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Sakhre S, R JT, Tangellamudi S, Vikraman A, Jamal A. Inventory and management of E-waste: a case study of Kerala, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:588. [PMID: 38816612 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The recent surge in electronic device usage has led to a notable rise in electronic waste (E-waste) generation, presenting significant environmental challenges. This study aims to quantify Kerala's E-waste inventory and formulate a comprehensive management plan. Utilizing sales data from 2017 to 2020 and estimating E-waste generation based on "average" or "end-of-life" durations of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) items, the analysis forecasts substantial E-waste quantities. Key assumptions include correlating sales data with E-waste generation and utilizing guidelines for estimating E-waste quantities based on EEE item types and sales figures. The highest E-waste generation is predicted for the years 2028-2029, estimated at 97,541 tonnes, which is crucial for the state's management strategy. To address this challenge, the study proposes a comprehensive environmental management plan that integrates the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) into its core strategies. The plan includes establishing 78 collection units across the state, strategically allocated based on the Taluk (a sub-division of a district) population, to ensure efficient E-waste collection and recovery of reusable items. Additionally, the study outlines the need for 273 recycling units statewide, with Malappuram district requiring the most units due to its high population density. The plan emphasizes efficient E-waste collection, segregation, and recycling, promoting responsible consumption and resource conservation. The study furnishes a "cradle-to-grave" framework for the management of E-waste at local, regional, and national levels, serving as a valuable resource for pollution control boards, regulatory bodies, statutory bodies, and research organizations alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Sakhre
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India.
| | - Jayalekshmi T R
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Sravanth Tangellamudi
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Akhil Vikraman
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Ansari Jamal
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR - National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
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Sieber A, Jelic LR, Kremser K, Guebitz GM. Spent brewer's yeast as a selective biosorbent for metal recovery from polymetallic waste streams. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1345112. [PMID: 38532874 PMCID: PMC10963448 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1345112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While the amount of electronic waste is increasing worldwide, the heterogeneity of electronic scrap makes the recycling very complicated. Hydrometallurgical methods are currently applied in e-waste recycling which tend to generate complex polymetallic solutions due to dissolution of all metal components. Although biosorption has previously been described as a viable option for metal recovery and removal from low-concentration or single-metal solutions, information about the application of selective metal biosorption from polymetallic solutions is missing. In this study, an environmentally friendly and selective biosorption approach, based on the pH-dependency of metal sorption processes is presented using spent brewer's yeast to efficiently recover metals like aluminum, copper, zinc and nickel out of polymetallic solutions. Therefore, a design of experiment (DoE) approach was used to identify the effects of pH, metal, and biomass concentration, and optimize the biosorption efficiency for each individual metal. After process optimization with single-metal solutions, biosorption experiments with lyophilized waste yeast biomass were performed with synthetic polymetallic solutions where over 50% of aluminum at pH 3.5, over 40% of copper at pH 5.0 and over 70% of zinc at pH 7.5 could be removed. Moreover, more than 50% of copper at pH 3.5 and over 90% of zinc at pH 7.5 were recovered from a real polymetallic waste stream after leaching of printed-circuit boards. The reusability of yeast biomass was confirmed in five consecutive biosorption steps with little loss in metal recovery abilities. This proves that spent brewer's yeast can be sustainably used to selectively recover metals from polymetallic waste streams different to previously reported studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leon Robert Jelic
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Klemens Kremser
