. Aguiar
- Department of Biotechnology Biodiversity, Graduate School of Biotechnology of Amazônia (Bionorte), Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77413-070, TO, Brazil
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Chinnaraj S, Palani V, Maluventhen V, Chandrababu R, Soundarapandian K, Kaliannan D, Rathinasamy B, Liu WC, Balasubramanian B, Arumugam M. Silver nanoparticle production mediated by Goniothalamus wightii extract: characterization and their potential biological applications. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2022.2123752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Chinnaraj
- Department of Botany, Ethnopharmacology and Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vino Palani
- Department of Botany, Ethnopharmacology and Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viji Maluventhen
- Deparment of Botany, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rejeeth Chandrababu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Soundarapandian
- Department of Zoology, Division of Cancer Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Durairaj Kaliannan
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Baskaran Rathinasamy
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | | | - Maruthupandian Arumugam
- Department of Botany, Ethnopharmacology and Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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Araújo PS, Caixeta MB, Canedo A, Nunes EDS, Monteiro C, Rocha TL. Toxicity of plant-based silver nanoparticles to vectors and intermediate hosts: Historical review and trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155299. [PMID: 35439509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Green nanoparticles (GNPs), mainly green silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), have been recommended as sustainable and eco-friendly technologies to control vectors and intermediate hosts. The aim of the current study is to carry out a historical and systematic literature review about the use of green plant-based Ag NPs (GP-Ag NPs) to control medically important mosquito, tick and gastropods. Data about the number of studies published per year, geographical distribution of studies (mailing address of the corresponding author), synthesis type (plant species, plant structure and extract types), physicochemical properties of GP-Ag NPs, experimental designs, developmental stages and the toxic effects on mosquitoes, ticks and gastropods were summarized and discussed. Revised data showed that GP-Ag NPs synthesis and toxicity in mosquitoes, ticks and snails depend on plant species, plant part, extract types, exposure condition and on the analyzed species. GP-Ag NPs induced mortality, tissue damage, biochemical and behavioral changes in mosquitoes and reduced their fecundity, oviposition, egg hatching and longevity. Ticks exposed to GP-Ag NPs presented increased mortality and reduced oviposition, while on snails, studies demonstrated mortality, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. Immune responses were also observed in snails after their exposure to GP-Ag NPs. GP-Ag NPs reduced the reproduction and population of several vectors and intermediate hosts. This finding confirms their potential to be used in gastropod control programs. Future studies about current gaps in knowledge are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sampaio Araújo
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Maxwell Batista Caixeta
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Aryelle Canedo
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Eloiza da Silva Nunes
- Laboratory of Materials and Electroanalytics, Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Biology, Ecology and Tick Control Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Jayaraman M, Dutta P, Krishnan S, Arora K, Sivakumar D, Raghavendran HRB. Emerging Promise of Phytochemicals in Ameliorating Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-124961. [PMID: 35786341 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220701153926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The field of medicine and synthetic drug development have advanced rapidly over the past few decades. However, research on alternative medicine such as phytochemicals cannot be ignored. The main reason for prominent curiosity about phytochemicals stems from the belief that usage of natural compounds is safer and has lesser detrimental side effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present review was to discuss in detail with several phytochemicals that have been studied or are being studied in the context of various neurological disorders including depression, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and even neuroinflammatory disorders such as encephalitis. METHODS The potential role of phytochemicals in the treatment or management of symptoms associated with neurological disorders have been included in this article. All data included in this paper has been pooled from various databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer and Wiley Online Library. RESULTS Phytochemicals have been widely studied for their therapeutic properties associated with neurological disorders. Using various experimental techniques for both in vivo and in vitro experiments, studies have shown that phytochemicals do have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities which play major roles in the treatment of neurological diseases. CONCLUSION Even though there has been compelling evidence of the therapeutic role of phytochemicals, further research is still required to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these medicines. Using previously published papers as foundation for additional research such as preclinical studies and clinical trials, phytochemicals can become a safer alternative to synthetic drugs for treating a spectrum of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megala Jayaraman
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parijat Dutta
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabari Krishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Khyati Arora
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Diveyaa Sivakumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Dental Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hanumanth Rao Balaji Raghavendran
- Faculty of Clinical Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Central Research Facility, Porur, Chennai-600116, India
