1
|
Tsiodra I, Tavernaraki K, Grivas G, Parinos C, Papoutsidaki K, Paraskevopoulou D, Liakakou E, Gogou A, Bougiatioti A, Gerasopoulos E, Kanakidou M, Mihalopoulos N. Spatiotemporal Gradients of PAH Concentrations in Greek Cities and Associated Exposure Impacts. TOXICS 2024; 12:293. [PMID: 38668516 PMCID: PMC11055022 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
To study the spatiotemporal variability of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and assess their carcinogenic potential in six contrasting urban environments in Greece, a total of 305 filter samples were collected and analyzed. Sampling sites included a variety of urban background, traffic (Athens, Ioannina and Heraklion), rural (Xanthi) and near-port locations (Piraeus and Volos). When considering the sum of 16 U.S. EPA priority PAHs, as well as that of the six EU-proposed members, average concentrations observed across locations during summer varied moderately (0.4-2.2 ng m-3) and independently of the population of each site, with the highest values observed in the areas of Piraeus and Volos that are affected by port and industrial activities. Winter levels were significantly higher and more spatially variable compared to summer, with the seasonal enhancement ranging from 7 times in Piraeus to 98 times in Ioannina, indicating the large impact of PAH emissions from residential wood burning. Regarding benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), an IARC Group 1 carcinogen and the only EU-regulated PAH, the winter/summer ratios were 24-33 in Athens, Volos, Heraklion and Xanthi; 60 in Piraeus; and 480 in Ioannina, which is afflicted by severe wood-burning pollution events. An excellent correlation was observed between organic carbon (OC) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) during the cold period at all urban sites (r2 > 0.8) with stable BaP/OC slopes (0.09-0.14 × 10-3), highlighting the potential use of OC as a proxy for the estimation of BaP in winter conditions. The identified spatiotemporal contrasts, which were explored for the first time for PAHs at such a scale in the Eastern Mediterranean, provide important insights into sources and controlling atmospheric conditions and reveal large deviations in exposure risks among cities that raise the issue of environmental injustice on a national level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irini Tsiodra
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Kalliopi Tavernaraki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Constantine Parinos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece; (C.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Kyriaki Papoutsidaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Despina Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Alexandra Gogou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece; (C.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Evangelos Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
- Center for Studies of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece; (I.T.); (K.T.); (G.G.); (D.P.); (E.L.); (E.G.); (N.M.)
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (K.P.); (M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernández Paniagua IY, Amador Muñoz O, Rosas Pérez I, Arrieta García O, González Buendía RI, Andraca Ayala GL, Jazcilevich A. Reduced commuter exposure to PM 2.5 and PAHs in response to improved emission standards in bus rapid transit systems in Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122236. [PMID: 37481026 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated impacts of progressive technological updates to bus rapid transit (BRT) systems on in-cabin concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), and the various polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to which commuters were exposed. PM2.5 samples were collected and real-time concentrations measured from October 2017 to March 2020 inside cabins of BRT buses equipped with Euro IV, V and VI diesel emission standards in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). For effective comparison, similar samplings and measurements were carried out on trains in the MCMA underground (MCU) system. Peak in-cabin PM2.5 concentrations decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 35% from Euro IV to Euro V buses, and by 80% from Euro IV to Euro VI buses. PM2.5 concentrations inside Euro VI buses were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in Euro IV and Euro V buses and in underground trains. The in-cabin excess (ICE) of PM2.5 relative to ambient concentrations was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for Euro IV than for Euro V buses during morning the traffic peak, and consistently higher than for Euro VI buses. Indeed, ICEs calculated for Euro VI buses were always lower than those for electricity-powered underground trains. The frequency of hotspots decreased from Euro IV to Euro VI buses due to the combined effect of low emissions and closed, air-conditioned cabins. Concentrations of total PAHs including carcinogenic species also decreased from Euro IV to Euro V buses and were below limits of detection aboard Euro VI buses. This work shows that in real-life conditions, advanced diesel technologies and cabin design significantly reduce commuters' exposure to PM2.5 and to toxic PAH compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Y Hernández Paniagua
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, C. U., Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Omar Amador Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, C. U., Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Irma Rosas Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, C. U., Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arrieta García
