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Klementova S, Poncarova M. Selected widely prescribed pharmaceuticals: toxicity of the drugs and the products of their photochemical degradation to aquatic organisms. J Appl Biomed 2024; 22:1-11. [PMID: 38505965 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2024.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-lowering drugs, antidiabetics, antiarrhythmics, antidepressants, and antibiotics belong to the most prescribed drugs worldwide. Because of the manufacture, excretion, and improper disposal of leftover drugs, the drugs enter waste waters and, subsequently, surface waters. They have been detected in surface waters all over the world, from concentrations of ng/l to concentrations several orders of magnitude higher. Since pharmaceuticals are designed to be both biologically and chemically stable, photochemical degradation by sun radiation represents a way of transformation in the natural environment. This review provides a survey of how selected drugs of the above-mentioned classes affect aquatic organisms of different trophic level. The emphasis is on the harmful effects of phototransformation products, an area of scientific investigation that has only attracted attention in the past few years, revealing the surprising fact that products of photochemical degradation might be even more toxic to aquatic organisms than the parent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Klementova
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Poncarova
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Grčić I, Radetić L, Miklec K, Presečki I, Leskovar K, Meaški H, Čizmić M, Brnardić I. Solar photocatalysis application in UWWTP outlets - simulations based on predictive models in flat-plate reactors and pollutant degradation studies with in silico toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132589. [PMID: 37742381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The application of the solar photocatalysis for the degradation of residual pollutants found in surface water was demonstrated. Semi-pilot scale flat-plate cascade reactor (FPCR) was used to study the degradation of model organic pollutants: enrofloxacin (ENRO), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 1H-benzotriazole (1H-BT) over TiO2 thin-film supported on glass fibers. A modular panel with full-spectra solar lamps with appropriate UVB and UVA irradiation levels was used as a simulation of sunlight. Pollutant degradation in FPCR was estimated using predictive models; intrinsic reaction rate constants (ki) for ENRO, E2 and 1H-BT independent of the reactor size, flow rate and irradiation conditions were determined: 9.60, 3.35 and 0.37 109 s-1 W-0.5 m1.5, respectively. Main degradation products (DPs), formed upon hydroxylation, ring opening and oxidation, were identified using LC-QTOF-MS. The ecotoxicological impact was assessed via T.E.S.T. and ECOSAR open-source tools showing the formation of less harmful DPs after sufficient reaction time. Pollutant degradation was simulated at four locations of interest, i.e. exhausts from urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs) in Zagreb, Croatia (45°N), Krakow, Poland (50°N), Sevilla, Spain (37°N) and Ioannina, Greece (39.6°N). Results have proved that a simple flat-plate system with supported photocatalysts can be easily scaled up and incorporated at the outlet of UWWTP for the reduction of pollutant load and related toxicity. The exhaust canal in Zagreb with the estimated length of a photocatalytic layer of 122 m for the > 90% degradation of all target pollutants was discussed as the best installation site among studied locations. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: A multi-disciplinary approach to the tentative application of TiO2 solar photocatalysis outdoors to reduce pollutant loads and toxicity in surface waters was demonstrated. Possible application at four selected locations in Europe, as an additional step in water treatment after urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs) was discussed. Target pollutants were studied under environmentally relevant conditions (sunlight levels, water matrix, simulation of process on a real scale at selected geographical location), at both higher and low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grčić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia.
| | - Lucija Radetić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Kristina Miklec
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Ivana Presečki
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Karlo Leskovar
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Meaški
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Mirta Čizmić
- Selvita S.A., Hondlova 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Brnardić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Metallurgy, Aleja narodnih heroja 3, 44000 Sisak, Croatia
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Wu L, Wang M, Rong L, Wang W, Chen L, Wu Q, Sun H, Huang X, Zou X. Structural effects of sulfonamides on the proliferation dynamics of sulfonamide resistance genes in the sequencing batch reactors and the mechanism. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:161-173. [PMID: 37778792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can be easily promoted by antibiotics, however, the structural effects of antibiotics on the proliferation of ARGs dynamic and the associated mechanisms remain obscure in, especially, activated sludge sequencing batch reactors. In the present study, the effects of 9 sulfonamides (SAs) with different structures on the proliferation dynamic of sulfonamide resistance genes (Suls) in the activated sludge sequencing batch reactors and the corresponding mechanisms were determined (30 days), and the results showed that the largest proliferation value (∆AR) of Suls dynamic for SAs (sulfachloropyridazine) was approximately 2.9 times than that of the smallest one (sulfadiazine). The proliferation of Suls was significantly related to the structural features (minHBint6, SssNH, SHBd and SpMax2_Bhm) that represent the biological activity of SAs. To interpret the phenomenon, a mechanistic model was developed and the results indicated that the biodegradation of SAs (T1/2) rather than conjugative transfer frequency or mutation frequency tends to be the key process for affecting Suls proliferation. T1/2 was proved to be dependent on the interactions between SAs and receptors (Ebinding), the cleavage mode (bond dissociation energy), and the site of nucleophilic assault. Besides, the metagenomic analysis showed that SAs posed significant effect on antibiotic resistome and Tnp31 played a vital role in the proliferation of Suls. Overall, our findings provide important insight into a theoretical basis for understanding the structural effects of SAs on the proliferation of ARGs in SBR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligui Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Lingling Rong
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Linwei Chen
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Qiaofeng Wu
- Fuzhou Urban and Rural Construction Group Co. Ltd., Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiangfeng Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiaoming Zou
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China.
