1
|
Meng Z, Dong M, Xiao C, Li Y, Zhang Y, Cui J, Wang S, Li P, Baleev D, Zhan Y, Yin J. Screening CYP450 genes from Gleditsia japonica Miq. and identifying CYP710A157 and CYP71D752 functions in the catalysis of echinocystic acid and betulin. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2025; 177:e70176. [PMID: 40181446 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.70176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
The triterpenes and saponin compounds of Gleditsia japonica Miq. play a key role in the suppression of various human tumor cell lines. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) are critical for the triterpene skeleton diversification and functional modification. This study systematically analyzed 104 full-length GjCYP450 genes in G. japonica from northeast China, classifying them into nine clans using bioinformatics. Co-expression modules and response patterns of GjCYP450s with triterpene pathway genes were constructed. Four genes - CYP710A157, CYP714E97, CYP716A377, and CYP71D752 - were selected for functional studies based on their high expression in different tissues of G. japonica and their homology with triterpenoid-related CYP450s in Arabidopsis thaliana. Co-expression of the CYP710A157 gene with the BpY gene (encoding β-amyrin synthase), and CYP71D752 with the BpW gene (encoding lupeol synthase) in tobacco significantly enhanced the catalytic efficiency of echinocystic acid (EA) and betulin (BT) compared to the control, by achieving 10.22-fold and 3.73-fold increases, respectively. Overexpression of CYP710A157 and CYP71D752 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae JWy602 yielded EA and BT at 3.25 mg l-1 and 13.84 mg l-1, respectively, whereas no product accumulation was detected in the control. Additionally, CYP710A157 and CYP714E97 enhanced yeast alkaline tolerance (500 mmol l-1 Na2CO3), while CYP716A377 and CYP71D752 improved their salt tolerance (10% NaCl). We reported the catalytic activity of CYP450 genes responsible for EA and BT synthesis within the CYP710A and CYP71D subfamilies in G. japonica for the first time here. These findings provide valuable genetic resources for plants' triterpene biosynthesis, including ginsenosides, and betulinic acid, and insights into regulating the triterpene metabolic network in G. japonica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Meng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Dong
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Anshan Vocational and Technical College, Anshan, China
| | - Changyixin Xiao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Anshan Vocational and Technical College, Anshan, China
| | - Jiale Cui
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- Harbin Research Institute of Forestry Machinery, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute for Advanced Technology of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Dmitry Baleev
- Laboratory of All-Russian Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao L, Shi X, Wen S, Yang C, Chen Y, Yue S, Chen J, Luo K, Liu B, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based visual identification of Rhodiola crenulata using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2025; 15:1492083. [PMID: 39886689 PMCID: PMC11779703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1492083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2025]
Abstract
Introduction Rhodiola crenulata (Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Ohba, a member of the Crassulaceae family, is a traditional Chinese medicine recognized as the original source of Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma in the 2020 edition of the China Pharmacopoeia. It has been widely used in both Asia and Europe to enhance stress resistance and reduce fatigue. However, the classification of Rhodiola species can lead to confusion, raising safety concerns in the herbal medicine market. Methods The cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) RT-PCR was used to identify the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites, based on which the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was employed to develop the method in Rh. crenulata identification. The specific loop backward primers, reaction temperature, reaction time, and color indicators were screened and optimized. Results Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites were identified between Rh. crenulata and two closely related species. Based on the identified SNP sites, the optimal real-time fluorescence LAMP system to identify Rh. crenulata was constructed with the most efficient specific loop backward primers, reaction temperature. The final detection system exhibited a sensitivity of up to 1,000 copies of the target DNA, maintaining a constant reaction temperature of 62°C within 35 minutes. To facilitate visualization, we incorporated two color indicators, hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB) and neutral red (N-red), into the reaction system. Discussion Collectively, we developed a simple, rapid, specific, sensitive, and visible method to distinguish Rh. crenulata from other two Rhodiola species and Rh. crenulata hybrids. This approach has significant potential for applications in pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Hao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Shi
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyu Wen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiye Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqi Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Samo Yue
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqiang Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kexin Luo
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingliang Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxia Sun
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen R, Meng S, Wang A, Jiang F, Yuan L, Lei L, Wang H, Fan W. The genomes of seven economic Caesalpinioideae trees provide insights into polyploidization history and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100944. [PMID: 38733080 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The Caesalpinioideae subfamily contains many well-known trees that are important for economic sustainability and human health, but a lack of genomic resources has hindered their breeding and utilization. Here, we present chromosome-level reference genomes for the two food and industrial trees Gleditsia sinensis (921 Mb) and Biancaea sappan (872 Mb), the three shade and ornamental trees Albizia julibrissin (705 Mb), Delonix regia (580 Mb), and Acacia confusa (566 Mb), and the two pioneer and hedgerow trees Leucaena leucocephala (1338 Mb) and Mimosa bimucronata (641 Mb). Phylogenetic inference shows that the mimosoid clade has a much higher evolutionary rate than the other clades of Caesalpinioideae. Macrosynteny comparison suggests that the fusion and breakage of an unstable chromosome are responsible for the difference in basic chromosome number (13 or 14) for