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Zhang Q, Wang L, Wu Q. Occurrence and combined exposure of phthalate esters in urban soil, surface dust, atmospheric dustfall, and commercial food in the semi-arid industrial city of Lanzhou, Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 354:124170. [PMID: 38759748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
A total of 138 samples including urban soil, surface dust, atmospheric dustfall, and commercial food were collected from the semi-arid industrial city of Lanzhou in Northwest China, and 22 phthalate esters (PAEs) were analyzed in these samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the pollution characteristics, potential sources, and combined exposure risks of PAEs. The results showed that the total concentration of 22 PAEs (Ʃ22PAEs) presented surface dust (4.94 × 104 ng/g) ≫ dustfall (1.56 × 104 ng/g) ≫ food (2.14 × 103 ng/g) ≫ urban soil (533 ng/g). Di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP), di-isobutyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-isononyl phthalate/di-isodecyl phthalate were predominant in the environmental media and commercial food, being controlled by priority (52.1%-65.5%) and non-priority (62.1%) PAEs, respectively. Elevated Ʃ22PAEs in the urban soil and surface dust was found in the west, middle, and east of Lanzhou. Principal component analysis indicated that PAEs the urban soil and surface dust were related with the emissions of products containing PAEs, atmosphere depositions, and traffic and industrial emissions. PAEs in the foods were associated with the growth and processing environment. The health risk assessment of United States Environmental Protection Agency based on the Chinese population exposure parameters indicated that the total exposure dose of 22 PAEs was from 0.111 to 0.226 mg/kg/day, which were above the reference dose (0.02 mg/kg/day) and tolerable daily intake (TDI, 0.05 mg/kg/day) for DEHP (0.0333-0.0631 mg/kg/day), and TDI (0.01 mg/kg/day) for DNBP (0.0213-0.0405 mg/kg/day), implying that the exposure of PAEs via multi-media should not be ignored; the total non-carcinogenic risk of six priority PAEs was below 1 for the three environmental media (1.21 × 10-5-2.90 × 10-3), while close to 1 for food (4.74 × 10-1-8.76 × 10-1), suggesting a potential non-carcinogenic risk of human exposure to PAEs in food; the total carcinogenic risk of BBP and DEHP was below 1 × 10-6 for the three environmental media (9.13 × 10-10-5.72 × 10-7), while above 1 × 10-4 for DEHP in food (1.02 × 10-4), suggesting a significantly carcinogenic risk of human exposure to DEHP in food. The current research results can provide certain supports for pollution and risk prevention of PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Qianlan Wu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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Huang C, Gong X, Qin Y, Zhang L, Cai Y, Feng S, Zhang Y, Zhao Z. Risk assessment of China's Eastern Route of the South-to-north Water Diversion Project from the perspective of Phthalate Esters occurrence in the impounded lakes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134511. [PMID: 38772103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely utilized and can accumulate in lacustrine ecosystems, posing significant ecological and human health hazards. Most studies on PAEs focus on individual lakes, lacking a comprehensive and systematic perspective. In response, we have focused our investigation on characteristic lakes situated along the Eastern Route of the South-to-north Water Diversion Project (SNWDP-ER) in China. We have detected 16 PAE compounds in the impounded lakes of the SNWDP-ER by collecting surface water samples using solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography analysis. The concentration of PAEs were found to between 0.80 to 12.92 μg L-1. Among them, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most prevalent, with mean concentration of 1.56 ± 0.62 μg L-1 (48.44%), followed by Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), 0.64 ± 1.40 μg L-1 (19.87%). Spatial distribution showed an increasing trend in the direction of water flow. Retention of DEHP and DIBP has led to increased environmental risks. DEHP, Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) etc. determined by agriculture and human activities. Additionally, Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and DIBP mainly related to the use of agricultural products. To mitigate the PAEs risk, focusing on integrated management of the lakes, along with the implementation of stringent regulations to control the use of plasticizes in products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xionghu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shaoyuan Feng
- College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Youliang Zhang