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Shi B, Cheng X, Zhu D, Jiang S, Chen H, Zhou Z, Xie J, Jiang Y, Liu C, Guo H. Impact analysis of hydraulic loading rate and antibiotics on hybrid constructed wetland systems: Insight into the response to decontamination performance and environmental-associated microbiota. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140678. [PMID: 37951391 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid constructed wetlands (HCWs) are a promising solution for water ecology and environmental treatment, not only for conventional types of water pollution but also for antibiotics. Among the critical parameters for wetlands, the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) is especially important given the challenges of antibiotics treatment and frequent extreme rainfall. To investigate the removal performance of different HLRs on nutrients and antibiotics, as well as the response of antibiotics to nutrient removal, and the impact of HLRs on microbial communities, new HCWs with vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) and floating constructed wetlands (FCWs) in series were built. The results of the study showed that: (1) HCWs are highly effective in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+-N, NO2--N, and total phosphorus (TP) at low HLR (L_HLR), with removal efficiencies as high as 97.8%, 99.6%, 100%, and 80.5%. However, high HLR (H_HLR) reduced their removal efficiencies; (2) The average removal efficiency of fluoroquinolones (FQs) under different HLRs was consistently high, at 99.9%, while the average removal efficiency of macrolides (MLs) was 96.3% (L_HLR) and 88.4% (H_HLR). The removal efficiency of sulfonamides (SAs) was susceptible to HLRs, and the removal of antibiotics occurred mainly in the rhizosphere zone of wetland; (3) High concentrations of antibiotics in HCWs were found to inhibit and poison plant growth and to reduce the removal efficiency of TP by 12%. However, they had a minor effect on the removal efficiency of carbon and nitrogen nutrients; (4) H_HLR altered the diversity and abundance of microbial communities in different compartments of the wetland and also reduced the relative abundance of Bacillus, Hydrogenophaga, Nakamurella, Denitratisoma and Acidovorax genera, which are involved in denitrification and phosphorus removal processes. This alteration in microbial communities was one of the main reasons for the reduced performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Shi
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangju Cheng
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dantong Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Shenqiong Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Hongzhan Chen
- Guangzhou Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- Guangzhou Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510030, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resource Application and Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yuheng Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Heyi Guo
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
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Structure Determination of Felodipine Photoproducts in UV-Irradiated Medicines Using ESI-LC/MS/MS. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020697. [PMID: 36840019 PMCID: PMC9964566 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydropyridine drugs are well known as photodegradable pharmaceuticals. Herein, we evaluate the photostability of felodipine (FL) medicine (Splendil® (SPL) tablets) and its altered forms (powders and suspensions). FL is a type of dihydropyridine drug, but its photochemical behavior is unknown. FL contents after ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation for 24 h were monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Values of the residual amounts of FL in UV-irradiated SPL powders and suspensions were 32.76 ± 4.88% and 0.79 ± 0.74%, respectively, with the generation of two photoproducts (FL photoproduct 1 and 2). To identify the chemical structures of these photoproducts, electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (ESI-LC/MS/MS) analysis was performed. Based on their mass-to-charge ratio values and fragment patterns, it was proposed that FL photoproduct 1 was a pyridine derivative and FL photoproduct 2 was an FL dimer. Interestingly, generation rates of FL photoproduct 1 and 2 were dependent on the presence of the aqueous media. The photodimerization of FL was induced in UV-irradiated SPL suspensions. This is the first report evaluating the photostability of SPL tablets and its altered forms and estimating FL photoproducts induced by UV irradiation in the formulation of SPL.
