2
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Visagie CM, Boekhout T, Theelen B, Dijksterhuis J, Yilmaz N, Seifert KA. Da Vinci's yeast: Blastobotrys davincii f.a., sp. nov. Yeast 2023; 40:7-31. [PMID: 36168284 PMCID: PMC10108157 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new species of the yeast genus Blastobotrys was discovered during a worldwide survey of culturable xerophilic fungi in house dust. Several culture-dependent and independent studies from around the world detected the same species from a wide range of substrates including indoor air, cave wall paintings, bats, mummies, and the iconic self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci from ca 1512. However, none of these studies identified their strains, clones, or OTUs as Blastobotrys. We introduce the new species as Blastobotrys davincii f.a., sp. nov. (holotype CBS H-24879) and delineate it from other species using morphological, phylogenetic, and physiological characters. The new species of asexually (anamorphic) budding yeast is classified in Trichomonascaceae and forms a clade along with its associated sexual state genus Trichomonascus. Despite the decade-old requirement to use a single generic name for fungi, both names are still used. Selection of the preferred name awaits a formal nomenclatural proposal. We present arguments for adopting Blastobotrys over Trichomonascus and introduce four new combinations as Blastobotrys allociferrii (≡ Candida allociferrii), B. fungorum (≡ Sporothrix fungorum), B. mucifer (≡ Candida mucifera), and Blastobotrys vanleenenianus (≡ Trichomonascus vanleenenianus). We provide a nomenclatural review and an accepted species list for the 37 accepted species in the Blastobotrys/Trichomonascus clade. Finally, we discuss the identity of the DNA clones detected on the da Vinci portrait, and the importance of using appropriate media to isolate xerophilic or halophilic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cobus M Visagie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Theelen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijksterhuis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Neriman Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith A Seifert
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Yurkov A, Alves A, Bai FY, Boundy-Mills K, Buzzini P, Čadež N, Cardinali G, Casaregola S, Chaturvedi V, Collin V, Fell JW, Girard V, Groenewald M, Hagen F, Hittinger CT, Kachalkin AV, Kostrzewa M, Kouvelis V, Libkind D, Liu X, Maier T, Meyer W, Péter G, Piątek M, Robert V, Rosa CA, Sampaio JP, Sipiczki M, Stadler M, Sugita T, Sugiyama J, Takagi H, Takashima M, Turchetti B, Wang QM, Boekhout T. Nomenclatural issues concerning cultured yeasts and other fungi: why it is important to avoid unneeded name changes. IMA Fungus 2021; 12:18. [PMID: 34256869 PMCID: PMC8278710 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-021-00067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The unambiguous application of fungal names is important to communicate scientific findings. Names are critical for (clinical) diagnostics, legal compliance, and regulatory controls, such as biosafety, food security, quarantine regulations, and industrial applications. Consequently, the stability of the taxonomic system and the traceability of nomenclatural changes is crucial for a broad range of users and taxonomists. The unambiguous application of names is assured by the preservation of nomenclatural history and the physical organisms representing a name. Fungi are extremely diverse in terms of ecology, lifestyle, and methods of study. Predominantly unicellular fungi known as yeasts are usually investigated as living cultures. Methods to characterize yeasts include physiological (growth) tests and experiments to induce a sexual morph; both methods require viable cultures. Thus, the preservation and availability of viable reference cultures are important, and cultures representing reference material are cited in species descriptions. Historical surveys revealed drawbacks and inconsistencies between past practices and modern requirements as stated in the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICNafp). Improper typification of yeasts is a common problem, resulting in a large number invalid yeast species names. With this opinion letter, we address the problem that culturable microorganisms, notably some fungi and algae, require specific provisions under the ICNafp. We use yeasts as a prominent example of fungi known from cultures. But viable type material is important not only for yeasts, but also for other cultivable Fungi that are characterized by particular morphological structures (a specific type of spores), growth properties, and secondary metabolites. We summarize potential proposals which, in our opinion, will improve the stability of fungal names, in particular by protecting those names for which the reference material can be traced back to the original isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yurkov
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Artur Alves
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Feng-Yan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3-1 Beichen West Road., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Kyria Boundy-Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences & Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Neža Čadež
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ul. 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gianluigi Cardinali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Serge Casaregola
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, CIRM-Levures, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vishnu Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Valérie Collin
- BioMérieux, R&D Microbiologie, Route de Port Michaud, 38390, La Balme les Grottes, France
| | - Jack W Fell
- Emeritus Professor, Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Key Biscayne, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Victoria Girard
- BioMérieux, R&D Microbiologie, Route de Port Michaud, 38390, La Balme les Grottes, France
