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Ren Z, Ren Y, Li Z, Xu H. TCMM: A unified database for traditional Chinese medicine modernization and therapeutic innovations. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:1619-1630. [PMID: 38680873 PMCID: PMC11047297 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mining the potential of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in treating modern diseases requires a profound understanding of its action mechanism and a comprehensive knowledge system that seamlessly bridges modern medical insights with traditional theories. However, existing databases for modernizing TCM are plagued by varying degrees of information loss, which impede the multidimensional dissection of pharmacological effects. To address this challenge, we introduce traditional Chinese medicine modernization (TCMM), the currently largest modernized TCM database that integrates pioneering intelligent pipelines. By aligning high-quality TCM and modern medicine data, TCMM boasts the most extensive TCM modernization knowledge, including 20 types of modernized TCM concepts such as prescription, ingredient, target and 46 biological relations among them, totaling 3,447,023 records. We demonstrate the efficacy and reliability of TCMM with two features, prescription generation and knowledge discovery, the outcomes show consistency with biological experimental results. A publicly available web interface is at https://www.tcmm.net.cn/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Ren
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yiming Ren
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zeting Li
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huan Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Hefei, 231131, Anhui Province, China
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Liu Y, Nose I, Terasaka K, Fueki T, Makino T. Heating or ginger extract reduces the content of Pinellia ternata lectin in the raphides of Pinellia tuber. J Nat Med 2023; 77:761-773. [PMID: 37311896 PMCID: PMC10987350 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pinellia tuber, the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata, causes a very strong acridity sensation in the oral and laryngopharynx mucosa when taken orally in its unprocessed form. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this sensation has been called "toxicity", and Pinellia tuber must be processed using ginger extract, licorice, or alum. In Japanese traditional Kampo medicine, since "toxicity" can be eliminated by decocting, it should not be processed. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying the "detoxification" of Pinellia tubers. In this study, we produced murine antiserum using recombinant P. ternata lectin (PTL), developed an immuno-fluorescence staining method for PTL in the needle-shaped crystals (raphides) that were prepared by petroleum ether extraction (PEX) from Pinellia tuber, and elucidated the mechanism of the processing of Pinellia tuber using heat or ginger extract. After heating the raphides in water, the amount of PTL contained in the raphides was significantly reduced by the immunostaining, although the shape of the raphides was not changed. Incubating raphides with dried ginger extract also significantly reduced the amount of PTL in the raphides in a concentration-dependent manner. By the activity-guided fractionation of ginger extract, the active ingredients in the ginger extract were oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, and citric acid. Among these four organic acids, oxalic acid mainly contributed to the effect of dried ginger extract by its content in ginger extract and its activity. These results exhibit scientific evidences for the traditional theories of processing to "detoxify" Pinellia tuber in TCM and Kampo medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Itsuki Nose
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Terasaka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Fueki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
- Matsuya Pharmacy, 2927-5 Maki-kou, Nishikan-ku, Niigata, 953-0041, Japan
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Omori Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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Chen C, Sun Y, Wang Z, Huang Z, Zou Y, Yang F, Hu J, Cheng H, Shen C, Wang S. Pinellia genus: A systematic review of active ingredients, pharmacological effects and action mechanism, toxicological evaluation, and multi-omics application. Gene 2023; 870:147426. [PMID: 37044184 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit, Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR, also named 'Banxia' in Chinese), is widely used in traditional medicine. This review aims to provide detail summary of active ingredients, pharmacological effects, toxic ingredients, detoxification strategies, and omic researches, etc. Pharmacological ingredients from PR are mainly classified into six categories: alkaloids, amino acids, polysaccharides, phenylpropanoids, essential oils, and glucocerebrosides. Diversity of chemical composition determines the broad-spectrum efficacy and gives a foundation for the comprehensive utilization of P. ternata germplasm resources. The pharmacological compounds are involved in inhibition of cancer cells by targeting various pathways, including activation of immune system, inhibition of proliferation and cycle, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. The pharmacological components of PR act on nervous system by targeting neurotransmitters, activating immune system, decreasing apoptosis, and increasing redox system. Lectins, one major class of the toxic ingredients extracted from raw PR, possess significant toxic effects on human cells. Inflammatory factors, cytochrome P450 proteins (CYP) family enzymes, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling factors, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling factors, and nervous system, are considered to be the target sites of lectins. Recently, omic analysis is widely applied in Pinellia genus studies. Plastome genome-based molecular markers are deeply used for identifying and resolving phylogeny of Pinellia genus plants. Various omic works revealed and functional identified a series of environmental stress responsive factors and active component biosynthesis-related genes. Our review summarizes the recent progress in active and toxic ingredient evaluation, pharmacological effects, detoxification strategies, and functional gene identification and accelerates efficient utilization of this traditional herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yunting Sun
- Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Zhijing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yuqing Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Feifei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Huijuan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Shuling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