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Zhang L, Bai J, Zhang K, Wang Y, Xiao R, Campos M, Acuña J, Jorquera MA. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and ecological risks of antibiotics in the water-plant-sediment systems in different functional areas of the largest shallow lake in North China: Impacts of river input and historical agricultural activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159260. [PMID: 36208765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used and ubiquitous in the environment, which in turn poses potential threat to human health. However, the effects of agricultural activities and river input on the fate and ecological risks of antibiotics in shallow lake are still poorly understood. Surface water, overlying water and pore water, sediments and aquatic plant samples in the historical planting subarea (PA), historical aquaculture subarea (AU), inflow subarea (IW), discharge subarea (DC), and conservation subarea (CK) of Baiyangdian Lake were collected and analyzed. Our results revealed that the total antibiotic concentrations ranged from 85.33 ng/L to 1631.47 ng/L in waters and from 66.90 ng/g to 177.03 ng/g in sediments. Generally, the total antibiotic concentrations introduced by planting activity in surface water, overlying water and sediments were higher and the levels of total antibiotics in pore water were more affected by river input. In addition, three quinolones (QNs) and two tetracyclines (TCs) were dominant antibiotics in almost five subareas. The pseudo-partitioning coefficient kd(pw) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of antibiotics varied according to the effects of river input and historical agricultural activities. The ecological risk (RQ) of antibiotics from agricultural activities was higher than that from river input. The norfloxacin (NOR) in pore water showed high RQ, which contributed to a large proportion (>50 %) of the combined ecological risks (∑RQs) except for surface water. Therefore, NOR should be used as the primary ecological risk control index for antibiotic contamination management in the BYD. ∑RQs showed high risk in water in the five subareas. This study can act as a reference for governments to formulate effective management strategies for protecting the ecological health of lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Junhong Bai
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Kegang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Marco Campos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jacquelinne Acuña
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Rivera-Vera C, Muñoz-Lira D, Aranda M, Toledo-Neira C, Salazar R. Study of degradation of norfloxacin antibiotic and their intermediates by natural solar photolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:41014-41027. [PMID: 36626055 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the photolysis of the antibiotic norfloxacin (NOR) and the formation of its photodegradation products were studied using UV and solar radiation. Their extraction was also assessed in Milli-Q water and secondary effluents from a wastewater treatment plant. The photolysis of NOR was chromatographically monitored. The structure of each degradation product is related to the reaction of NOR with reactive oxygen species (ROS), as confirmed using radical quenchers and mass spectrometry. Additionally, the feasibility of extracting NOR and its degradation products was assessed using a commercial solid phase extraction system. Photolysis results showed the formation of five degradation products, generated under exposure to both types of radiation. The decays in NOR concentrations for the solar and UV treatments were adjusted to pseudo first-order kinetics with apparent constant values of ksolar = 1.19 × 10-3 s-1 and kUV = 3.84 × 10-5 s-1. Furthermore, the superoxide radical was the main participant species in the formation of the degradation products P3, P4, and P5. Species P1 and P2 do not need this radical for their formation. The presence of NOR in water opens the possibility of its photolysis by solar radiation. This work contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms that mediate its photodegradation, in addition to studying potential options for its determination and its photodegradation products in the sample treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Rivera-Vera
- Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Chemical Materials, LEQMA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Muñoz-Lira
- Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Chemical Materials, LEQMA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Aranda
- Food and Drug Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Campus San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Toledo-Neira
- Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Chemical Materials, LEQMA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Salazar
- Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Chemical Materials, LEQMA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile.
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Current advances on the photocatalytic degradation of fluoroquinolones: photoreaction mechanism and environmental application. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:899-912. [PMID: 35416639 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis is one of the most studied and promising techniques for degradation of contaminants of emerging concern, especially pharmaceuticals, and it represents a potential application in wastewater treatment of recalcitrant pollutants, such as fluoroquinolones, which are almost not abated by standard WWTPs. Although photodegradation partially contributes to alleviate their accumulation into the aquatic systems, heterogeneous photocatalysis assures complete sequestration and mineralization of FQs and their photoproducts and offers many advantages with respect to the other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The present brief review summarizes the most recent studies regarding the development and application of novel photocatalytic materials to the removal of FQs from contaminated waters. The collected data are arranged relating the mechanistic aspects to specific catalysts' properties, such as adsorption capacity, easy recovery, and reusability, especially under actual conditions.
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