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König AM, Pöschke A, Mahnken AH. Health risks for medical personnel due to magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2024. [PMID: 39029511 DOI: 10.1055/a-2296-3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The current state of medical and scientific knowledge on the effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields on workers in the field of clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is summarized here.A systematic literature search was conducted to analyze the health risks to medical personnel from magnetic fields in MRI. A total of 7273 sources were identified, with 7139 being excluded after screening of the title and abstract. After full-text screening, 34 sources remained and were included in this paper.There are a number of scientific publications on the occurrence of short-term sensory effects such as vertigo, metallic taste, phosphenes as well as on the occurrence of neurocognitive and neurobehavioral effects. For example, short-term exposure to clinical magnetic fields has been reported to result in a 4% reduction in speed and precision and a 16% reduction in visual contrast sensitivity at close range. Both eye-hand precision and coordination speed are affected. The long-term studies concern, among other things, the influence of magnetic fields on sleep quality, which could be linked to an increased risk of accidents. The data on the exposure of healthcare workers to magnetic fields during pregnancy is consistently outdated. However, it has been concluded that there are no particular deviations with regard to the duration of pregnancy, premature births, miscarriages, and birth weight. Epidemiological studies are lacking. With a focus on healthcare personnel, there is a considerable need for high-quality data, particularly on the consequences of long-term exposure to electromagnetic fields from clinical MRI and the effects on pregnancy. · Short-term sensory effects such as vertigo, metallic taste, phosphenes as well as neurocognitive and neurological behavioral effects may occur upon exposure to magnetic fields.. · Long-term effects mainly concern quality of sleep, which can be associated with an increased risk of accidents.. · When pregnant women were exposed to magnetic fields, no particular deviations were found with regard to the duration of pregnancy, premature births, miscarriages, and birth weight.. · König AM, Pöschke A, Mahnken AH. Health risks for medical personnel due to magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2296-3860.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Marc König
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Antje Pöschke
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Mahnken
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Nelson O, Greenwood E, Simpao AF, Matava CT. Refocusing on work-based hazards for the anaesthesiologist in a post-pandemic era. BJA OPEN 2023; 8:100234. [PMID: 37942056 PMCID: PMC10630594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjao.2023.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has raised public awareness of one of the many hazards that healthcare workers face daily: exposure to harmful pathogens. The anaesthesia workplace encompasses the operating room, interventional radiology suite, and other sites that contain many other potential occupational and environmental hazards. This review article highlights the work-based hazards that anaesthesiologists and other clinicians may encounter in the anaesthesia workplace: ergonomic design, physical, chemical, fire, biological, or psychological hazards. As the anaesthesia work environment enters a post-COVID-19 pandemic phase, anaesthesiologists will do well to review and consider these hazards. The current review includes proposed solutions to some hazards and identifies opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric Greenwood
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allan F. Simpao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Clyde T. Matava
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wu T, Huan X, Zhang H, Wu L, Sui G, Yang X. The orientation and inhomogeneous distribution of carbon nanofibers and distinctive internal structure in polymer composites induced by 3D-printing enabling electromagnetic shielding regulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 638:392-402. [PMID: 36758252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanofiber (CNF)/polycaprolactone (PCL) composites were three-dimention (3D) printed into electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding parts. 3D-printing process led to an inhomogeneous CNFs distribution in printed composites. The special high-resistance "internal surfaces" introduced between printed threads reduced the conductivity of printed parts and resulted in characteristic secondary percolation phenomena. Meanwhile, the accelerated melt flow in nozzle oriented CNFs in composites along the printing direction, increasing the percolation threshold compared to the random arrangement. As two stage of percolation networks formed, the 3D-printed CNF/PCL parts exhibited excellent EMI shielding performance, with EMI shielding effectiveness value up to 58.7 dB. By controlling the packing density of the printed part, a large number of apertures and heterogeneous interfaces were easily introduced into the interior of parts. It promoted multiple reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves inside the parts, and enabled adjustment of weight and shielding effectiveness. Therefore, the 3D printing enabled the flexible formation of complex porous structures. From basic materials to designed components, the 3D printing technology can facilitate the transformation of shielding materials into high performance components that are finely designed both internally and externally, making it a promising technology in the field of manufacturing lightweight, high performance EMI shielding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xianhua Huan
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Hongmingjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Gang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
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Gmitrov J. Carotid Baroreceptor Magnetic Activation and Beat‐to‐Beat Blood Pressure Variability, Implications to Treat Abrupt Blood Pressure Elevation in Labile Hypertension. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:413-425. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Gmitrov
- Diabetology Clinic Krompachy Hospital, Agel SK Inc. Krompachy Slovakia