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Chaneva G, Tomov A, Paunov M, Hristova V, Ganeva V, Mihaylova N, Anev S, Krumov N, Yordanova Z, Tsenov B, Vassileva V, Bonchev G, Zhiponova M. Jewel Orchid's Biology and Physiological Response to Aquaponic Water as a Potential Fertilizer. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3181. [PMID: 36432909 PMCID: PMC9699339 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ludisia discolor is commonly known as a jewel orchid due to its variegated leaves. Easy maintenance of the orchid allows it to be used as a test system for various fertilizers and nutrient sources, including aquaponic water (AW). First, we applied DNA barcoding to assess the taxonomic identity of this terrestrial orchid and to construct phylogenetic trees. Next, the vegetative organs (leaf, stem, and root) were compared in terms of the level of metabolites (reducing sugars, proteins, anthocyanins, plastid pigments, phenolics, and antioxidant activity) and nutrient elements (carbon, nitrogen, sodium, and potassium), which highlighted the leaves as most functionally active organ. Subsequently, AW was used as a natural source of fish-derived nutrients, and the orchid growth was tested in hydroponics, in irrigated soil, and in an aquaponic system. Plant physiological status was evaluated by analyzing leaf anatomy and measuring chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. These results provided evidence of the beneficial effects of AW on the jewel orchid, including increased leaf formation, enhanced chlorophyll content and photosystems' productivity, and stimulated and prolonged flowering. The information acquired in the present study could be used in addressing additional aspects of the growth and development of the jewel orchid, which is also known for its medicinal value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganka Chaneva
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Tomov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Momchil Paunov
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Viktoria Hristova
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valentina Ganeva
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolina Mihaylova
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svetoslav Anev
- Department of Dendrology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Krumov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zhenya Yordanova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Boris Tsenov
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valya Vassileva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Bonchev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Miroslava Zhiponova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Bai J, Qi J, Yang L, Wang Z, Wang R, Shi Y. A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation, and quality control of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115650. [PMID: 35988838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pinellia ternata tuber (PTT), the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit., has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine for drying dampness, resolving phlegm, down-bearing counterflow to check vomiting and dissipating masses. Modern pharmacology studies have revealed that PTT has diverse pharmacological effects such as antitussive and expectorant, anti-emetic, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory effect, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive evaluation on ethnopharmacological uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological effects, analytical methods and quality control of PTT, which would provide scientific evidence for exploring future therapeutic, and formulating quality and safety criteria of PTT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pertinent information was systematically collected from several electronic scientific databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley Online Library and China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), as well as the classic Chinese medical books. RESULTS PTT is reported to be widely used traditionally for the treatment of cough, vomiting, infection, and inflammatory diseases in many southeast Asian countries. Phytochemical studies have revealed the presence of a total of 233 compounds belonging to alkaloids, nucleosides, organic acids, polysaccharides, volatile oils, amino acids, proteins, starches, etc. The extracts and components of PTT have possessed diverse pharmacological activities, such as antitussive, antiemetic, antitumor, antibacterial, and sedative-hypnotic activities. Raw P. ternata tuber (RPTT) with a pungent taste causes acrid irritation of the oral and laryngopharynx mucosa when taken by mistake, while its toxicity and side effects of RPTT can be dramatically reduced with proper processing. Three kinds of processed P. ternata tuber with different processing methods are available and traded in market, as well as applied in clinical treatments. Additionally, although raw or processed PTT have been recorded in several mainstream pharmacopoeias such as Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Japanese Pharmacopoeia, and Korean Pharmacopoeia, the quality items and requirements varies a lot. Therefore, a unified international standard of raw and processed PTT is urgent need to be done. CONCLUSIONS The ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological and quality evaluation of PTT were highlighted in this review, which provides potential reference information to future investigate and commercially explore for pharmaceutical applications. Nevertheless, an efficient method for chemical profiling is still unavailable to find potent bioactive markers for quality control, and then comprehensive pharmacological effects and mechanisms and toxicological evaluation of PTT require further detailed research to ensure their quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianbo Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yanhong Shi
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Institute of TCM International Standardization, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Sun C, Huang J, Tang R, Li M, Yuan H, Wang Y, Wei JM, Liu J. CPMCP: a database of Chinese patent medicine and compound prescription. Database (Oxford) 2022; 2022:6675636. [PMID: 36006844 PMCID: PMC9408024 DOI: 10.1093/database/baac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although several traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-related databases have emerged, they focus on researching single medicinal materials, which is far from sufficient for clinical research and application. In comparison, compound prescriptions are more informative and meaningful in TCM, for they embody the information on the compatibility of TCM besides the relatively isolated information about single medicinal materials. The compatibility information is essential in TCM because it conveys not only what components are involved to treat special diseases but also how to combine these single medical materials. We established a database of Chinese patent medicine and compound prescription (CPMCP). It demonstrates the prescription information of Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) and ancient Chinese medicine prescriptions (CMPs). CPMCP reports their comprehensive and standardized information such as the components, indications and contraindications. It is worth mentioning that we organized relevant experts and spent lots of time manually mapping the functions of compound prescriptions in ancient Chinese to the standardized TCM symptom vocabularies, obtaining a total of 71 414 associations between compound prescriptions and TCM symptoms. In this way, CPMCP established the associations between TCM and modern medicine (MM) according to the associations between TCM symptoms and MM symptoms. In addition, to further exhibit the compatibility mechanism of compound prescriptions, CPMCP summarizes a set of common drug combination principles by analyzing the existing prescriptions. We believe that CPMCP can promote the modernization of TCM and make greater contributions to MM.
