First catalogue of the rust fungi of French Guiana, northern South America

A Global Overview of Diversity and Phylogeny of the Rust Genus Uromyces

Uromyces is the second-largest plant pathogenic rust genus, is responsible for numerous diseases, and has major effects on both agricultural and non-agricultural plants. The genus is generally characterized by its unicellular teliospores that help to characterize it and distinguish it from another important rust genus, Puccinia. In this study, a global overview of the diversity and distribution of Uromyces is presented based on both online and offline resources. The information obtained was analyzed for numerical and graphical summaries to provide the diversity and distribution of the genus by country and continent. Besides this, broad taxonomical aspects, a brief life cycle, and other comparative aspects on diversity and distribution were also provided. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS and nLSU DNA sequence data available in GenBank and published literature was performed to examine the intergeneric relationships of Uromyces. The results obtained revealed that the rust genus is found distributed over 150 countries, territories, and occupancies of the world on around 647 plant genera belonging to 95 plant families. Phylogenetic studies based on LSU and ITS sequence data revealed that Uromyces species are polyphyletic and require more DNA-based analyses for a better understanding of their taxonomic placement.

Phylogenetic relationships among fern rust fungi and Desmella lygodii comb. nov

The rust fungi (Pucciniales) that infect ferns, early diverging vascular plants, are neither "primitive" nor monophyletic, as once hypothesized. The neotropical fern pathogen, Puccinia lygodii (Pucciniaceae), specializes on species of Lygodium. Lygodium is believed to have evolved in a period ca. 211 mya, which is after the evolution of the temperate fern rust fungi that parasitize later diverged ferns. Puccinia lygodii is the only rust species in the genus Puccinia known to infect ferns, the majority of which infect flowering plants. In this study we examined multiple new and herbarium specimens of P. lygodii and reconstructed its phylogenetic history with data generated from the 28S nuclear rDNA repeat. Puccinia lygodii is the sister species to another neotropical fern rust, Desmella aneimiae (Pucciniaceae), which also infects early diverged leptosporangiate fern species, and the new combination D. lygodii is made. Interestingly, P. lygodii and D. aneimiae differ primarily in sorus structure, i.e., subepidermal in the former vs. suprastomatal in the latter fungus. Characters such as suprastomatal sori and probasidia that germinate without dormancy are now known to represent a suite of adaptations that have been derived multiple times within Pucciniales, most likely in response to tropical climates.

Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota

The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.

Fungos causadores de ferrugens (Pucciniales) em plantas da Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Amazônia Central, Brasil

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta as espécies de fungos Pucciniales que ocorrem parasitando plantas em uma área de floresta do bioma Amazônia, localizada na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (RFAD), em Manaus (AM), Brasil. Dezessete espécies foram identificadas: Aecidium annonae, A. amazonense, A. juruense, A. xylopiae, Crossopsora piperis, Desmella aneimiae, Dietelia duguetiae, Edythea palmaea, Porotenus biporus, P. memorae, Puccinia bambusarum, P. heliconiae, P. thaliae, Sphenospora smilacina, Uredo borreriae, U. maceiensis e U. pusilla. Todas representam primeiro registro para a área de estudo. A lista inclui novos registros para o Brasil (U. pusilla), para a região Amazônica (D. duguetiae) e para o estado do Amazonas (A. annonae, A. xylopiae, C. piperis, E. palmaea, P. biporus e S. smilacina). Espécies de ferrugem foram registradas em 17 gêneros e 12 famílias botânicas (Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Heliconiaceae, Marantaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Smilacaceae e Tectariaceae). Na família Annonaceae ocorreram cinco espécies de ferrugem, e na família Bignoniaceae ocorreram duas e para as Pucciniales destas duas famílias foi elaborada uma chave de identificação. São apresentadas descrições, distribuição geográfica, comentários taxonômicos e ilustrações para os novos registros para o Brasil e Amazônia.