- College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Wang X, Hu Z, Jin Y, Yang M, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Qiu S, Zou X. Exploring the relationships between exposure levels of bisphenols and phthalates and prostate cancer occurrence. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134736. [PMID: 38815394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We established an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneously analyzing the metabolites of bisphenols and phthalates in urine to identify the associations between these exposure levels and prostate cancer (PCa) based on a case-control study. After purifying urine samples with SPE, 18 metabolites were separated on a C18 column, and MS detection was performed. The UPLC-MS/MS method has been proven effective at evaluating bisphenol and phthalate exposure (0.020-0.20 μg/L of the limits of detection, 71.8 %∼119.4 % of recoveries, 0.4 %∼8.2 % of precision). Logistic regression explored the association between exposure level and PCa in 187 PCa cases and 151 controls. The detection rates of bisphenol A (BPA) and most phthalate metabolites were 100 % ranging from 0.06-46.74 and 0.12-899.92 μg/g creatinine, respectively, while the detection rates of other bisphenols and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) are low, ranging from 0 % to 21.85 %. Correlation analysis of the metabolite levels indicated that the exposure sources of BPA, di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were different, and that the exposure sources of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) may differ between two groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that BPA (OR<0.45 vs ≥1.43 =10.02) and DEHP exposure (OR<21.75 vs ≥45.42 =48.26) increased the risk of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zifan Hu
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuming Jin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology and Center of Biomedical Big Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology and Center of Biomedical Big Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xianghong Zhou
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology and Center of Biomedical Big Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology and Center of Biomedical Big Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland.
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Esmaeili Nasrabadi A, Ramavandi B, Bonyadi Z, Farjadfard S, Fattahi M. Landfill leachates as a significant source for emerging pollutants of phthalic acid esters: Identification, occurrence, characteristics, fate, and transport. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141873. [PMID: 38593958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are byproducts released from various sources, including microplastics, cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, waxes, inks, detergents, and insecticides. This review article provides an overview of the literature on PAEs in landfill leachates, exploring their identification, occurrence, characteristics, fate, and transport in landfills across different countries. The study emphasizes the influence of these substances on the environment, especially on water and soil. Various analytical techniques, such as GC-MS, GC-FID, and HPLC, are commonly employed to quantify concentrations of PAEs. Studies show significant variations in levels of PAEs among different countries, with the highest concentration observed in landfill leachates in Brazil, followed by Iran. Among the different types of PAE, the survey highlights DEHP as the most concentrated PAE in the leachate, with a concentration of 89.6 μg/L. The review also discusses the levels of other types of PAEs. The data shows that DBP has the highest concentration at 6.8 mg/kg, while DOP has the lowest concentration (0.04 mg/kg). The concentration of PAEs typically decreases as the depth in the soil profile increases. In older landfills, concentrations of PAE decrease significantly, possibly due to long-term degradation and conversion of PAE into other chemical compounds. Future research should prioritize evaluating the effectiveness of landfill liners and waste management practices in preventing the release of PAE and other pollutants into the environment. It is also possible to focus on developing efficient physical, biological, and chemical methods for removing PAEs from landfill leachates. Additionally, the effectiveness of existing treatment processes in removing PAEs from landfill leachates and the necessity for new treatment processes can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Esmaeili Nasrabadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Ziaeddin Bonyadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Sima Farjadfard
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Fattahi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
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Guo W, Zhang Z, Zhu R, Li Z, Liu C, Xiao H, Xiao H. Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of phthalate esters in ambient air: A daily continuous monitoring study in the central Chinese city of Nanchang. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141564. [PMID: 38417490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the atmospheric pollution caused by phthalate esters (PAEs) has been increasing due to the widespread use of PAE-containing materials. Existing research on atmospheric PAEs lacks long-term continuous observation and samples from cities in central China. To investigate the pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of PAEs in the ambient air of a typical city in central China, daily PM2.5 samples were collected in Nanchang from November 2020 to October 2021. In this study, the detection and quantification of six significant PAE contaminants, namely diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), were accomplished using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the concentrations of DEP, DnBP, DEHP, and DnOP were relatively high. Higher temperatures promote the volatilization of PAEs, leading to an increase in the gaseous and particulate PAE concentrations in warm seasons and winter pollution scenarios. The results of principal component analysis show that PAEs mainly come from volatile products and polyvinylchloride plastics. Using positive matrix factorization analysis, it is shown that these two sources contribute 67.0% and 33.0% in atmosphere PAEs, respectively. Seasonally, the contribution of volatile products to both gaseous and particulate PAEs substantially increases during warm seasons. The residents in Nanchang exposed to PAEs have a negligible non-cancer risk and a potential low cancer risk. During the warm seasons, more PAEs are emitted into the air, which will increase the toxicity of PAEs and their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Renguo Zhu
