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Murali S, Händel B. Spontaneous Eye Blinks Map the Probability of Perceptual Reinterpretation During Visual and Auditory Ambiguity. Cogn Sci 2024; 48:e13414. [PMID: 38320109 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneous eye blinks are modulated around perceptual events. Our previous study, using a visual ambiguous stimulus, indicated that blink probability decreases before a reported perceptual switch. In the current study, we tested our hypothesis that an absence of blinks marks a time in which perceptual switches are facilitated in- and outside the visual domain. In three experiments, presenting either a visual motion quartet in light or darkness or a bistable auditory streaming stimulus, we found a co-occurrence of blink rate reduction with increased perceptual switch probability. In the visual domain, perceptual switches induced by a short interruption of visual input (blank) allowed an estimate of the timing of the perceptual event with respect to the motor response. This provided the first evidence that the blink reduction was not a consequence of the perceptual switch. Importantly, by showing that the time between switches and the previous blink was significantly longer than the inter-blink interval, our studies allowed to conclude that perceptual switches did not happen at random but followed a prolonged period of nonblinking. Correspondingly, blink rate and switch rate showed an inverse relationship. Our study supports the idea that the absence or presence of blinks maps perceptual processes independent of the sensory modality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Händel
- Institute of Psychology III, University of Würzburg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg
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2
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Başar-Eroğlu C, Küçük KM, Rürup L, Schmiedt-Fehr C, Mathes B. Oscillatory Activities in Multiple Frequency Bands in Patients with Schizophrenia During Motion Perception. Clin EEG Neurosci 2022:15500594221141825. [PMID: 36437602 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221141825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show impairment in binding stimulus features into coherent objects, which are reflected in disturbed oscillatory activities. This study aimed to identify disturbances in multiple oscillatory bands during perceptual organization of motion perception in patients with schizophrenia. EEG was recorded from healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia during continuous presentation of a motion stimulus which induces reversals between two exogenously generated perceptions. This stimulus was used to investigate differences in motion binding processes between healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia. EEG signals were transformed into frequency components by means of the Morlet wavelet transformation in order to analyse inter-trial coherences (ITC) in the delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), and gamma (28-48 Hz) frequency bands during exogenous motion binding. Patients showed decreased delta-ITC in occipital and theta-ITC in central and parietal areas, while no significant differences were found for neither alpha nor gamma-ITCs. The present study provides one of the first insights on the oscillatory synchronizations related with the motion perception in schizophrenia. The ITC differences revealed alterations in the consistency of large-scale integration and transfer functions in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Başar-Eroğlu
- Department of Psychology, 52973İzmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - K M Küçük
- Department of Psychology, 52973İzmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - L Rürup
- 62546Hospital Bremen-East, Bremen, Germany
| | - C Schmiedt-Fehr
- Institute of Psychology, 9168University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - B Mathes
- Bremen Initiative to Foster Early Childhood Development, 9168University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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3
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Brych M, Murali S, Händel B. The Role of Blinks, Microsaccades and their Retinal Consequences in Bistable Motion Perception. Front Psychol 2021; 12:647256. [PMID: 33897552 PMCID: PMC8061730 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye-related movements such as blinks and microsaccades are modulated during bistable perceptual tasks. However, if they play an active role during internal perceptual switches is not known. We conducted two experiments involving an ambiguous plaid stimulus, wherein participants were asked to continuously report their percept, which could consist of either unidirectional coherent or bidirectional component movement. Our main results show that blinks and microsaccades did not facilitate perceptual switches. On the contrary, a reduction in eye movements preceded the perceptual switch. Blanks, on the other hand, thought to mimic the retinal consequences of a blink, consistently led to a switch. Through the timing of the blank-introduced perceptual change, we were able to estimate the delay between the internal switch and the response. This delay further allowed us to evaluate that the reduction in blink probability co-occurred with the internal perceptual switch. Additionally, our results indicate that distinct internal processes underlie the switch to coherent vs. component percept. Blanks exclusively facilitated a switch to the coherent percept, and only the switch to coherent percept was followed by an increase in blink rate. In a second study, we largely replicated the findings and included a microsaccade analysis. Microsaccades only showed a weak relation with perceptual switches, but their direction was correlated with the perceived motion direction. Nevertheless, our data suggests an interaction between microsaccades and blinks by showing that microsaccades were differently modulated around blinks compared with blanks. This study shows that a reduction in eye movements precedes internal perceptual switches indicating that the rate of blinks can set the stage for a reinterpretation of sensory input. While a perceptual switch based on changed sensory input usually leads to an increase in blink rate, such an increase was only present after the perceptual switch to coherent motion but absent after the switch to component percept. This provides evidence of different underlying mechanism or internal consequence of the two perceptual switches and suggests that blinks can uncover differences in internal percept-related processes that are not evident from the percept itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Brych