Database URL http://cpmcp.top
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Minglei Li
- College of Computer Science, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300071, China
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Intelligent Medicine, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haili Yuan
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, No. 88 Changling Road, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Epigenetics for Organ Development of Preterm Infants, Medical Research Centre, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, No. 41 Zhejiang Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Mao Wei
- *Corresponding author: Tel: +8613820022571; Correspondence may also be addressed to Jian Liu. Tel: +8613820022571;
| | - Jian Liu
- *Corresponding author: Tel: +8613820022571; Correspondence may also be addressed to Jian Liu. Tel: +8613820022571;
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Liu Y, Ota M, Fueki T, Makino T. Historical Study for the Differences of Processing of Pinellia ternata Tuber Between China and Japan. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:892732. [PMID: 35795570 PMCID: PMC9251410 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.892732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinellia Tuber (the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino [Araceae]) (PT) is a crude drug used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Japanese Kampo medicine. PT is subjected to additional processing before use in TCM because of its toxic, while the processing has not been used in Kampo medicine. The aim of this study is to clarify the reason why the differences about the processing of PT between TCM and Kampo medicine have been appeared. We investigated successive literatures published in China and in Japan from the Han dynasty to the modern age. The descriptions about the processing of PT in China had appeared since the Later Han dynasty as washing, and after that, various processing methods have been recorded, such as boiling, steaming, making cakes, and fermenting to prepare PT malt (PTM) with various drug additives. The objective of the processing for PT was not only to remove its toxicity but to change drug properties, and several kinds of processed PT had been developed to treat different types of “phlegm” in the Ming dynasty. The current Chinese Pharmacopoeia recommends the use of processed PT to avoid the toxicity, and registers unprocessed PT as well as three kinds of processed PT except for PTM which had been deleted in 2015 edition. These processing methods for PT have been established in the Qing dynasty. The oldest description in Japan was appeared in 1363, and the processing methods had been influenced by the literatures in the Song dynasty. After that, the processed PT in Japan had mainly been PTM until the 18th century. In 1738, Shuan Kagawa wrote that PT should not be processed because its pharmacological effects disappeared and the toxicity of PT disappeared by preparing its decoction without processing. Then, the processing of PT has been unpopular, and the Japanese Pharmacopoeia has registered PT since 1939 without any processing. Compared to TCM, Japanese Kampo medicine has tended to avoid ideologism based on traditional knowledge and to adopt positivism. This policy has reflected the differences in the processing of PT between Kampo medicine and TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Misato Ota
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Fueki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- Matsuya Pharmacy, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshiaki Makino,
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Quality evaluation of Pinellia tuber by LC-TOF/MS targeted to ephedrine. J Nat Med 2021; 75:692-698. [PMID: 33517509 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pinellia tuber (PTE, , , , , , , , ) is derived from the tuber of Pinellia ternata Breitenbach (Araceae), which is a crude drug used in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine for the purpose of antiemesis and expectoration. Since the separation of ephedrine from PTE in 1978, it has been listed as a PTE component in textbooks and internet information. Therefore, there are harmful effects on appropriate use in clinical practice because PTE is dealt with as a crude drug for doping target, and traditional Japanese Kampo medicine containing PTE must be carefully administered to the elderly. However, since the 1978 published report, there has not been any report on the isolation of ephedrine from PTE and the interpretation of biosynthesis remains questionable. In the present study, we analyzed the PTE samples in market distribution products by LC-TOF/MS. From the analysis of the result of ephedrine's m/z 148.113 [M + H-H2O]+, PTE was not detected (n = 55, detection limit: 0.5 ppb). Additionally, the tuber of P. tripartite (PTR, ), the tuber of P. pedatisecta (PPE, ), Arisaema Tuber (ART, ), and the tuber of Typhonium flagelliforme (TFI, ) that have a similar description to PTE were also not detected. Moreover, the genetic analysis of experimental samples showed that PTE is derived from P. ternata. Furthermore, our attempt to isolate ephedrine from PTE based on the past literature was unsuccessful. These results suggest that PTE in market distribution products may not contain ephedrine as a component.
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