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Oh S, Hong SE, Choi HD. Proposed Safety Guidelines for Patient Assistants in an Open MRI Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15185. [PMID: 36429902 PMCID: PMC9690638 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The wide-open side of an open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system allows a patient to easily contact the patient assistant during MRI scans. A wide-open-shaped magnet is highly effective when interventional procedures are necessary. Patient assistants can provide comfort by holding a part of the patient's body. Because current regulations or guidelines are concerned with only patient radio frequency (RF) safety, investigations on the safety of patient assistants exposed to high-magnetic field MRI (up to 1.2 T) are required. In this study, five different poses of patient assistants were numerically simulated at a 1.2 T open MRI system to determine the impact of poses on the RF exposure level. The 10-g averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) levels were analyzed for the poses of each patient assistant wearing gloves. Compared with the patient, up to 29.8% of the patient SAR was observed in the patient assistant. When the patient assistant wore latex gloves, a 63.7% reduction in the 10-g averaged SAR level was observed, which could be a remedy to minimize possible RF hazards. To prevent possible RF hazards during MRI scans, certain clauses regarding the patient assistant's poses or wearing gloves must be added to the existing MRI screening forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhoon Oh
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Eui Hong
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
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Occupational Exposure Assessment of the Static Magnetic Field Generated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137674. [PMID: 35805332 PMCID: PMC9265854 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) systems are used in academic research laboratories and industrial research fields, besides representing one of the most important imaging modalities in clinical radiology. This technology does not use ionizing radiation, but it cannot be considered without risks. These risks are associated with the working principle of the technique, which mainly involves static magnetic fields that continuously increase—namely, the radiofrequency (RF) field and spatial magnetic field gradient. To prevent electromagnetic hazards, the EU and ICNIRP have defined workers’ exposure limits. Several studies that assess health risks for workers and patients of diagnostic MR are reported in the literature, but data on workers’ risk evaluation using nuclear MR (NMR) spectroscopy are very poor. Therefore, the aim of this research is the risk assessment of an NMR environment, paying particular attention to workers with active implantable medical devices (AIMDs). Our perspective study consisted of the measurement of the static magnetic field around a 300 MHz (7 T) NMR research spectrometer and the computation of the electric field induced by the movements of an operator. None of the calculated exposure parameters exceeded the threshold limits imposed by legislation for protection against short-term effects of acute occupational exposure, but our results revealed that the level of exposure exceeded the action level threshold limit for workers with AIMD during the execution of tasks requiring the closest proximity to the spectrometer. Moreover, the strong dependence of the induced electric field results from the walking speed models is shown. This case study represents a snapshot of the NMR risk assessment with the specific goal to increase the interest in the safety of NMR environments.
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Hussain SI, Mair LO, Willis AJ, Papavasiliou G, Liu B, Weinberg IN, Engelhard HH. Parallel Multichannel Assessment of Rotationally Manipulated Magnetic Nanoparticles. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2022; 15:1-15. [PMID: 35469141 PMCID: PMC9034901 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s358931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotational manipulation of chains or clusters of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) offers a means for directed translation and payload delivery that should be explored for clinical use. Multiple MNP types are available, yet few studies have performed side-by-side comparisons to evaluate characteristics such as velocity, movement at a distance, and capacity for drug conveyance or dispersion. Purpose Our goal was to design, build, and study an electric device allowing simultaneous, multichannel testing (e.g., racing) of MNPs in response to a rotating magnetic field. We would then select the "best" MNP and use it with optimized device settings, to transport an unbound therapeutic agent. Methods A magnetomotive system was constructed, with a Helmholtz pair of coils on either side of a single perpendicular coil, on top of which was placed an acrylic tray having multiple parallel lanes. Five different MNPs were tested: graphene-coated cobalt MNPs (TurboBeads™), nickel nanorods, gold-iron alloy MNPs, gold-coated Fe3O4 MNPs, and uncoated Fe3O4 MNPs. Velocities were determined in response to varying magnetic field frequencies (5-200 Hz) and heights (0-18 cm). Velocities were normalized to account for minor lane differences. Doxorubicin was chosen as the therapeutic agent, assayed using a CLARIOstar Plus microplate reader. Results The MMS generated a maximal MNP velocity of 0.9 cm/s. All MNPs encountered a "critical" frequency at 20-30 Hz. Nickel nanorods had the optimal response based on tray height and were then shown to enable unbound doxorubicin dispersion along 10.5 cm in <30 sec. Conclusion A rotating magnetic field can be conveniently generated using a three-coil electromagnetic device, and used to induce rotational and translational movement of MNP aggregates over mesoscale distances. The responses of various MNPs can be compared side-by-side using multichannel acrylic trays to assess suitability for drug delivery, highlighting their potential for further in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed I Hussain
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
- NanoMagnetic Therapeutics Corp., Wilmette, IL, USA
| | - Lamar O Mair
- Weinberg Medical Physics, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander J Willis
- Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Georgia Papavasiliou
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bing Liu
- IMRA America, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Herbert H Engelhard
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- NanoMagnetic Therapeutics Corp., Wilmette, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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