- Department of Psychology III, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Supriya Murali
- Department of Psychology III, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Händel
- Department of Psychology III, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Polgári P, Causin JB, Weiner L, Bertschy G, Giersch A. Novel method to measure temporal windows based on eye movements during viewing of the Necker cube. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227506. [PMID: 31940327 PMCID: PMC6961897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bistable stimuli can give rise to two different interpretations between which our perception will alternate. Recent results showed a strong coupling between eye movements and reports of perceptual alternations with motion stimuli, which provides useful tools to objectively assess perceptual alternations. However, motion might entrain eye movements, and here we check with a static picture, the Necker cube, whether eye movements and perceptual reports (manual responses) reveal similar or different alternation rates, and similar or different sensitivity to attention manipulations. Using a cluster analysis, ocular temporal windows were defined based on the dynamics of ocular fixations during viewing of the Necker cube and compared to temporal windows extracted from manual responses. Ocular temporal windows were measured also with a control condition, where the physical stimulus presented to viewers alternated between two non-ambiguous versions of the Necker cube. Attention was manipulated by asking subjects to either report spontaneous alternations, focus on one percept, or switch as fast as possible between percepts. The validity of the ocular temporal windows was confirmed by the correspondence between ocular fixations when the physical stimulus changed and when the bistable Necker cube was presented. Ocular movements defined smaller time windows than time windows extracted from manual responses. The number of manual and ocular windows both increased between the spontaneous condition and the switch condition. However, only manual, and not ocular windows, increased in duration in the focus condition. Manual responses involve decisional mechanisms, and they may be decoupled from automatic oscillations between the two percepts, as suggested by the fact that both the number and duration of ocular windows remained stable between the spontaneous and focus conditions. In all, the recording of eye movements provides an objective measure of time windows, and reveals faster perceptual alternations with the Necker cube and less sensitivity to attention manipulations than manual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Polgári
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Causin
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luisa Weiner
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Bertschy
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Evaluation of local field potential signals in decoding of visual attention. Cogn Neurodyn 2015; 9:509-22. [PMID: 26379801 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-015-9336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of brain research, attention as one of the main issues in cognitive neuroscience is an important mechanism to be studied. The complicated structure of the brain cannot process all the information it receives at any moment. Attention, in fact, is considered as a possible useful mechanism in which brain concentrates on the processing of important information which is required at any certain moment. The main goal of this study is decoding the location of visual attention from local field potential signals recorded from medial temporal (MT) area of a macaque monkey. To this end, feature extraction and feature selection are applied in both the time and the frequency domains. After applying feature extraction methods such as the short time Fourier transform, continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and wavelet energy (scalogram), feature selection methods are evaluated. Feature selection methods used here are T-test, Entropy, receiver operating characteristic, and Bhattacharyya. Subsequently, different classifiers are utilized in order to decode the location of visual attention. At last, the performances of the employed classifiers are compared. The results show that the maximum information about the visual attention in area MT exists in the low frequency features. Interestingly, low frequency features over all the time-axis and all of the frequency features at the initial time interval in the spectrogram domain contain the most valuable information related to the decoding of spatial attention. In the CWT and scalogram domains, this information exists in the low frequency features at the initial time interval. Furthermore, high performances are obtained for these features in both the time and the frequency domains. Among different employed classifiers, the best achieved performance which is about 84.5 % belongs to the K-nearest neighbor classifier combined with the T-test method for feature selection in the time domain. Additionally, the best achieved result (82.9 %) is related to the spectrogram with the least number of selected features as large as 200 features using the T-test method and SVM classifier in the time-frequency domain.