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, C. U., Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raymundo I González Buendía
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, C. U., Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gema L Andraca Ayala
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, C. U., Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arón Jazcilevich
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica s/n, C. U., Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aldekheel M, Farahani VJ, Sioutas C. Assessing Lifetime Cancer Risk Associated with Population Exposure to PM-Bound PAHs and Carcinogenic Metals in Three Mid-Latitude Metropolitan Cities. TOXICS 2023; 11:697. [PMID: 37624202 PMCID: PMC10457896 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Lifetime cancer risk characterization of ambient PM-bound carcinogenic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in the cities of Los Angeles (USA), Thessaloniki (Greece) and Milan (Italy), which share similar Mediterranean climates but are different in their urban emission sources and governing air quality regulations. The samples in Milan and Thessaloniki were mostly dominated by biomass burning activities whereas the particles collected in Los Angeles were primary impacted by traffic emissions. We analyzed the ambient PM2.5 mass concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), as well as 13 PAH compounds in the PM samples, collected during both cold and warm periods at each location. Pb exhibited the highest annual average concentration in all three cities, followed by Ni, As, Cr(VI), Cd and PAHs, respectively. The cancer risk assessment based on outdoor pollutants was performed based on three different scenarios, with each scenario corresponding to a different level of infiltration of outdoor pollutants into the indoor environment. Thessaloniki exhibited a high risk associated with lifetime inhalation of As, Cr(VI), and PAHs, with values in the range of (0.97-1.57) × 10-6, (1.80-2.91) × 10-6, and (0.77-1.25) × 10-6, respectively. The highest cancer risk values were calculated in Milan, exceeding the US EPA standard by a considerable margin, where the lifetime risk values of exposure to As, Cr(VI), and PAHs were in the range of (1.29-2.08) × 10-6, (6.08-9.82) × 10-6, and (1.10-1.77) × 10-6, respectively. In contrast, the estimated risks associated with PAHs and metals, except Cr(VI), in Los Angeles were extremely lower than the guideline value, even when the infiltration factor was assumed to be at peak. The lifetime cancer risk values associated with As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and PAHs in Los Angeles were in the range of (0.04-0.33) × 10-6. This observation highlights the impact of local air quality measures in improving the air quality and lowering the cancer risks in Los Angeles compared to the other two cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aldekheel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Vahid Jalali Farahani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Besis A, Katsaros T, Samara C. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in vehicular cabin air - Implications to commuter exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121763. [PMID: 37142203 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 117 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified and quantified inside passenger cars and buses operating city and intercity routes. The paper presents data for 90 compounds with frequency of detection equal or greater than 50% that belong to various chemical classes. Total VOC concentration (TVOCs) was dominated by alkanes followed by organic acids, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes, sulfides, amines, and phenols, mercaptans, thiophenes. VOCs concentrations were compared between different vehicle types (passenger cars - city buses - intercity buses), fuel type (gasoline - diesel - liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)), and ventilation type (air condition - air recirculation). TVOCs, alkanes, organic acids and sulfides followed the order: diesel cars > LPG cars > gasoline cars. On the contrary, for mercaptans, aromatics, aldehydes, ketones, and phenols the order was: LPG cars > diesel cars > gasoline cars. Excepting ketones that were found to be higher in LPG cars with air recirculation mode, most compounds were higher with exterior air ventilation in both, gasoline cars and diesel buses. Odor pollution, expressed by the odor activity value (OAV) of VOCs, was highest in LPG cars and minimum in gasoline cars. In all vehicle types, mercaptans and aldehydes were the major contributors to odor pollution of the cabin air with lower contributions from organic acids. The total Hazard Quotient (THQ) was less than 1 for bus and car drivers and passengers indicating that adverse health effects are not likely to occur. Cancer risk from the three VOCs following the order naphthalene > benzene > ethylbenzene. For the three VOCs the total carcinogenic risk was within the safe range. The results of this study expand our knowledge of in-vehicle air quality under real commuting conditions and give an insight into the commuters' exposure levels during their normal travel journey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theophanis Katsaros
