1
|
An J, Wilson DI, Deed RC, Kilmartin PA, Young BR, Yu W. The importance of outlier rejection and significant explanatory variable selection for pinot noir wine soft sensor development. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100514. [PMID: 37251636 PMCID: PMC10209686 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory attributes are essential factors in determining the quality of wines. However, it can be challenging for consumers, even experts, to differentiate and quantify wines' sensory attributes for quality control. Soft sensors based on rapid chemical analysis offer a potential solution to overcome this challenge. However, the current limitation in developing soft sensors for wines is the need for a significant number of input parameters, at least 12, necessitating costly and time-consuming analyses. While such a comprehensive approach provides high accuracy in sensory quality mapping, the expensive and time-consuming studies required do not lend themselves to the industry's routine quality control activities. In this work, Box plots, Tucker-1 plots, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) score plots were used to deal with output data (sensory attributes) to improve the model quality. More importantly, this work has identified that the number of analyses required to fully quantify by regression models and qualify by classification models can be significantly reduced. Based on regression models, only four key chemical parameters (total flavanols, total tannins, A520nmHCl, and pH) were required to accurately predict 35 sensory attributes of a wine with R2 values above 0.6 simultaneously. In addition, for classification models to accurately predict 35 sensory attributes of a wine at once with prediction accuracy above 70%, only four key chemical parameters (A280nmHCl, A520nmHCl, chemical age and pH) were required. These models with reduced chemical parameters complement each other in sensory quality mapping and provide acceptable accuracy. The application of the soft sensor based on these reduced sets of key chemical parameters translated to a potential reduction in analytical cost and labour cost of 56% for the regression model and 83% for the classification model, respectively, making these models suitable for routine quality control use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Yu
- The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kalogiouri NP, Karadimou C, Avgidou MS, Petsa E, Papadakis EN, Theocharis S, Mourtzinos I, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U, Koundouras S. An Optimized HPLC-DAD Methodology for the Determination of Anthocyanins in Grape Skins of Red Greek Winegrape Cultivars ( Vitis vinifera L.). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27207107. [PMID: 36296699 PMCID: PMC9610061 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple HPLC-DAD analytical method was developed and optimized for the determination of anthocynanins in three red Greek winegrape varieties (Kotsifali, Limnio, and Vradiano). The critical parameters, such as the acidifying solvent and the extraction temperature, which affect the extraction of anthocyanins from the grapes, were studied to find the optimum values. The developed methodology was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision and presented satisfactory results. The limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged between 0.20 mg/kg to 0.60 mg/kg, and the limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.06 mg/kg and 0.12 mg/kg. The RSD% of the within-day and between-day assays were lower than 6.2% and 8.5%, respectively, showing adequate precision. The accuracy ranged between 91.6 and 119% for within-day assay and between 89.9 and 123% for between-day assay. Sixteen samples from the main regions of each variety as well as from the official ampelographic collections of Greece were collected during the 2020 growing season and were further analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Notable differences in the anthocyanin content were detected among the cultivars using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa P. Kalogiouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (N.P.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Christina Karadimou
- Laboratory of Viticulture, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mary S. Avgidou
- Laboratory of Viticulture, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elissavet Petsa
- Laboratory of Viticulture, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil-Nikolaos Papadakis
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Serafeim Theocharis
- Laboratory of Viticulture, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mourtzinos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Urania Menkissoglu-Spiroudi
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Koundouras
- Laboratory of Viticulture, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (N.P.K.); (S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Paraskevopoulou A, Mourtzinos I, Zachariadis GA, Rosenberg E. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as a Powerful Analytical Tool for the Discrimination of Truffle Species According to Their Volatiles. Front Nutr 2022; 9:856250. [PMID: 35558753 PMCID: PMC9085510 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.856250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides the first assessment of the volatile metabolome map of Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Borchii originating from Greece using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the extraction of the volatile fraction, the SPME protocol was optimized after examining the effects of sample mass, extraction temperature, and extraction time using the one-variable at-a-time approach (OVAT). The optimum parameters involved the extraction of 100 mg of homogenized truffle for 45 min at 50°C. Overall, 19 truffle samples were analyzed, and the acquired data were normalized and further processed with chemometrics. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (HCA) was used to identify the groups of the two species. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was employed to develop a chemometric model that could discriminate the truffles according to the species and reveal characteristic volatile markers for Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Borchii grown in Greece.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa P. Kalogiouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adamantini Paraskevopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mourtzinos
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George A. Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Erwin Rosenberg
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Mourtzinos I, Zachariadis GA. Multielemental Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometric (ICP-OES) Method for the Determination of Nutrient and Toxic Elements in Wild Mushrooms Coupled to Unsupervised and Supervised Chemometric Tools for Their Classification by Species. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2046020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa P. Kalogiouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mourtzinos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George A. Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Mourtzinos I, Rosenberg E, Zachariadis GA. A Rapid GC-FID Method for the Determination of Fatty Acids in Walnut Oils and Their Use as Markers in Authenticity Studies. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