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Basar-Eroglu C, Mathes B, Khalaidovski K, Brand A, Schmiedt-Fehr C. Altered alpha brain oscillations during multistable perception in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 103:118-28. [PMID: 25746892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with impairments in integrating sensory and cognitive functions, leading to severe problems in coherent perception. This impairment might be accelerated during multistable perception. Multistable perception is a phenomenon, where a visual pattern gives rise to at least two different perceptual representations. We addressed this issue by assessing event-related alpha oscillations during continuous viewing of an ambiguous and unambiguous control stimulus. Perceptual reversals were indicated by a manual response, allowing differentiation between phases of reversion and non-reversion (that is perceptual stability) in both tasks. During the ambiguous task, patients and controls showed a comparable number of perceptual reversals. Alpha amplitudes in patients were larger in non-reversion phases, accompanied by a stronger decrease of alpha activity preceding the perceptual reversal. This group difference was pronounced for lower alpha activity and not apparent during the unambiguous task. This indicates that ambiguous perception taps into the specific deficits that patients experience in maintaining coherent perception. Given that top-down influences in generating a meaningful percept seems to be low in patients, they appear more dependent on sensory information. Similar, bottom-up mechanisms might be more important in triggering perceptual reversals in patients than in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Basar-Eroglu
- University of Bremen, Institute of Psychology and Cognition Research, Grazer Str.4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Cognitive Science, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Birgit Mathes
- University of Bremen, Institute of Psychology and Cognition Research, Grazer Str.4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Cognitive Science, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ksenia Khalaidovski
- University of Bremen, Institute of Psychology and Cognition Research, Grazer Str.4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Cognitive Science, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Brand
- University of Bremen, Institute of Psychology and Cognition Research, Grazer Str.4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Cognitive Science, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christina Schmiedt-Fehr
- University of Bremen, Institute of Psychology and Cognition Research, Grazer Str.4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Cognitive Science, Bremen, Germany
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7
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Mathes B, Khalaidovski K, Schmiedt-Fehr C, Basar-Eroglu C. Frontal theta activity is pronounced during illusory perception. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 94:445-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yokota Y, Minami T, Naruse Y, Nakauchi S. Neural processes in pseudo perceptual rivalry: an ERP and time-frequency approach. Neuroscience 2014; 271:35-44. [PMID: 24759770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Necker cube is one of the ambiguous figures that is physically a static image but can be alternately perceived in two different perspectives. A great deal of debate exists regarding ambiguous figures that induce spontaneous switching between rival percepts. To investigate the time course of neural processes underlying such perceptual rivalry, we recorded electroencephalograms associated with participants' perceptions of a Necker cube under ambiguous and unambiguous conditions, using a modified discontinuous-presentation method. Each condition consisted of two stimuli presented consecutively, starting with an unambiguous stimulus in both conditions. The second stimulus was either ambiguous (ambiguous condition) or unambiguous (control condition). We compared endogenous reversal activity of ambiguous stimuli with exogenous reversals. As a result, we found that the right-occipital beta-band activity (16-26 Hz) increased 100-150 ms and 350-450 ms after the onset of the ambiguous stimulus only when the perception of the ambiguous stimulus differed from that of the first stimulus. These results indicate that activity in the right-occipital total beta band reflects endogenous switching between rivaling percepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yokota
- Center for Information and Neural Networks(CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2429, Japan
| | - T Minami
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan.
