Anatomical variants of sphenoid sinuses pneumatisation: a CT scan study on a Northern Italian population

Comparison of sphenoid sinus variations and morphometric values in dolichocephalic and hyperbrachycephalic individuals

BackgroundThe internal carotid artery, optic, maxillary, and vidian nerves are important anatomical structures adjacent to the sphenoid sinus. In some individuals, these structures may protrude into the sinus, and this condition is important in surgical procedures.PurposeTo investigate the morphometric variations and anatomical differences in the sphenoid sinus and surrounding structures between dolichocephalic and hyperbrachycephalic skull types using computed tomography (CT).Material and MethodsCT images of dolichocephalic (n = 50), hyperbrachycephalic (n = 64), and mesocephalic (n = 52) individuals were used in the study. Sphenoid sinus position, dimensions, septum types, and protrusion and dehiscence for the carotid canal and optic canal, maxillary, and vidian nerves were evaluated. For statistical evaluation, the Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Pearson chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and Spearman's rho correlation were used in the study.ResultsThe difference between all skull types was found to be significant in the rates of protrusion and dehiscence in the carotid canal and the maxillary nerve and the difference between sphenoid sinus heights in two different skull types (dolichocephalic and hyperbrachycephalic) was also significant (P < 0.05). In septum typing, seven different septum types were detected. The most common sphenoid sinus position was postsellar in all skull types.ConclusionDifferences in the frequency of protrusion and dehiscence for the carotid canal and maxillary nerve in dolichocephalic, hyperbrachycephalic, and mesocephalic individuals reveal that the skull types of individuals are important in studies on the sphenoid sinus.

Intrathecal Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography and MR Cisternography for Skull Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks and Other Intracranial Applications

Acquired skull base cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can result from trauma, tumors, iatrogenic causes, or may be spontaneous. Spontaneous skull base CSF leaks are likely a manifestation of underlying idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The initial assessment of rhinorrhea or otorrhea, which may be suspected owing to an acquired skull base CSF leak, requires integration of clinical assessment and biochemical confirmation of CSF. When leaks are multiple or if samples of fluid cannot be obtained for testing, then recourse to intrathecal contrast-enhanced cisternography may be necessary. We also review various other applications for diagnosis of intracranial abnormalities using contrast-enhanced cisternography.

Correlation between sphenoid sinus pneumatization and sella turcica dimensions using computed tomography

OBJECTIVE

This study was performed to determine the dimensions of the sella turcica (ST) in relation to sex, age groups, and sphenoid sinus (SS) pneumatization patterns in a cohort of Iraqi individuals.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study analyzed computed tomography images of 99 individuals (53 men, 46 women) aged 24 to 59 years to measure ST dimensions, including length, width, height, depth, and surface area. SS pneumatization was classified by sex and age. We also examined the relationship between ST size and SS pneumatization patterns.

RESULTS

Women exhibited a significantly greater mean ST depth (9.37 mm) than men (8.19 mm). The ST diameter was significantly larger in the middle-aged group (13.1 mm) than in the young adult group (11.83 mm). The ST area showed a highly significant difference between sexes. The sellar pneumatization pattern was the most common, whereas the conchal pattern had the lowest prevalence. A significant correlation was observed between ST size and SS pneumatization.

CONCLUSION

The ST depth and diameter showed statistically significant differences across sex and age groups, respectively. The variability in SS pneumatization patterns underscores the importance of considering pneumatization types during surgical planning to minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury and improve treatment outcomes.

Computed tomography-based assessment of sphenoid sinus and sella turcica pneumatization analysis: a retrospective study

Background

A preoperative three-dimensional examination of the sphenoid sinus anatomy, its pneumatization pattern, and its relevance to neighboring neurovascular constructions is crucial to preventing possible complications. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the relationship between sphenoid sinus pneumatization types and the sella turcica using computed tomography (CT).

Methods

CT data from 420 patients referred to the Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology were evaluated retrospectively. Sella pneumatization types were classified as conchal, presellar, incomplete sellar, and complete sellar, and they were evaluated. Obtained data were evaluated using the IBM SPSS 25.0 (Armonk, New York, USA) package program.

Results

CT images of 420 individuals, including 174 women and 246 men with a mean age of 43.87 ± 17.58 years, were included in the study. When the sella turcica morphologies were evaluated, the most widespread morphological type was irregularity in the posterior part of the dorsum sella, in 51.2% of cases. In addition, a statistically significant correlation was found between the pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus and the morphological types of sella (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In this research endeavor, the predominant observation comprised the complete sellar sphenoid sinus pneumatization type, exhibiting irregularity in the posterior aspect of the dorsum sella, representing one of the sellar types. Notwithstanding, it is imperative to conduct additional investigations to establish the generalizability of the present study's findings.