6
|
Katsoyiannis IA, Lammel G, Samara C, Ernst M, Wenk J, Torretta V, Voutsa D, Vollertsen J, Bucheli TD, Godbersen L, Lambropoulou D, Heath E, Kallenborn R, Giannakoudakis D, Deliyanni E, Bandosz TJ, Ražić S, Samanidou V, Papa E, Lacorte S, Katsoyiannis A. Innovative aspects of environmental chemistry and technology regarding air, water, and soil pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:58958-58968. [PMID: 34499300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Katsoyiannis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Constantini Samara
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mathias Ernst
- TUHH, Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply (B-11), Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, Hamburg University of Technology, D-27071, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jannis Wenk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Water Innovation and Research Centre (WIRC@Bath), Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset, University of Bath, BA2, 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Torretta
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, via GB Vico 46, Insubria University, I-21100, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Jes Vollertsen
- Department of The Built Environment, Thomas Manns Vej 23, Aalborg University, DK-9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Levke Godbersen
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute and International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (IKBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO- 1432, ÅS, Norway
| | - Dimitrios Giannakoudakis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eleni Deliyanni
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Teresa J Bandosz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of the City University of New York, NY 10031, New York , USA
| | - Slavica Ražić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Viktoria Samanidou
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ester Papa
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, via GB Vico 46, Insubria University, I-21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC. Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kalogiouri NP, Samanidou VF. A Validated Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Coupled with SPE-HPLC-DAD for the Determination of Flavonoids in By-Products of Plant Origin: An Application Study for the Valorization of the Walnut Septum Membrane. Molecules 2021; 26:6418. [PMID: 34770827 PMCID: PMC8588283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Walnut byproducts have been shown to exert functional properties, but the literature on their bioactive content is still scarce. Among walnut byproducts, walnut septum is a dry ligneous diaphragm tissue that divides the two halves of the kernel, exhibiting nutritional and medicinal properties. These functional properties are owing to its flavonoid content, and in order to explore the flavonoid fraction, an ultrasound-assisted (UAE) protocol was combined with solid phase extraction (SPE) and coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the determination of flavonoids in Greek walnut septa membranes belonging to Chandler, Vina, and Franquette varieties. The proposed UAE-SPE-HPLC-DAD method was validated and the relative standard deviations (RSD%) of the within-day and between-day assays were lower than 6.2 and 8.5, respectively, showing good precision, and high accuracy ranging from 90.8 (apigenin) to 97.5% (catechin) for within-day assay, and from 88.5 (myricetin) to 96.2% (catechin) for between-day assay. Overall, seven flavonoids were determined (catechin, rutin, myricetin, luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol) suggesting that the walnut septum is a rich source of bioactive constituents. The quantification results were further processed using ANOVA analysis to examine if there are statistically significant differences between the concentration of each flavonoid and the variety of the walnut septum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria F. Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kalogiouri NP, Samanidou VF. HPLC Fingerprints for the Characterization of Walnuts and the Detection of Fraudulent Incidents. Foods 2021; 10:2145. [PMID: 34574256 PMCID: PMC8468111 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method coupled to diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was developed for the determination of phenolic compounds that could be used as markers in authentication studies of walnuts belonging to the Chandler variety, originating from Bulgaria, Greece, and France. An ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) protocol applied in the extraction of phenolic compounds was optimized. The method was validated and the relative standard deviations (RSD%) of the within-day, and between-day assays was lower than 6.3 and 11.1, respectively, showing adequate precision, and good accuracy ranging from 86.4 (sinapic acid) to 98.4% (caffeic acid) for within-day assay, and from 90.1 (gallocatechin gallate) to 100.6% (gallic acid) for between-day assay. Eighteen phenolic compounds were determined belonging to the classes of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The quantification results were further processed with chemometrics, and a robust partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was developed for the classification of the samples according to their geographical origin, proposing markers that could be used for the control of walnuts authenticity and the detection of fraudulent incidents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria F. Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Rapid HPLC-UV Protocol Coupled to Chemometric Analysis for the Determination of the Major Phenolic Constituents and Tocopherol Content in Almonds and the Discrimination of the Geographical Origin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185433. [PMID: 34576903 PMCID: PMC8464707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversed phase-high-pressure liquid chromatographic methodologies equipped with UV detector (RP-HPLC-UV) were developed for the determination of phenolic compounds and tocopherols in almonds. Nineteen samples of Texas almonds originating from USA and Greece were analyzed and 7 phenolic acids, 7 flavonoids, and tocopherols (−α, −β + γ) were determined. The analytical methodologies were validated and presented excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99), high recoveries over the range between 83.1 (syringic acid) to 95.5% (ferulic acid) for within-day assay (n = 6), and between 90.2 (diosmin) to 103.4% (rosmarinic acid) for between-day assay (n = 3 × 3), for phenolic compounds, and between 95.1 and 100.4% for within-day assay (n = 6), and between 93.2–96.2% for between-day assay (n = 3 × 3) for tocopherols. The analytes were further quantified, and the results were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) to investigate potential differences between the bioactive content of almonds and the geographical origin. A decision tree (DT) was developed for the prediction of the geographical origin of almonds proposing a characteristic marker with a concentration threshold, proving to be a promising and reliable tool for the guarantee of the authenticity of the almonds.