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna BOKU, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Jeon SH, Ozlu B, Shim BS. Multifunctional Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Crystalline Nanofibrous Cellulose Composites for Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Electronics. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:644-654. [PMID: 38170167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose constitutes promising resources for next-generation electronics, particularly when incorporated with conductive polymers due to their abundance, renewability, processability, biodegradability, flexibility, and mechanical performance. In this study, electrically conducting cellulose nanofibers were fabricated through in situ chemical polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on the surface of sulfuric acid-treated cellulose nanofibers (SACN). The utilization of highly crystalline SACN extracted from tunicate yielded synergistic effects in PEDOT polymerization for achieving a highly conductive and molecularly uniform coating. Polymerization parameters, such as monomer concentration, molar ratio with oxidants, and temperature, were systematically investigated. High electrical conductivity of up to 57.8 S cm-1 was obtained without utilizing the classical polystyrenesulfonate dopant. The resulting nanocomposite demonstrates the unique advantages of both electrically conductive PEDOT and mechanically robust high-crystalline cellulose nanofibers. As a proof-of-applicational concept, an electrical circuit was drawn with SACN-PEDOT as the conductive ink on flexible paper using a simple commercial extrusion-based printer. Furthermore, the flame-retardant property of SACN-PEDOT was demonstrated owing to the high crystallinity of SACN, effective char formation, and high conductivity of PEDOT. The multifunctional SACN-PEDOT developed in this study shows great promise to be employed in versatile applications as a low-cost, ecofriendly, flexible, and sustainable electrically conductive material.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hui Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Busra Ozlu
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Sup Shim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Li A, Li B, Wang H, Liu X, Guo Y, Lu B. Generation estimation and metals recycling potentials evaluation of retired mobile phones in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:110481-110488. [PMID: 37792181 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work is to evaluate generation and metals recycling potentials of retired mobile phones in Korea. The generation estimation is conducted with the sales&new method and statistic data, such as sales of mobile phones and amount of the subscribers. The result shows that there are 17.99 million of mobile phones retired in 2022, compared 13.12 million in 2001. Accordingly, the deduced lifetime has minimum and maximum values in 2003 and 2020, which are 2.02 and 4.33 years, compared with 4.16 years in 2022 and 2.21 years in 2001. The deduced lifetime trends to increase with the increased values of subscribers and the fluctuated values of sales. The crosscheck testifies to the veracity of the result in comparison with the actual condition. The amount and dynamic of critical metals are also calculated with the content and amount of retired mobile phones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Xingtai Polytechnic College, Xingtai, 054000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Man-Machine Environmental Thermal Control Technology and Equipment, Xingtai Polytechnic College, Xingtai, 054000, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Xingtai Polytechnic College, Xingtai, 054000, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Man-Machine Environmental Thermal Control Technology and Equipment, Xingtai Polytechnic College, Xingtai, 054000, China.
| | - Huibin Wang
- School of Mathematics and Information Technology, Xingtai University, Xingtai, 054000, China
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Mathematics and Information Technology, Xingtai University, Xingtai, 054000, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Department of Educational Science and Teaching, Xingtai University, Xingtai, 054000, China
- Department of Education, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Korea
| | - Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Wędrychowicz M, Kurowiak J, Skrzekut T, Noga P. Recycling of Electrical Cables-Current Challenges and Future Prospects. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6632. [PMID: 37895613 PMCID: PMC10608251 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Civilization and technical progress are not possible without energy. Dynamic economic growth translates into a systematic increase in demand for electricity. Ensuring the continuity and reliability of electricity supplies is one of the most important aspects of energy security in highly developed countries. Growing energy consumption results not only in the need to build new power plants but also in the need to expand and increase transmission capacity. Therefore, large quantities of electric cables are produced all over the world, and after some time, they largely become waste. Recycling of electric cables focuses on the recovery of metals, mainly copper and aluminum, while polymer insulation is often considered waste and ends up in landfills. Currently, more and more stringent regulations are being introduced, mainly environmental ones, which require maximizing the reduction in waste. This article provides a literature review on cable recycling, presenting the advantages and disadvantages of various recycling methods, including mechanical and material recycling. It has been found that currently, there are very large possibilities for recycling cables, and intensive scientific work is being carried out on their development, which is consistent with global climate policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wędrychowicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana 4 Street, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Jagoda Kurowiak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Prof. Z. Szafrana 4 Street, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Skrzekut
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Piotr Noga
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (T.S.); (P.N.)
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