Anatomical Variations of Sphenoid Sinus in South Indian Population: All That You Need for Trans-Sphenoidal Pituitary Surgery

Pituitary adenomas are one among the most common neurosurgical tumors with an incidence of 10-25% among intracranial neoplasms (Ezzat et al., Cancer 101:613-619, 2004). Surgical management for the same has been practiced since long, and has evolved from trans cranial approach to endoscopic trans sphenoidal method (Hammer and Radberg, Acta Radiol 56:401-422, 1961). Preoperative radiological analysis with CT &MRI is inevitable in planning endonasal trans-sphenoid surgery to avoid complications because of the high variability concerned with sphenoid anatomy. The present study intends to analyze the incidence of various anatomical variations of sphenoid sinus in a cohort of south Indian population as detected by CT& MRI and assess its impact on surgical approach. Retrospective analysis of CT&MRI images of patients who underwent Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal resection of pituitary tumors at JSS Hospital Mysuru from a period of 2009 to 2020 is done. Anatomical variations of sphenoid sinus esp. degree of pneumatization, sellar configuration, septation pattern, inter carotid distance were evaluated. Results were significant and in concordance with other similar studies. Most frequently encountered pnuematization was sellar type and least was conchal type Sphenoid sinus pneumatization is directly linked to safe access to sella. Presence of septae within sinus need to be identified preoperatively to avoid damage and confusion intraoperatively. A meticulous preoperative analysis of sphenoid sinus anatomy will help surgeon in smooth conduct of a complication free surgery.

Relationships of sphenoid sinus pneumatization with internal carotid artery characteristics

Objective

We explored the clinical significances of the relationships among sphenoid sinus aeration, intersphenoid sinus septum (ISS), and internal carotid artery (ICA).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the preoperative paranasal sinus computed tomography scans and the medical charts of 490 patients who were treated by the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach. We analyzed sphenoid sinus pneumatization, number of ISS, and positional relationships between the ICA and ISS (including ICA prominence and the thickness of surrounding bone).

Results

ISS were often present in the ICAs of patients with presellar pneumatization (36.2%; p = 0.042). Sphenoid sinus pneumatization status significantly differed according to number of ISS (p < 0.001), ICA prominence (p < 0.001), ISS insertion into the ICA (p = 0.042), and distance from ISS to ICA (p = 0.004). When sphenoid sinus aeration was poor, the ICA was not prominent, and the ISS were attached to or lay close to the paraclival ICA.

Conclusions

Patients with presellar pneumatization exhibited less prominent ICAs, and more ISS attached to or near the paraclival ICA, than did other patients. Therefore, particular caution is required when using the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach to treat patients with poor sphenoid sinus aeration.

The Evaluation of Variations in Patterns of Sphenoid Sinus Pneumatization Using Computed Tomography in a South Indian Population

Background and objective

Knowledge about sphenoid sinus pneumatization is critical for skull base surgeries and functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in order to avoid serious complications like postoperative meningitis, sinusitis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, and intracranial hematoma. In this study, we aimed to assess the proportion of anatomical variants in sphenoid sinus pneumatization and to determine the common sphenoid pneumatization pattern in a South Indian population.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted over a period of six months from July 2019 to December 2019 among 573 patients who underwent non-contrast CT (NCCT) or contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) of the brain, paranasal sinuses (PNS), orbit, and face.

Results

Most of the patients were in the age group of 20-39 years. The male-to-female ratio was 2.45:1. Among the posterior extensions, the most common variant was type D, followed by type C, type B, and type A. Among the clival extensions, the most common variant was Cliv-A, followed by Cliv-B, Cliv-C, and Cliv-D. The most common lateral wall pneumatization was bilateral lateral wall pneumatization followed by unilateral sinus wall pneumatization. Lat-A was the most common lateral wall pneumatization pattern followed by Lat-D, Lat-B, and Lat-C.

Conclusion

Our study intends to classify the sphenoid sinus pneumatization pattern and identify the most common variant among them, thereby guiding the skull base and FESS surgeons in choosing the correct mode of the operative procedure and also anticipating and avoiding complications of surgery.