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Kumar D, Kumar P, Vikram K, Singh H. Fabrication and characterization of noble crystalline silver nanoparticles from Pimenta dioica leave extract and analysis of chemical constituents for larvicidal applications. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1134-1146. [PMID: 35241964 PMCID: PMC8865016 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current works report the bio-efficacy of Pimenta dioica leaf derived silver nanoparticles (Pd@AgNPs) and leaf extract obtained trough different solvents against the larvae of malaria, filarial and dengue vectors. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done by adding 10 ml of P. dioica leaf extract into 90 ml of 1 mM silver nitrate solution, a slow colour change was observed depicting the formation of AgNPs. Further, Pd@AgNPs was confirmed through Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy which exhibited characteristic absorption peak at 422 nm wavelength. X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction analysis confirmed monodispersed and crystalline nature of Pd@AgNPs with 32 nm an average size. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed the most of Pd@AgNPs were spherical and triangular in shape and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed silver elemental nature of nanoparticles. Zeta potential of Pd@AgNPs is highly negative which confirmed its stable nature. Pd@AgNPs showed prominent absorption peaks at 1015, 1047, 1243, 1634, 2347, 2373, 2697 and 3840 cm−1 which are corresponding to following compounds polysaccharides, carboxylic acids, water, alcohols, esters, ethers, amines, amides and phenol, respectively as reported by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed 39 and 70 compounds, respectively, which might be contributed for bio-reduction, capping, stabilization and larvicidal behavior of AgNPs. A comparable lethality (LC50 and LC90) was observed in case of Pd@AgNPs over leaf extract alone. The potential larvicidal activity of Pd@AgNPs was observed against the larvae of Aedes aegypti,(LC50, 2.605; LC90, 5.084 ppm) Anopheles stephensi (LC50, 3.269; LC90, 7.790 ppm) and Culex quinquefasciatus (LC50, 5.373; LC90, 14.738 ppm without affecting non-targeted organism, Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides after 72 hr of exposure. This study entails green chemistry behind synthesis of AgNPs which offers effective technique for mosquito control and other therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Kumar Vikram
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Himmat Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
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12
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Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Naringi crenulate leaf extract: Key challenges for anticancer activities. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kumar A, Choudhary A, Kaur H, Mehta S, Husen A. Smart nanomaterial and nanocomposite with advanced agrochemical activities. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:156. [PMID: 34664133 PMCID: PMC8523620 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional agriculture solely depends upon highly chemical compounds that have negatively ill-affected the health of every living being and the entire ecosystem. Thus, the smart delivery of desired components in a sustainable manner to crop plants is the primary need to maintain soil health in the upcoming years. The premature loss of growth-promoting ingredients and their extended degradation in the soil increases the demand for reliable novel techniques. In this regard, nanotechnology has offered to revolutionize the agrotechnological area that has the imminent potential over conventional agriculture and helps to reform resilient cropping systems withholding prominent food security for the ever-growing world population. Further, in-depth investigation on plant-nanoparticles interactions creates new avenues toward crop improvement via enhanced crop yield, disease resistance, and efficient nutrient utilization. The incorporation of nanomaterial with smart agrochemical activities and establishing a new framework relevant to enhance efficacy ultimately help to address the social acceptance, potential hazards, and management issues in the future. Here, we highlight the role of nanomaterial or nanocomposite as a sustainable as well stable alternative in crop protection and production. Additionally, the information on the controlled released system, role in interaction with soil and microbiome, the promising role of nanocomposite as nanopesticide, nanoherbicide, nanofertilizer, and their limitations in agrochemical activities are discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antul Kumar
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Anuj Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Harmanjot Kaur
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Sahil Mehta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Sampath G, Govarthanan M, Rameshkumar N, Krishnan M, Alotaibi SH, Nagarajan K. A comparative analysis of in vivo toxicity, larvicidal and catalytic activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Isolation of Volatile Compounds with Repellent Properties against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Using CPC Technology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113072. [PMID: 34063887 PMCID: PMC8196645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work describes the use of Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) for the bio-guided isolation of repellent active volatile compounds from essential oils. Five essential oils (EOs) obtained from three Pinus and two Juniperus species were initially analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and evaluated for their repellent properties against Aedes albopictus. The essential oil from needles of P. pinea (PPI) presented the higher activity, showing 82.4% repellency at a dose of 0.2 μL/cm2. The above EO, together with the EO from the fruits of J. oxycedrus subsp. deltoides (JOX), were further analyzed by CPC using the biphasic system n-Heptane/ACN/BuOH in ratio 1.6/1.6/0.2 (v/v/v). The analysis of PPI essential oil resulted in the recovery of (−)-limonene, guaiol and simple mixtures of (−)-limonene/β-pheladrene, while the fractionation of JOX EO led to the recovery of β-myrcene, germacrene-D, and mixtures of α-pinene/β-pinene (ratio 70/30) and α-pinene/germacrene D (ratio 65/45). All isolated compounds and recovered mixtures were tested for their repellent activity. From them, (−)-limonene, guaiol, germacrene-D as well the mixtures of (−)-limonene/β-pheladrene presented significant repellent activity (>97% repellency) against Ae. albopictus. The present methodology could be a valuable tool in the effort to develop potent mosquito repellents which are environmentally friendly.