| | - Marizeth Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wisconsin Energy Institute, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, J. F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726-4084, USA
| | - Aleksey V Kachalkin
- Faculty of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms (VKM), Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms (IBPM RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 5, 142290, Puschino, Russia
| | - Markus Kostrzewa
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vassili Kouvelis
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistemiopolis, 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Diego Libkind
- Centro de Referencia en Levaduras y Tecnología Cervecera (CRELTEC), Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales (IPATEC) CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Xinzhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3-1 Beichen West Road., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Maier
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Darcy Rd, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Gábor Péter
- National Collection of Agricultural and Industrial Microorganisms, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14-16, Budapest, H-1118, Hungary
| | - Marcin Piątek
- Department of Mycology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz ul. 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland
| | - Vincent Robert
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jose Paulo Sampaio
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Largo da Torre, 2825-149, Caparica, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Vida, PYCC - Portuguese Yeast Culture Collection, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Largo da Torre, 2825-149, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Matthias Sipiczki
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4010, Hungary
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2 Chome-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Junta Sugiyama
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan.,TechnoSuruga Laboratory Co., Ltd., 388-1, Nagasaki, Shimuzu, Shizuoka, 424-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masako Takashima
- Laboratory of Yeast Systematics, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Benedetta Turchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences & Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Qi-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3-1 Beichen West Road., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Dong Road, Lian Chi District, Baoding City, Hebei Province, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 904 Science Park, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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He MQ, Zhao RL, Hyde KD, Begerow D, Kemler M, Yurkov A, McKenzie EHC, Raspé O, Kakishima M, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Vellinga EC, Halling R, Papp V, Zmitrovich IV, Buyck B, Ertz D, Wijayawardene NN, Cui BK, Schoutteten N, Liu XZ, Li TH, Yao YJ, Zhu XY, Liu AQ, Li GJ, Zhang MZ, Ling ZL, Cao B, Antonín V, Boekhout T, da Silva BDB, De Crop E, Decock C, Dima B, Dutta AK, Fell JW, Geml J, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Giachini AJ, Gibertoni TB, Gorjón SP, Haelewaters D, He SH, Hodkinson BP, Horak E, Hoshino T, Justo A, Lim YW, Menolli N, Mešić A, Moncalvo JM, Mueller GM, Nagy LG, Nilsson RH, Noordeloos M, Nuytinck J, Orihara T, Ratchadawan C, Rajchenberg M, Silva-Filho AGS, Sulzbacher MA, Tkalčec Z, Valenzuela R, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Wartchow F, Wei TZ, Weiß M, Zhao CL, Kirk PM. Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-019-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
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12
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Wang QM, Begerow D, Groenewald M, Liu XZ, Theelen B, Bai FY, Boekhout T. Multigene phylogeny and taxonomic revision of yeasts and related fungi in the Ustilaginomycotina. Stud Mycol 2015; 81:55-83. [PMID: 26955198 PMCID: PMC4777779 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The subphylum Ustilaginomycotina (Basidiomycota, Fungi) comprises mainly plant pathogenic fungi (smuts). Some of the lineages possess cultivable unicellular stages that are usually classified as yeast or yeast-like species in a largely artificial taxonomic system which is independent from and largely incompatible with that of the smut fungi. Here we performed phylogenetic analyses based on seven genes including three nuclear ribosomal RNA genes and four protein coding genes to address the molecular phylogeny of the ustilaginomycetous yeast species and their filamentous counterparts. Taxonomic revisions were proposed to reflect this phylogeny and to implement the 'One Fungus = One Name' principle. The results confirmed that the yeast-containing classes Malasseziomycetes, Moniliellomycetes and Ustilaginomycetes are monophyletic, whereas Exobasidiomycetes in the current sense remains paraphyletic. Four new genera, namely Dirkmeia gen. nov., Kalmanozyma gen. nov., Golubevia gen. nov. and Robbauera gen. nov. are proposed to accommodate Pseudozyma and Tilletiopsis species that are distinct from the other smut taxa and belong to clades that are separate from those containing type species of the hitherto described genera. Accordingly, new orders Golubeviales ord. nov. with Golubeviaceae fam. nov. and Robbauerales ord. nov. with Robbaueraceae fam. nov. are proposed to accommodate the sisterhood of Golubevia gen. nov. and Robbauera gen. nov. with other orders of Exobasidiomycetes. The majority of the remaining anamorphic yeast species are transferred to corresponding teleomorphic genera based on strongly supported phylogenetic affinities, resulting in the proposal of 28 new combinations. The taxonomic status of a few Pseudozyma species remains to be determined because of their uncertain phylogenetic positions. We propose to use the term pro tempore or pro tem. in abbreviation to indicate the single-species lineages that are temporarily maintained.