Imaging of Acquired Skull Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks

Acquired skull base cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can result from trauma, tumors, iatrogenic causes, or may be spontaneous. Spontaneous skull base CSF leaks are likely a manifestation of underlying idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The initial assessment of rhinorrhea or otorrhea which is suspected to be due to an acquired skull base CSF leak requires integration of clinical assessment and biochemical confirmation of CSF. Imaging with high-resolution CT is performed to locate osseous defects, while high-resolution T2w MRI may detect CSF traversing the dura and bony skull base. When leaks are multiple or if samples of fluid cannot be obtained for testing, then recourse to invasive cisternography may be necessary.

Anatomical Variants, Pneumatization Classification, and Volumetric Studies of the Sphenoid Sinus With High-Resolution Computed Tomography

OBJECTIVES

Aimed to explore the correlation between the volume of the sphenoid sinuses (SS) and sex, age, pneumatization and its anatomical variant types.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Retrospectively evaluated high-resolution computed tomography images of 170 individuals; were studied by ITK-SNAP software to measure the volume of SS.

RESULTS

The average volume of SS was a significant difference between the gender, the volume of SS in the elderly group (≥65 years old) showed a downward trend. The volume of the SS in the variants of the anterior clinoid processes, pterygoid processes, greater wings, and clivus were significantly higher than in the nonvariants (P < 0.05). With the expansion of pneumatization, the optic nerve (CNII) type 3-4, the internal carotid artery (ICA) type 2-3 and the septal insertion on the ICA have a larger volume, while the occurrence of septal insertion on only the CNII was not correlated with the volume (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE

The volume of SS is closely related to age, sex, the type of pneumatization and anatomical variation. High-resolution computed tomography can facilitate a precise study of anatomical variations and adjacent structures and help ensure the safety of an operation.

Assessment of variations in sphenoid sinus pneumatization in Indian population: A multidetector computed tomography study

Background and Purpose:

The purpose of our study was to assess the prevalence of variations in the extent of sphenoid pneumatization in the Indian population and compare with existing literature.

Materials and Methods:

This retrospective study included 500 patients who underwent CT of the paranasal sinuses. The multiplanar reformations of paranasal sinus were assessed for the type of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus and type of clival, lateral recess, lesser wing, and anterior recess extensions.

Results:

The conchal, presellar, incomplete sellar, and complete sellar types comprised 0%, 1.2%, 22.2%, and 76.6% of patients. The extensions of pneumatization subtypes in the study population were clival in 76.6% subjects; lateral recess, lesser wing, and anterior recess in 59.7%, 20.4%, and 20.4% of sinuses, respectively. The pure forms were seen in 25.4% and combined forms in 61% of sinuses. The presellar type (1.2%) was less common and sellar type (98.8%) being common in our population compared to the Caucasian and East Asian population. The sphenoid sinuses were extensively pneumatized in our population compared to the Chinese and Caucasian population, the prevalence being 76.6%, 68%, and 44.5% for clival; 59.7%, 46%, and 28.3% for lateral recess; 20.4%, 32%, and 12% for lesser wing extension, respectively. The pure forms were relatively less common and combined forms being more common compared to the Chinese and Caucasian population in our study.

Conclusion:

The extent of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus has clinical and surgical implications in sellar and central skull base lesions, and variability in different populations confirms that ethnicity influences the differences in prevalence.

Anatomical Variations of Anterior Ethmoidal Foramen and Cribriform Plate: Relations With Sex

ABSTRACT

Position of anterior ethmoidal artery and height of lateral lamella of cribriform plate (LLCP) represent critical variants in endoscopy.In 200 maxillofacial computed tomography scans of patients the position of anterior ethmoidal foramen (AEF) in relation to ethmoid roof was recorded. The height of LLCP was measured and classified according to Keros classification.Differences in AEF position and distribution of Keros types, and LLCP height according to sex were assessed through chi-square test (P < 0.05) and 1-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test, respectively (P < 0.05). Differences in LLCP height according to different AEF position were assessed through Mann-Whitney test (P < 0.05).No differences were observed in prevalence of AEF exposure according to sex (P > 0.05); LLCP height was higher in males than in females, with a higher frequency of Keros type 3 (P < 0.05). Moreover, subjects with AEF exposure had a significantly higher LLCP height (P < 0.01).Results highlighted innovative data useful for improving the knowledge of these sensitive variants.

A new classification proposal for sphenoid sinus pneumatization: a retrospective radio-anatomic study

OBJECTIVES

The sphenoid sinus variations are very diverse and the frequency of these sinus variations is high. During operations involving the sphenoid sinus, such as pituitary surgeries, the surgeon should have detailed information about these variations. The aim of this study is to reclassify the sphenoid sinus pneumatizations in detail and to evaluate the incidence of pneumatization types in a Turkish population according to this classification.