Caesalpinioideae. After an ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) shared by all Caesalpinioideae species (CWGD, ∼72.0 million years ago [MYA]), there were two recent successive WGD events, LWGD-1 (16.2-19.5 MYA) and LWGD-2 (7.1-9.5 MYA), in L. leucocephala. Thereafter, ∼40% gene loss and genome-size contraction have occurred during the diploidization process in L. leucocephala. To investigate secondary metabolites, we identified all gene copies involved in mimosine metabolism in these species and found that the abundance of mimosine biosynthesis genes in L. leucocephala largely explains its high mimosine production. We also identified the set of all potential genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in G. sinensis, which is more complete than that based on previous transcriptome-derived unigenes. Our results and genomic resources will facilitate biological studies of Caesalpinioideae and promote the utilization of valuable secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Sihan Meng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Lihua Yuan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Lihong Lei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hengchao Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wan L, Huang Q, Li C, Yu H, Tan G, Wei S, El-Sappah AH, Sooranna S, Zhang K, Pan L, Zhang Z, Lei M. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis identifies candidate genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in leaves of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1295186. [PMID: 38283979 PMCID: PMC10811118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1295186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is a well-known medicinal plant which has multiple pharmacological properties. Notably, the leaves of C. asiatica contain large amounts of triterpenoid saponins. However, there have only been a few studies systematically elucidating the metabolic dynamics and transcriptional differences regarding triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis during the leaf development stages of C. asiatica. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome to reveal the dynamic patterns of triterpenoid saponin accumulation and identified the key candidate genes associated with their biosynthesis in C. asiatica leaves. In this study, we found that the key precursors in the synthesis of terpenoids, including DMAPP, IPP and β-amyrin, as well as 22 triterpenes and eight triterpenoid saponins were considered as differentially accumulated metabolites. The concentrations of DMAPP, IPP and β-amyrin showed significant increases during the entire stage of leaf development. The levels of 12 triterpenes decreased only during the later stages of leaf development, but five triterpenoid saponins rapidly accumulated at the early stages, and later decreased to a constant level. Furthermore, 48 genes involved in the MVA, MEP and 2, 3-oxidosqualene biosynthetic pathways were selected following gene annotation. Then, 17 CYP450s and 26 UGTs, which are respectively responsible for backbone modifications, were used for phylogenetic-tree construction and time-specific expression analysis. From these data, by integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses, we identified CaHDR1 and CaIDI2 as the candidate genes associated with DMAPP and IPP synthesis, respectively, and CaβAS1 as the one regulating β-amyrin synthesis. Two genes from the CYP716 family were confirmed as CaCYP716A83 and CaCYP716C11. We also selected two UGT73 families as candidate genes, associated with glycosylation of the terpenoid backbone at C-3 in C. asiatica. These findings will pave the way for further research on the molecular mechanisms associated with triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in C. asiatica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Qiulan Huang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China
| | - Cui Li
- National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Haixia Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Guiyu Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Shugen Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Ahmed H. El-Sappah
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Suren Sooranna
- National Engineering Research Center for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kun Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Limei Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Zhanjiang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for High-Quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-Di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Ming Lei
- National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xiao F, Zhao Y, Wang X, Jian X. Full-length transcriptome characterization and comparative analysis of Gleditsia sinensis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:757. [PMID: 38066414 PMCID: PMC10709882 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As an economically important tree, Gleditsia sinensis Lam. is widely planted. A lack of background genetic information on G. sinensis hinders molecular breeding. Based on PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and analysis of G. sinensis, a total of 95,183 non-redundant transcript sequences were obtained, of which 93,668 contained complete open reading frames (ORFs), 2,858 were long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) and 18,855 alternative splicing (AS) events were identified. Genes orthologous to different Gleditsia species pairs were identified, stress-related genes had been positively selected during the evolution. AGA, AGG, and CCA were identified as the universal optimal codon in the genus of Gleditsia. EIF5A was selected as a suitable fluorescent quantitative reference gene. 315 Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and 147 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were recognized through the PacBio SMRT transcriptome. Randomized selection of GsIAA14 for cloning verified the reliability of the PacBio SMRT transcriptome assembly sequence. In conclusion, the research data lay the foundation for further analysis of the evolutionary mechanism and molecular breeding of Gleditsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xiurong Wang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xueyan Jian