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Key Words
- Anthracocystispampara (Speg.) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- Dirkmeia F.Y. Bai, Q.M. Wang, Begerow & Boekhout
- Dirkmeiachurashimaensis (T. Morita, Y. Ogura, M. Takash., N. Hirose, Fukuoka, Imura, Y. Kondo & Kitamoto) F.Y. Bai, Q.M. Wang, Begerow & Boekhout
- F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- F. itapuensis (Landell & Valente) Begerow, Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- F. setubalensis (Fonseca & Inácio) Begerow, Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- F. taiwaniana (P.-H. Wang, Y.-T. Wang & S.-H. Yang) Begerow, Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Farysiaacheniorum (Buhagiar & Barnett) Begerow, Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Fungi
- G. penniseti (Takashima & Nakase) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- Gjaerumiaminor (Nyland) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- Golubevia Q.M. Wang
- Golubeviaceae Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow, & Boekhout
- Golubeviales Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- Golubeviapallescens (Gokhale) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- K. fusiformata (Buhagiar) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- K. vetiver (Chamnanpa & Limtong) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- Kalmanozyma Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- Kalmanozymabrasiliensis (J.V.C. Oliveira, T.A. Borges, R.A.C. Santos, L.F.D. Freitas, C.A. Rosa, G.H. Goldman & D.M. Riaño-Pachón) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- Langdoniajejuensis (Seo, Um, Min, Rhee, Cho, Kim & Lee) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- Microstromaphylloplanum (R.G. Shivas & Rodr. Mir.) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- Mo. aphidis (Henninger & Windisch) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Mo. parantarcticus (Sugita, Takashima, Mekha & Poonwan) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Mo. rugulosus (Traquair, L.A. Shaw & Jarvis) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Moesziomycesantarcticus (Goto, Sugiyama & Iizuka) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Molecular phylogeny
- P. flavum (Tubaki) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- P. fulvescens (Gokhale) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- P. oryzicola (Takashima & Nakase) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Phragmotaeniumderxii (Takashima & Nakase) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Robbauera Boekhout, Begerow, Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Robbaueraalbescens (Gokhale) Boekhout, Begerow, Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Robbaueraceae Boekhout, Begerow, Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Robbauerales Boekhout, Begerow, Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Smuts
- Sporisoriumgraminicola (W. Golubev, Sugita & N. Golubev) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- Taxonomy
- Triodiomycescrassus (Mekha, Takashima & Sugita) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Begerow & Boekhout
- U. shanxiensis (F.Y. Bai & Q.M. Wang) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- U. siamensis (Sugita, Takashima, Poonwan & Mekha) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Ustilagoabaconensis (Statzell, Scorzetti & Fell) Q.M. Wang, Begerow, F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Yeasts
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Affiliation(s)
- Q.-M. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - D. Begerow
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, AG Geobotanik, ND 03/174, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - M. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Yeast Division, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - X.-Z. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - B. Theelen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Yeast Division, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F.-Y. Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Yeast Division, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: F.-Y. Bai; T. Boekhout
| | - T. Boekhout
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Yeast Division, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: F.-Y. Bai; T. Boekhout
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