The assessment of the protective impact of spidroin extract against UV-A radiation damage by using earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) as a robust human skin model via macroscopic and histological observations

Exploring the phytochemical composition of Salsola imbricata: investigating its protective potential against UV-C radiation in earthworms and isopods models

The aqueous ethanolic extract of Salsola imbricata (AEESI) demonstrated significant protective effects against UV-C radiation damage, using earthworms and isopods as models for human skin and eyes, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified 15 bioactive polyphenolic compounds in AEESI, with chlorogenic acid (55.51 µg/ml) and gallic acid (46.69 µg/ml) as the dominant phenolic acids, and naringenin (40.42 µg/ml) as the primary flavonoid. The extract effectively mitigated histological and ultrastructural damage caused by UV-C radiation in both models. Additionally, quality control parameters, including moisture content, pH, acidity index, ash content, and elemental composition, were determined for the first time. These findings highlight the potential of S. imbricata extract as a protective agent against UV-C radiation-induced damage, attributed to its rich polyphenolic content.

Enhancing the wound healing potential using earthworm clitellum factors and elucidating its molecular mechanism in an in-vitro and earthworm model

Earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae cannot survive and regenerate without clitellum segments. In regenerating worms, the clitellum's epithelial and circular muscular layers are reduced to one-third, and longitudinal cell layers to half. In C2C12 cells, Clitellum Factors (CF - 5, 25 and 50%) and Regenerative Clitellum Factors (RCF - 5, 25, 50, 75%) ameliorate the cell viability up to 20-28% and 30-38% respectively than the control. In contrast, extracts from body segments negatively influence cell viability up to 80%. In a scratch-wound assay, 25% RCF and 5% CF achieved 99.86% and 81.54% wound closure in 24 h, respectively, compared to 40% in controls. RCF and CF also possess enhanced anti-microbial activity against gram + ve bacteria. Western Blotting reveals that Wnt3a, HoxD3 and VEGF were remarkably upregulated in RCF and CF treated samples and their upregulated stemness property is effectively regulated by p53, TCTP, H2AX, Cleaved Caspase-3 proteins. Immunofluorescence data clearly states that Wnt3a and Caspase-3 signals are more profoundly observed in nuclear over cytoplasm in RCF treated samples and H2AX shows less nuclear signals than CF. In in-vivo earthworm model conditions, RCF remarkably promotes the survivability and wound healing ability by promoting the Wnt3a and VEGF expression together with downregulation of Cox2.

Decoding the mechanism of earthworm extract against wounds: an integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology study

Earthworms are used to cure wounds in Chinese villages for thousands of years. Recently, scientists realized their extracts could promote wound healing and they have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-microbial properties, but its mechanism of promoting wound healing remains unclear. In the presented study, electronic literature databases and LC-MS/MS were used to determine earthworms' ingredients and differential metabolites. Swiss Target Prediction database was used for ingredients' target prediction and wound disease-relevant genes were found from GeneCards, OMIM, and DrugBank databases. Network pharmacology was conducted to demonstrate filtering hub targets, biological functions, and the signaling pathways of earthworms extract against wounds. Molecular docking and metabolism analysis were used to look for core target genes and key bioactive molecules from earthworms. Finally, the investigation shows 5 most important signal pathways, 5 core genes, and 6 bioactive ingredients-related cell-cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and cell migration processes could be affected by earthworms' extract. On 3rd day, the extract could regulate HIF1A and EGFR targets to make the differences of quantities of 4-pyridoxate, tetradecanoic acid, and L-kynurenine. While on 7th day, the regulation refers 6 earthworms' bioactive ingredients, 4 core genes (CTNNB1, EGFR, SRC, and CASP3), and 4 differential metabolites (4-hydoxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid, urocanate, deoxyinosine, creatine, and sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine). on 14th day, 2 core genes (EGFR, SRC) are influenced in the biological processes. Briefly, we found that 6 ingredients from earthworms have most bioactive and 5 core genes play an important role in promoting wound-healing processes. These discovers indicates earthworms could against wound via AGE-RAGE, PI3K-Akt, HIF1A, MAPK, and Axon guidance pathways.