- School of Continuing Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Comprehensive Identification and Profiling of miRNAs Involved in Terpenoid Synthesis of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gleditsia sinensis Lam. is a tree with worldwide distribution and important economic and medicinal values; its pods contain terpenoids including gleditsioside, thiamine, and brassinosteroids. However, thus far, there are few studies on the terpenoid regulation of G. sinensis at the molecular level. microRNA (miRNA) is a class of small RNAs with conserved and crucial roles in the regulation of diverse biological processes during plant growth and development. To identify the miRNAs of G. sinensis and evaluate their involvement in terpenoid synthesis, this investigation quantified the content changes in saponins in pods at three developmental stages: May (pod-setting stage), July (elongation stage), and September (browning stage), and then we performed genome-wide miRNA profiles during the three development stages of the G. sinensis pods. A total of 351 conserved miRNAs belonging to 216 families were identified, among which 36 conserved miRNAs exist specifically in legumes. Through target analysis, 708 unigenes were predicted to be candidate targets of 37 differentially expressed miRNAs. The targets of miR838-3p and miR2093-5p were involved in the derived branches of monoterpenes and gleditsioside, in brassinosteroid biosynthesis (BRB), and in indole alkaloid biosynthesis (IAB). Intriguingly, the targets of miR829-3p.1 were predicted to take part in thiamine biosynthesis, and the targets of miR4414b and miR5037a were involved in the main process of cytokinin synthesis. The corresponding targets participated in BRB, IAB, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, which were enriched significantly, suggesting that miR2093-5p, miR4414b, miR5037a, miR829-3p.1, and miR838-3p play indispensable roles in the regulation of triterpenoid saponin and monoterpenoid biosynthesis. To date, this is the first report of miRNA identification in G. sinensis and miRNA expression profiles at different developmental stages of G. sinensis pods, which provides a basis for further uncovering the molecular regulation of terpenoid synthesis in G. sinensis and new insights into the role of miRNAs in legumes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Genome-Wide Identification of CYP72A Gene Family and Expression Patterns Related to Jasmonic Acid Treatment and Steroidal Saponin Accumulation in Dioscorea zingiberensis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010953. [PMID: 34681613 PMCID: PMC8536171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea zingiberensis is a medicinal herb containing a large amount of steroidal saponins, which are the major bioactive compounds and the primary storage form of diosgenin. The CYP72A gene family, belonging to cytochromes P450, exerts indispensable effects on the biosynthesis of numerous bioactive compounds. In this work, a total of 25 CYP72A genes were identified in D. zingiberensis and categorized into two groups according to the homology of protein sequences. The characteristics of their phylogenetic relationship, intron–exon organization, conserved motifs and cis-regulatory elements were performed by bioinformatics methods. The transcriptome data demonstrated that expression patterns of DzCYP72As varied by tissues. Moreover, qRT-PCR results displayed diverse expression profiles of DzCYP72As under different concentrations of jasmonic acid (JA). Likewise, eight metabolites in the biosynthesis pathway of steroidal saponins (four phytosterols, diosgenin, parvifloside, protodeltonin and dioscin) exhibited different contents under different concentrations of JA, and the content of total steroidal saponin was largest at the dose of 100 μmol/L of JA. The redundant analysis showed that 12 DzCYP72As had a strong correlation with specialized metabolites. Those genes were negatively correlated with stigmasterol and cholesterol but positively correlated with six other specialized metabolites. Among all DzCYP72As evaluated, DzCYP72A6, DzCYP72A16 and DzCYP72A17 contributed the most to the variation of specialized metabolites in the biosynthesis pathway of steroidal saponins. This study provides valuable information for further research on the biological functions related to steroidal saponin biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chu LL, Montecillo JAV, Bae H. Recent Advances in the Metabolic Engineering of Yeasts for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:139. [PMID: 32158753 PMCID: PMC7052115 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a group of glycosylated triterpenes isolated from Panax species. Ginsenosides are promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of cancer as well as food additives. However, owing to a lack of efficient approaches for ginsenoside production from plants and chemical synthesis, ginsenosides may not yet have reached their full potential as medicinal resources. In recent years, an alternative approach for ginsenoside production has been developed using the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-conventional yeasts such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Pichia pastoris. In this review, various metabolic engineering strategies, including heterologous gene expression, balancing, and increasing metabolic flux, and enzyme engineering, have been described as recent advanced engineering techniques for improving ginsenoside production. Furthermore, the usefulness of a systems approach and fermentation strategy has been presented. Finally, the present challenges and future research direction for industrial cell factories have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| | | | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi Y, Zhang S, Peng D, Wang C, Zhao D, Ma K, Wu J, Huang L. Transcriptome Analysis of Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Kuntze and Identification of Genes Involved in Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2643. [PMID: 31146369 PMCID: PMC6600151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Kuntze (C. chinense) is an important herb in traditional Chinese medicine. Triterpenoid saponins are a major class of active compounds in C. chinense with broad pharmacological activities and hemostatic, antitumor, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. To identify genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, transcriptomic analyses of leaves, stems, and roots from C. chinense were performed. A total of 135,968 unigenes were obtained by assembling the leaf, stem, and root transcripts, of which 102,154 were annotated in public databases. Differentially expressed genes were determined based on expression profile analysis and analyzed for differential expression of unique genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Multiple unigenes encoding crucial enzymes or transcription factors involved in triterpenoid saponin synthesis were identified and analyzed. The expression levels of unigenes encoding enzymes were experimentally validated using quantitative real-time PCR. This study greatly broadens the public transcriptome database for this species and provides a valuable resource for identifying candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins and other secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Daiyin Peng
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Chenkai Wang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Derui Zhao
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Kelong Ma
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Clinical College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|