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Jose V, Raphel L, Aiswariya KS, Mathew P. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Annona squamosa L. seed extract: characterization, photocatalytic and biological activity assay. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1819-1829. [PMID: 33822248 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous seed extract of Annona squamosa L. was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The formation of AgNPs in aqueous silver nitrate solution after the addition of the extract was indicated by a colour change from pale yellow to dark brown corresponding to a λmax at 430 nm. The phytochemicals in the extract, responsible for efficient capping and stabilization of the nanoparticles, were identified by FTIR. Powder XRD pattern demonstrated the polycrystalline nature of the AgNPs. TEM image confirmed that AgNPs were spherical in shape and the average particle size was found to be 22 nm. Further, the nanoparticles exhibited good catalytic activity towards the degradation of coomassie brilliant blue dye and demonstrated significant antibacterial activity. Their larvicidal activity against mosquito larvae showed a LC50 value 22.44 μg/mL against III instars. In addition, AgNPs positively influenced the germination of chickpea seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimala Jose
- Department of Botany, Centre for Biotechnology, St. Thomas College (Autonomous), University of Calicut, Thrissur, Kerala, 680001, India
| | - Lidiya Raphel
- Department of Botany, Centre for Biotechnology, St. Thomas College (Autonomous), University of Calicut, Thrissur, Kerala, 680001, India
| | - K S Aiswariya
- Department of Botany, Centre for Biotechnology, St. Thomas College (Autonomous), University of Calicut, Thrissur, Kerala, 680001, India
| | - Paulson Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Sustainability Science, St. Thomas College (Autonomous), University of Calicut, Thrissur, Kerala, 680001, India.
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Cittrarasu V, Kaliannan D, Dharman K, Maluventhen V, Easwaran M, Liu WC, Balasubramanian B, Arumugam M. Green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles mediated from Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb extract and its cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, mosquitocidal and photocatalytic activities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1032. [PMID: 33441811 PMCID: PMC7806947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is to design an eco-friendly mode to rapidly synthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) through Ceropegia bulbosa tuber's aqueous extracts and confirming SeNPs synthesis by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM-EDS mapping, HR-TEM, DLS and zeta potential analysis. In addition, to assess the anti-cancer efficacy of the SeNPs against the cultured MDA-MB-231, as studies have shown SeNPs biosynthesis downregulates the cancer cells when compared to normal HBL100 cell lines. The study observed the IC50 value of SeNPs against MDA-MB-231 cells was 34 µg/mL for 48 h. Furthermore, the SeNPs promotes growth inhibitory effects of certain clinical pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Apart, from this the SeNPs has shown larvicidal activity after 24 h exposure in Aedes albopitus mosquito's larvae with a maximum of 250 g/mL mortality concentration. This is confirmed by the histopathology results taken at the 4th larval stage. The histopathological studies revealed intense deterioration in the hindgut, epithelial cells, mid gut and cortex region of the larvae. Finally, tried to investigate the photocatalytic activity of SeNPs against the toxic dye, methylene blue using halogen lamp and obtained 96% degradation results. Withal computational study SeNPs was shown to exhibit consistent stability towards breast cancer protein BRCA2. Overall, our findings suggest SeNPs as a potent disruptive agent for MDA-MB-231 cells, few pathogens, mosquito larvae and boosts the photocatalytic dye degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vetrivel Cittrarasu
- Ethnopharmacology and Algal Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Durairaj Kaliannan
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India.,Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, South Korea
| | - Kalaimurugan Dharman
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Viji Maluventhen
- Department of Botany, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 099, India
| | - Murugesh Easwaran
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Wen Chao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, P. R. China.
| | | | - Maruthupandian Arumugam
- Ethnopharmacology and Algal Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India.
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