Study on the Antioxidant Effect of Shikonin-Loaded β-Cyclodextrin Forming Host-Guest Complexes That Prevent Skin from Photoaging

When the skin is overexposed to ultraviolet rays, free radicals will accumulate in the skin, causing lipid damage and even inducing photoaging of the skin. Combination therapy with antioxidant drugs is a good choice for topical treatment of skin photoaging due to its special physiological structure. In this paper, shikonin was encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin (SH-β-CD) by the precipitation crystallization method, which delayed the release of the drug and increased drug solubility. The average diameter of SH-β-CD was 203.0 ± 21.27 nm with a zeta potential of -14.4 ± 0.5 mV. The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was 65.9 ± 7.13%. The results of the in vitro permeation across the dialysis membrane and ex vivo transdermal release rates were 52.98 ± 1.21% and 88.25 ± 3.26%, respectively. In vitro antioxidant and antilipid peroxidation model assay revealed the antioxidant potential of SH and SH-β-CD. In the mice model of skin photoaging, SH and SH-β-CD had a recovery effect on the skin damage of mice, which could significantly increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the skin. Briefly, SH-β-CD had an obvious therapeutic effect on the skin photoaging of mice caused by UV, and it is promising in skin disease treatment and skin care.

Protective effect of Salvia plebeia R. Br ethanol extract on UVB-induced skin photoaging in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND

UV exposure is one of the primary factors responsible for photoaging, causing the increase in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the reduction in collagen. Salvia plebeia R. Br (SP), as an herbaceous plant, contains abundant flavonoids and possesses excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study aimed to investigate the photoprotective effects of SP on UVB-induced photodamage in immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaTs) and Kunming mice, as well as its main active components such as homoplantaginin (HP).

METHODS

CCK-8 was applied to detect the cell viability in UVB-irradiated or non-irradiated HaCaTs. Commercial kits were used to evaluate the levels of ROS, MDA, SA-β-Gal, MMP-1, and IL-6. The expression of MAPK and TGF-β/Smad pathways was detected by western blot. HE and Masson's trichrome staining were performed to examine the epidermis thickness and collagen degradation of Kunming mice.

RESULTS

Our results found that SP and HP notably decreased UVB-induced ROS, MDA, and SA-β-Gal production, and inhibited MMP-1 and IL-6 secretion by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, SP and HP significantly promoted type I procollagen synthesis by activation of TGF-β/Smad pathway. Consistently, the in vivo experiments also indicated that SP and HP had a photoprotective effect, which significantly reversed UVB-induced epidermis thickness and collagen degradation.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that SP effectively could protect skin from UVB-induced photoaging, while HP acted as the active substance in SP. All these findings provided a new strategy for skin photoaging treatment.

Earthworm half-pipe assay: A new alternative in vivo skin corrosion test using invertebrates

As a result of the efforts to introduce the principle of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) into animal testing, alternative in vitro skin corrosion test methods have been developed and standardized globally. However, alternative in vitro skin corrosion test methods have some limitations in terms of the use of humanely killed rats or commercial models and kits. The present study focused on the applicability of invertebrates as alternative in vivo skin models. Even though earthworm skin comprises the same biomolecules as human skin, the possibility of using earthworm skin as an alternative for skin testing remains unexplored. In this study, we developed a half-pipe tool for earthworm skin corrosion testing and optimized the test protocol. Subsequently, the applicability of the earthworm half-pipe assay for corrosion testing with six chemicals, including inorganic acids, organic acids, and alkalis, was investigated using stereomicroscopy and electron microscopy. It was observed that the specific concentrations for earthworm skin corrosion were lower than those for animal or in vitro tests. Therefore, the sensitivity of the earthworm half-pipe assay indicates that it could be useful as a screening tool before conducting in vivo animal tests or in vitro skin tests. This new method can contribute to research on alternative skin corrosion tests by reducing ethical issues, time, and cost while achieving effective results.