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hong DH, Jung J, Hun J, Kim DH, Ryu JY. Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Korean adults: evaluation of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, 2-naphthol, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 2-hydroxyfluorene using Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey data. Ann Occup Environ Med 2023; 35:e6. [PMID: 37063599 PMCID: PMC10089814 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are occupational and environmental pollutants generated by the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Exposure to PAHs can occur in various occupations. In this study, we compared PAH exposure levels among occupations based on 4 urinary PAH metabolites in a Korean adult population. Methods The evaluation of occupational exposure to PAHs was conducted using Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey data. The occupational groups were classified based on skill types. Four urinary PAH metabolites were used to evaluate PAH exposure: 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 2-naphthol (2-NAP), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OHPHE), and 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFLU). The fraction exceeding the third quartile of urinary concentration for each PAH metabolite was assessed for each occupational group. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for exceeding the third quartile of urinary PAH metabolite concentration were calculated for each occupational group compared to the "business, administrative, clerical, financial, and insurance" group using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results The "guard and security" (OR: 2.949; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.300-6.691), "driving and transportation" (OR: 2.487; 95% CI: 1.418-4.364), "construction and mining" (OR: 2.683; 95% CI: 1.547-4.655), and "agriculture, forestry, and fisheries" (OR: 1.973; 95% CI: 1.220-3.191) groups had significantly higher ORs for 1-OHP compared to the reference group. No group showed significantly higher ORs than the reference group for 2-NAP. The groups with significantly higher ORs for 1-OHPHE than the reference group were "cooking and food service" (OR: 2.073; 95% CI: 1.208-3.556), "driving and transportation" (OR: 1.724; 95% CI: 1.059-2.808), and "printing, wood, and craft manufacturing" (OR: 2.255; 95% CI: 1.022-4.974). The OR for 2-OHFLU was significantly higher in the "printing, wood, and craft manufacturing" group (OR: 3.109; 95% CI: 1.335-7.241) than in the reference group. Conclusions The types and levels of PAH exposure differed among occupational groups in a Korean adult population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Hong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jongwon Jung
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Young Ryu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang A, Ye X, Yang X, Li J, Zhu H, Xu H, Meng J, Xu T, Sun J. Elevated urbanization-driven plant accumulation and human intake risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crops of peri-urban farmlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:68143-68151. [PMID: 35527307 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an ubiquitous carcinogen, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are closely related to anthropogenic activities. The process of urbanization leads to the spatial interlacing of farmlands and urbanized zones. However, field evidence on the influence of urbanization on the accumulation of PAHs in crops of peri-urban farmlands is lacking. This study comparatively investigated the urbanization-driven levels, compositions, and sources of PAHs in 120 paired plant and soil samples collected from the Yangtze River Delta in China and their species-specific human intake risks. The concentrations of PAHs in crops and soils in the peri-urban areas were 2407.92 ng g-1 and 546.64 ng g-1, respectively, which are significantly higher than those in the rural areas. The PAHs in the root were highly relevant to those in the soils (R2 = 0.63, p < 0.01), and the root bioconcentration factors were higher than 1.0, implying the contributions of root uptake to plant accumulations. However, the translocation factors in the peri-urban areas (1.57 ± 0.33) were higher than those in the rural areas (1.19 ± 0.14), indicating the enhanced influence through gaseous absorption. For the congeners, the 2- to 3-ring PAHs showed a higher plant accumulation potential than the 4- to 6-ring PAHs. Principal component analysis show that the PAHs in the peri-urban plants predominantly resulted from urbanization parameters, such as coal combustion, vehicle emissions, and biomass burning. The mean values of estimated dietary intake of PAHs from the consumption of peri-urban and rural crops were 9116 ng day-1 and 6601.83 ng day-1, respectively. The intake risks of different crops followed the order rice > cabbage > carrot > pea. Given the significant input of PAHs from urban to farmland, the influence of many anthropogenic pollutants arising from rapid urbanization should be considered when assessing the agricultural food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xintao Ye
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xindong Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Haofeng Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Honglei Xu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiaqi Meng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Tianwei Xu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