METHODS

New classification proposal was made. In accordance with the proposed new classification, sphenoid sinus pneumatizations were evaluated on CBCT images.

RESULTS

When the posteroanterior pneumatization of 128 patients was evaluated; 2.3% conchal, 3.9% presellar, 35.9% sellar, and 57.8% postsellar pneumatization was detected. Of these cases, 28.9% had anterior pneumatization on the right and 23.4% on the left. When lateral direction pneumatizations were evaluated, lateral body type was found to be the most common on both right (44.1%) and left (42.5%) sides.

CONCLUSION

In this study, sphenoid sinus pneumatizations were evaluated three-dimensionally with the help of CBCT, and a new classification suggestion was made to eliminate the classification confusion we encountered in our previous studies. Pneumatizations and variations can affect the field of operation and even change planning. It should be taken into account that the paranasal sinuses may have variations due to their surgical importance and their close association with many vital structures.

Computed Tomographic Study of Remarkable Anatomic Variations in Paranasal Sinus Region and their Clinical Importance - A Retrospective Study

INTRODUCTION

With the advent of functional endoscopic sinus surgery and coronal computed tomography (CT) imaging, more attention has been paid toward paranasal region anatomy. Detailed knowledge of anatomic variations in paranasal sinus region is critical for surgeons performing endoscopic sinus surgery as well as for the radiologist involved in the pre- and post-operative assessment. The anatomical variants with some accompanying pathologies would directly influence the success of diagnostic and therapeutic management of paranasal sinus diseases. Our study intends to explore the anatomy of paranasal air sinus through CT and to describe its variants, which may predispose to chronic sinusitis and complications in endoscopic sinonasal surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a retrospective study carried out in a tertiary institution. Two hundred and fifty patients without paranasal sinus symptoms who presented for head CT studies and gave consent for a coronal section scan of the paranasal sinuses to be taken in addition to the axial section of the head were included in the study. The CT examination was performed with GE Hispeed-NX/I Base-2002 Dual Slice Helical CT machine.

RESULTS

Among 250 study population, 100 were females and 150 males. Among these 423 cases of anatomical variants were observed. The most common anatomical variants were pneumatization of the middle nasal turbinates 30.73%. This is followed by agger nasi cells 21.64%, Haller's cells 22.91%, septal deviation 21.91%, and sphenoid sinus septation (20.18%).

DISCUSSION

CT is the gold standard in the radiologic investigation of the paranasal sinuses, sinonasal lesions, and inflammatory disease or pre- and post-surgical assessment. It has the capability of disclosing in greatest detail any anatomical variations, which could be causing or precipitating the sinusitis.

Sphenoid sinuses: pneumatisation and anatomical variants-what the radiologist needs to know and report to avoid intraoperative complications

PURPOSE

Sphenoid sinuses are pneumatised structures, placed in the body of the sphenoid bone, with highly variable morphology. The strict relationships with vascular and nervous structures determine the importance of their anatomical variants in otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgery; a precise understanding of the complex anatomy and anatomic variations of these structures is pivotal for radiological diagnosis of paranasal sinuses pathology and for surgical planning, to avoid potential complications. Our aim is to describe the anatomical variants of sphenoid sinuses, and to help general radiologists and specialists in endoscopic surgery in becoming familiar with these sensitive anatomical structures.

METHODS

A literature search of PubMed and Embase (Elsevier) databases was performed using the keywords "sphenoid sinus" and "anatomy, "sphenoid sinus" and "anatomic variants", "sphenoid sinus", and "anatomic variations".

RESULTS

We described the anatomical variants of the sphenoid sinuses anatomy, according to their size, shape, degree of pneumatisation, protrusion of anatomical structures into their lumen, superimposition of ethmoid cells (Onodi cells), and presence of accessory septations CONCLUSION: The information provided by this study may help in the identification and description of the anatomical variations of the sphenoid sinuses and their relationship to neurovascular structures.

Nasal cavities and the nasal septum: Anatomical variants and assessment of features with computed tomography

The nasal cavities are complex anatomical structures with high inter-individual variability that relates to different functions. Different anatomic variants may manifest at this site, mainly belonging to the nasal septum and turbinates. Precise knowledge of the anatomy and variants is fundamental for both radiologists and ENT surgeons. This article provides an overview of the main anatomic variants and their frequency, according to the existing literature, as well as ongoing research on nasal cavity segmentation in order to obtain personal 3D models and to predict post-surgical results.