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zicong Li
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Tooryan F, Moazzen M, Fard IM, Anvar N, Arabameri M, Shariatifar N, Kargarghomsheh P. Analysis of Elements and Effects of Common Disinfectants in Common Salad Vegetables. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04135-2. [PMID: 38443600 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In this research, firstly, the effect of some cleaners or disinfectants (including washing with water, ozone (O3, 0.5ppm), benzalkonium chloride (BAC, 120ppm), the combination of two treatments (O3 + BAC)) on the population of two pathogens plant was evaluated, secondly 14 elements (Ca (calcium), magnesium (magnesium), As (arsenic), Al (aluminum), mercury (mercury), Se (selenium), cadmium (cadmium), K (potassium), Iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb)) were evaluated in romaine lettuce and Brassica oleracea, thirdly, the sensory evaluation of the mentioned vegetables with different treatments was investigated during seven days. The results showed the maximum and minimum mean of essential elements were Ca (5334 ± 178 mg/kg in Brassica oleracea) and Se (0.0021 ± 0.0001 mg/kg in Romaine lettuce), respectively. The maximum and minimum mean of toxic elements were Pb (6.26 ± 0.12 µg/kg in Brassica oleracea) and Hg (lower than LOD in Brassica oleracea), respectively. Also, the combined treatment (O3 + BAC) showed the best result, so that the lowest aerobic bacteria population (3.15-3.86 in Brassica oleracea and 3.25-4.17 log CFU/g in Romaine lettuce), yeast and mold (1.58-2.06 in Brassica oleracea and 1.65-2.29 log CFU/g in Romaine lettuce), E. coli (ND-1.23 in Brassica oleracea and ND-1.76 log CFU/g in Romaine lettuce) and S. Typhimurium (ND-1.35 in Brassica oleracea and 1.06-1.73 log CFU/g in Romaine lettuce) on all days was related to this treatment. Also, the sensory evaluation results showed that the combined treatment (O3 + BAC) obtained the best scores compared to other treatments and control. The results showed that water and combined treatment of aqueous O3 and BAC can have a good health effect on Brassica oleracea and Romaine lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Tooryan
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Graduate Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Oakland, USA
| | - Mojtaba Moazzen
- Department of Food Technology Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Issa Mohammadpour Fard
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Anvar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Varamin Unit, Varamin, Iran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Halal Research Center of IRI., Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pegah Kargarghomsheh
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Isci G. Assessment of phthalate esters in packaged fruit juices sold in the Turkish market and their implications on human health risk. Food Chem 2024; 435:137658. [PMID: 37804725 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the concentration of PAEs and conduct a risk assessment focusing on their potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. In this research, a method of quantifying eight PAEs in fruit juice samples was established through the utilization of dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) and Liquid Chromatography coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). While he method recoveries for the samples ranged from 92.21 % to 96.74 %, the RSDs for the eight analytes in the samples ranged from 4.22 % to 6.64 %. Additionally, LODs ranging from 0.34 to 1.88 ng/mL and LOQs ranging from 1.17 to 6.27 ng/mL were determined. Utilizing this methodology, the assessment of PAE concentrations was carried out in 48 fruit juice samples. The results showed that PAEs were detectable in the fruit juice samples, but all tested compounds remained below the specific migration limits set by the EU (30 mg/kg for BBP, 1.5 mg/kg for DEHP, 0.3 mg/kg for DBP, and 9 mg/kg for DINP and DIDP). Among the analyzed PAEs, DINP (26.94 ± 3.25 ng/mL), DEP (7.07 ± 7.59 ng/mL), and DEHP (3.48 ± 1.02 ng/mL) were found to be the most prevalent plasticizers in the fruit juices. Health risk assessments were conducted by calculating Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values based on the consumption patterns of different age groups. The findings indicated that the values for DEHP, DINP, DEP, and DBP were all below 1, indicating negligible non-carcinogenic health risks associated with the consumption of fruit juices across all age groups. Moreover, the dietary intake levels of each PAE were found to be below the values established by the EFSA for TDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursel Isci
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100 Agri, Turkey.