Collapse
|
10
|
Garrido-Bañuelos G, Buica A, du Toit W. Relationship between anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and cell wall polysaccharides in grapes and red wines. A current state-of-art review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7743-7759. [PMID: 33951953 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1918056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous research studies have evaluated factors influencing the nature and levels of phenolics and polysaccharides in food matrices. However, in grape and wines most of these works have approach these classes of compounds individually. In recent years, the number of publications interconnecting classes have increased dramatically. The present review relates the last decade's findings on the relationship between phenolics and polysaccharides from grapes, throughout the entire winemaking process up to evaluating the impact of their relationship on the red wine sensory perception. The combination and interconnection of the most recent research studies, from single interactions in model wines to the investigation of the formation of complex macromolecules, brings the perfect story line to relate the relationship between phenolics and polysaccharides from the vineyard to the glass. Grape pectin is highly reactive toward grape and grape derived phenolics. Differences between grape cultivars or changes during grape ripeness will affect the extractability of these compounds into the wines. Therefore, the nature of the grape components will be crucial to understand the subsequent reactions occurring between phenolics and polysaccharide of the corresponding wines. It has been demonstrated that they can form very complex macromolecules which affect wine color, stability and sensory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Garrido-Bañuelos
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.,Product Design - Agriculture and Food, Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Astrid Buica
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Wessel du Toit
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Development of an HPLC-DAD Method Combined with Chemometrics for Differentiating Geographical Origins of Chinese Red Wines on the Basis of Phenolic Compounds. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
12
|
Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Klaoudatos D, Spanos T, Topi V, Zachariadis GA. Rare Earths as Authenticity Markers for the Discrimination of Greek and Turkish Pistachios Using Elemental Metabolomics and Chemometrics. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020349. [PMID: 33562196 PMCID: PMC7915317 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pistachios are a nutritionally beneficial food source widely consumed all over the world. Pistachios exhibit high content of antioxidants, vitamins and other beneficial micronutrients, including nutrient elements and rare earth elements (REEs). Considering that the concentration of REEs depends on the climate and soil characteristics that vary among different geographical regions, REEs could constitute markers responsible for the geographical discrimination of this nut type. In this study, Greek pistachios with a protected designation of origin (PDO) label from Aegina Island and Fthiotida and Turkish pistachios from Adana were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess their REE profile. La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb were determined and quantified. The quantification results were further analyzed using the main effect plot, permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA) to investigate the similarities between the pistachios. A decision tree (DT) was developed for the classification of pistachios according to their geographical origin proving to be a promising and reliable tool for verifying the authenticity of food products on the basis of their REE profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa P. Kalogiouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (G.A.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (G.A.Z.)
| | - Dimitris Klaoudatos
- Laboratory of Oceanography, Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece;
| | - Thomas Spanos
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece;
| | - Vilson Topi
- Department of Forest and Natural Environment Sciences, International Hellenic University, 1st km Drama-Microchoriou, 66100 Drama, Greece;
| | - George A. Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (G.A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Merkytė V, Longo E, Windisch G, Boselli E. Phenolic Compounds as Markers of Wine Quality and Authenticity. Foods 2020; 9:E1785. [PMID: 33271877 PMCID: PMC7760515 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted and untargeted determinations are being currently applied to different classes of natural phenolics to develop an integrated approach aimed at ensuring compliance to regulatory prescriptions related to specific quality parameters of wine production. The regulations are particularly severe for wine and include various aspects of the viticulture practices and winemaking techniques. Nevertheless, the use of phenolic profiles for quality control is still fragmented and incomplete, even if they are a promising tool for quality evaluation. Only a few methods have been already validated and widely applied, and an integrated approach is in fact still missing because of the complex dependence of the chemical profile of wine on many viticultural and enological factors, which have not been clarified yet. For example, there is a lack of studies about the phenolic composition in relation to the wine authenticity of white and especially rosé wines. This review is a bibliographic account on the approaches based on phenolic species that have been developed for the evaluation of wine quality and frauds, from the grape varieties (of V. vinifera and non vinifera), to the geographical origin, the vintage year, the winemaking process, and wine aging. Future perspectives on the role of phenolic compounds in different wine quality aspects, which should be still exploited, are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vakarė Merkytė
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy; (V.M.); (G.W.); (E.B.)
- Oenolab, NOI Techpark South Tyrol, Via A. Volta 13B, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Edoardo Longo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy; (V.M.); (G.W.); (E.B.)
- Oenolab, NOI Techpark South Tyrol, Via A. Volta 13B, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giulia Windisch
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy; (V.M.); (G.W.); (E.B.)
- Oenolab, NOI Techpark South Tyrol, Via A. Volta 13B, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Boselli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy; (V.M.); (G.W.); (E.B.)
- Oenolab, NOI Techpark South Tyrol, Via A. Volta 13B, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|