Three-dimensional analysis of sphenoid sinus uniqueness for assessing personal identification: a novel method based on 3D-3D superimposition

Sphenoid sinuses are considered the most variable structures of human body: therefore, they may be used for personal identification, through the application of 3D segmentation procedures. This study aims at proposing a new protocol for personal identification based on 3D-3D superimposition of sphenoid sinuses segmented from head CT scans. Adult subjects (equally divided among males and females) who underwent two head CT scans were extracted from a hospital database. Sphenoid sinuses were segmented through ITK-SNAP software and the corresponding 3D models were automatically superimposed to obtain 40 matches (when they belonged to the same person) and 260 mismatches (when they were extracted from different individuals). The RMS (root mean square) point-to-point distance was then calculated for all the superimpositions: differences according to sex and group (matches and mismatches) were assessed through the Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). On average, the RMS value was almost ten times smaller in matches (0.22 ± 0.11 mm) than in mismatches (2.16 ± 0.57 mm) with a statistically significant difference according to group (p < 0.05), but not to sex (p > 0.05). The study proposed a new method for assessing personal identification from segmented 3D models of sphenoid sinuses, useful in the forensic contexts where other methods might not be implementable or successful.

Evaluation of volume of the sphenoid sinus according to sex, facial type, skeletal class, and presence of a septum: a cone-beam computed tomographic study

We have used cone-beam computed tomographic (CT) images to retrospectivelyevaluate the influence of sex, skeletal class, facial type, and the presence of septa on the volume of the sphenoid sinus in 172 images from 85 men (mean (SD) age 28 (2) years) and 87 women (mean (SD) age 30 (1) years). Skeletal class and facial type were calculated for each patient from multiplanar reconstructions using NemoCeph® software. Volumetric analysis of the sphenoid sinus was made with the help of the ITK-SNAP® 3.4.0 segmentation software, while the presence or absence of septa in the sphenoid sinus was evaluated with the Carestream 3D Imaging® software 3.4.3. We analysed the results using two-way ANOVA, Student's independent sample t test, and Fisher's exact test, as appropriate, and probabilities of <0.05 were accepted as significant. Sex (p=0.0946), facial type (p=0.790), and skeletal class (p=0.120) had no significant influence on the volume of the sphenoid sinus, and nor did the volumes of the right and left sphenoid sinuses (p=0.0923), or the presence of a septum within the sinus (p=0.330) in its volume.

Carotid canal and optic canal at sphenoid sinus

In the present study, we investigated the relationship between sphenoid sinus, carotid canal, and optic canal on paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNSCT). This study was performed retrospectively. PNSCT images of 300 adult subjects (159 male, 141 female). Sphenoid sinus (pneumatisation, dominancy, septation, inter-sinus septa deviation), anterior clinoid process pneumatisation, Onodi cell, carotid and optic canals (width, dehiscence, classification) were measured. In males, type 3 pneumatised sphenoid sinus (in both sides) and in females type 2 pneumatised sphenoid sinus (right side) and type 3 pneumatised sphenoid sinus (left side) were detected more. Anterior clinoid pneumatisation was present 47.2% in males and 39.7% in females. In male group, more septation (i.e. 22.6%, ≥ 3 septa) in sphenoid sinus were detected. Onodi cell was present 26.6 and 19.1% in males and females, respectively. Carotid canal protrudation to the sphenoid sinus wall was present 23.9-32.1% in males and 35.5-36.2% in females. Dehiscence in carotid canal was detected more in females (34%) compared to males (22%). Optic canal protrudation was 33.3 and 30.5% in males and females. Type 4 optic canal was detected more in both gender. Optic canal dehiscence was detected 11.3 and 9.9% in males and females. Carotid and optic canal diameters were higher in males. In pneumatised sphenoid sinuses and in females, type 3 carotid canal (Protrudation to SS wall) (bilaterally) and type 1 optic canal type (No indentation) (ipsilateral side) were detected more. In elderly patients, carotid and optic canal width increased. When carotid canal protrudation was detected, there was no indentation in optic canals In pneumatised SS, carotid canal protrudation was observed with a greater risk in surgery. However, type 1 (non indentation) optic canal was present in highly pneumatised SS with lower risk for the surgery. In women, the risk of carotid canal protruding (about 1/3) is greater than that of males, and carotid canal dehiscence rates are also higher in females. Therefore, physicians should be very careful during the preparatory stages of the sphenoid sinus surgery. Otherwise, it may not be possible to prevent lethal carotid artery bleeds.