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Feng Y, Li J, Ai Y, Cheng Y, Yang L, Han L, Chen M. Exposure risk assessment of representative phthalate acid esters and associated plastic debris under the agricultural land use in typical Chinese regions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141059. [PMID: 38163469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are frequently detected in the global environment and can cause potential health hazards. In this study, quantitative exposure risk assessment was undertaken to derive soil generic assessment criteria (GAC) for six representative PAEs under the agricultural land use in the evaluated Chinese regions, which coupled multi-media transport and human exposure models based on multiple exposure pathways including vegetables consumption, dermal absorption, ingestion of soil and dust, and the exposure from non-soil sources. It is identified that the PAEs in agricultural soil are dominated by DEHP and DnBP representing 72-96% of the total PAEs. The GAC for BBP and DEHP, calculated on the basis of region-specific exposure parameters and soil properties in various locations, are stringent, signifying greater potential health risks from exposure to them, warranting more rigorous contamination management. The proposed soil GAC for plastic debris are 100, 107, 73 and 88 mg kg-1 for Heilongjiang Province, Beijing City, Jiangsu and Guangdong Provinces respectively. Additionally, the potential risks of 1.68 × 10-6 and 7 × 10-6 are identified for BBP and DEHP in Guangdong Province as indicated by the exceedance of target risk level of 1 × 10-6, with the consumption of vegetables being the dominant contributor to the total estimated PAEs exposure. Overall, this methodology based on the coupled contaminant transport and exposure models incorporating region-specific data provides a technical framework to derive science-based soil GAC for representative PAEs for maintaining and assessing soil quality and food safety under the agricultural land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Jinghongze Environmental Technology Co Ltd, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Yulu Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yikang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Lu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Mengfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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9
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Huang DK, Liu ZH, Wan YP, Dang Z. Analysis and contamination levels of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in Chinese commercial bubble tea: a comparison with commercial milk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:103153-103163. [PMID: 37682440 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid ester (PAE) contamination in popular drink bubble tea has been hardly studied in the world. In this work, a liquid-liquid extraction following solid phase extraction (LLE-SPE)-UPLC-MS/MS method was first established for trace determination of ten PAEs in bubble tea. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity (R2 > 0.992), low limit of detections (LODs, 0.49-3.16 µg/L), and satisfactory recoveries (61.8-127.6%) with a low relative standard derivations (RSDs, 1.1-16.4%), which was also validated for commercial milk. Six out of ten PAEs, i.e., diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), and diphenyl phthalate (DPP) were detected in Chinese bubble tea with concentrations ranging from not detection (ND) to 53.43 µg/L, while DEHP, DBP, DIBP, DEP, and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were detected in commercial milk with concentrations ranging from ND to 110.58 µg/L. The respective average concentrations of DEHP in Chinese bubble tea and commercial milk were 19.40 and 23.46 µg/L, which were over two times that in drinking water quality standards of several countries including Israel, Korea, Oman, and Singapore (i.e., 8 µg/L). Calculated with human estimated daily intake (EDI), the average EDIs of five out of seven PAEs in bubble tea were higher than those in commercial milk. For example, the calculated EDI of DIBP in bubble tea was 5 times that in commercial milk, while their respective corresponding EDIs of DBP and DEHP were over 2.4 and 1.6 times. Based on estrogen equivalence (EEQ) with the unit of ng E2/L, the average EEQs of the ten PAEs in Chinese bubble tea and commercial milk were 14.26 and 17.06 ng E2/L, which were 52.8 and 62.3 times the observed effect concentration that could cause egg mortality of zebrafish. It is evident that the potential estrogenic effect of PAEs in bubble tea and commercial milk cannot be negligible. Given the fact that PAE contamination in bubble tea has been hardly investigated, such study is urgently to be performed in a global view.
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Affiliation(s)
- De- Kang Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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