An F, Liu J, Lu W, Jareemit D. Comparison of exposure to traffic-related pollutants on different commuting routes to a primary school in Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43319-43340. [PMID: 35091940 PMCID: PMC8799450 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related pollutants seriously affect human health, and the commute time to and from school is the time when students are exposed greatest to traffic pollution sources. Field measurements were conducted with hand-held instruments while walking along two selected commuting routes in winter and spring. The measured data were then compared with background monitoring data, and the respiratory deposition dose (RDD) was calculated to assess the exposure risk. Particulate matter intake from 2018 to 2020 was calculated. In winter, the average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were higher in the afternoon than in the morning. The highest concentration was 2.94 times greater than the background value. The low-concentration distribution area of the low-traffic route that is off the main road (route B) was more significant than that of the high-traffic route that is near the main road (route A). Moreover, the RDD of route B was consistently lower than that of route A, while the average annual amount of PM2.5 inhalation on route B in 3 years was 16.3% lower than that on route A. Overall, route B is more suitable than route A for students to commute on foot. Based on the findings, a walking route located within a community is a good choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farun An
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, #1000 Fengming Road, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Jiying Liu
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, #1000 Fengming Road, Jinan, 250101, China.
- Shandong GRAD Group, Built Environment Design and Research Institute, Dezhou, 253000, China.
| | - Wanpeng Lu
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, #1000 Fengming Road, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Daranee Jareemit
- Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Khlong Nueng, 12121, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sánchez-Piñero J, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Moscoso-Pérez C, FernándezGonzález V, Prada-Rodríguez D, López-Mahía P. Development and validation of a multi-pollutant method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, synthetic musk compounds and plasticizers in atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5). TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
|
9
|
Katsoyiannis IA, Lammel G, Samara C, Ernst M, Wenk J, Torretta V, Voutsa D, Vollertsen J, Bucheli TD, Godbersen L, Lambropoulou D, Heath E, Kallenborn R, Giannakoudakis D, Deliyanni E, Bandosz TJ, Ražić S, Samanidou V, Papa E, Lacorte S, Katsoyiannis A. Innovative aspects of environmental chemistry and technology regarding air, water, and soil pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:58958-58968. [PMID: 34499300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Katsoyiannis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Constantini Samara
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mathias Ernst
- TUHH, Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply (B-11), Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, Hamburg University of Technology, D-27071, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jannis Wenk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Water Innovation and Research Centre (WIRC@Bath), Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset, University of Bath, BA2, 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Torretta
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, via GB Vico 46, Insubria University, I-21100, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Jes Vollertsen
- Department of The Built Environment, Thomas Manns Vej 23, Aalborg University, DK-9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Levke Godbersen
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute and International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (IKBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO- 1432, ÅS, Norway
| | - Dimitrios Giannakoudakis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eleni Deliyanni
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Teresa J Bandosz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of the City University of New York, NY 10031, New York , USA
| | - Slavica Ražić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Viktoria Samanidou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ester Papa
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, via GB Vico 46, Insubria University, I-21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC. Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042177. [PMID: 33672189 PMCID: PMC7926315 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major factor contributing to air quality deterioration that enters the atmosphere as a consequence of various natural and anthropogenic activities. In PM, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a class of organic chemicals with at least two aromatic rings that are mainly directly emitted via the incomplete combustion of various organic materials. Numerous toxicological and epidemiological studies have proven adverse links between exposure to particulate matter-bound (PM-bound) PAHs and human health due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Among human exposure routes, inhalation is the main pathway regarding PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere. Moreover, the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs differ among people, microenvironments and areas. Hence, understanding the behaviour of PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere is crucial. However, because current techniques hardly monitor PAHs in real-time, timely feedback on PAHs including the characteristics of their concentration and composition, is not obtained via real-time analysis methods. Therefore, in this review, we summarize personal exposure, and indoor and outdoor PM-bound PAH concentrations for different participants, spaces, and cities worldwide in recent years. The main aims are to clarify the characteristics of PM-bound PAHs under different exposure conditions, in addition to the health effects and assessment methods of PAHs.
Collapse
|