| | - Y Naruse
- Center for Information and Neural Networks(CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2429, Japan
| | - S Nakauchi
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
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9
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Cardona G, Quevedo N. Blinking and Driving: the Influence of Saccades and Cognitive Workload. Curr Eye Res 2013; 39:239-44. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.841256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Hemmati S, Ahmadlou M, Gharib M, Vameghi R, Sajedi F. Down syndrome's brain dynamics: analysis of fractality in resting state. Cogn Neurodyn 2013; 7:333-40. [PMID: 24427209 PMCID: PMC3713204 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-013-9248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best knowledge of the authors there is no study on nonlinear brain dynamics of down syndrome (DS) patients, whereas brain is a highly complex and nonlinear system. In this study, fractal dimension of EEG, as a key characteristic of brain dynamics, showing irregularity and complexity of brain dynamics, was used for evaluation of the dynamical changes in the DS brain. The results showed higher fractality of the DS brain in almost all regions compared to the normal brain, which indicates less centrality and higher irregular or random functioning of the DS brain regions. Also, laterality analysis of the frontal lobe showed that the normal brain had a right frontal laterality of complexity whereas the DS brain had an inverse pattern (left frontal laterality). Furthermore, the high accuracy of 95.8 % obtained by enhanced probabilistic neural network classifier showed the potential of nonlinear dynamic analysis of the brain for diagnosis of DS patients. Moreover, the results showed that the higher EEG fractality in DS is associated with the higher fractality in the low frequencies (delta and theta), in broad regions of the brain, and the high frequencies (beta and gamma), majorly in the frontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahel Hemmati
- />Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ahmadlou
- />Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />Dynamic Brain Research Group, Tehran, Iran
- />Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Masoud Gharib
- />Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshanak Vameghi
- />Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Sajedi
- />Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />Dynamic Brain Research Group, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Nakatani H, van Leeuwen C. Antecedent occipital alpha band activity predicts the impact of oculomotor events in perceptual switching. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:19. [PMID: 23745106 PMCID: PMC3662892 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor events such as blinks and saccades transiently interrupt the visual input and, even though this mostly goes undetected, these brief interruptions could still influence the percept. In particular, both blinking and saccades facilitate switching in ambiguous figures such as the Necker cube. To investigate the neural state antecedent to these oculomotor events during the perception of an ambiguous figure, we measured the human scalp electroencephalogram (EEG). When blinking led to perceptual switching, antecedent occipital alpha band activity exhibited a transient increase in amplitude. When a saccade led to switching, a series of transient increases and decreases in amplitude was observed in the antecedent occipital alpha band activity. Our results suggest that the state of occipital alpha band activity predicts the impact of oculomotor events on the percept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakatani
- Okanoya Emotional Information Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencyWako-shi, Japan
- Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science InstituteWako-shi, Japan
| | - Cees van Leeuwen
- Laboratory for Perceptual Dynamics, Experimental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychological and Educational SciencesKU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ozaki TJ, Sato N, Kitajo K, Someya Y, Anami K, Mizuhara H, Ogawa S, Yamaguchi Y. Traveling EEG slow oscillation along the dorsal attention network initiates spontaneous perceptual switching. Cogn Neurodyn 2012; 6:185-98. [PMID: 22511914 PMCID: PMC3311835 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-012-9196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An ambiguous figure such as the Necker cube causes spontaneous perceptual switching (SPS). The mechanism of SPS in multistable perception has not yet been determined. Although early psychological studies suggested that SPS may be caused by fatigue or satiation of orientation, the neural mechanism of SPS is still unknown. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown that the dorsal attention network (DAN), which mainly controls voluntary attention, is involved in bistable perception of the Necker cube. To determine whether neural dynamics along the DAN cause SPS, we performed simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and fMRI during an SPS task with the Necker cube, with every SPS reported by pressing a button. This EEG–fMRI integrated analysis showed that (a) 3–4 Hz spectral EEG power modulation at fronto-central, parietal, and centro-parietal electrode sites sequentially appeared from 750 to 350 ms prior to the button press; and (b) activations correlating with the EEG modulation traveled along the DAN from the frontal to the parietal regions. These findings suggest that slow oscillation initiates SPS through global dynamics along the attentional system such as the DAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi J. Ozaki
- Laboratory for Dynamics of Emergent Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Building No. 2, Room 105A, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sato
- Laboratory for Dynamics of Emergent Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama Japan
- Department of Complex Systems, School of Systems Information Science, Future University Hakodate, Hakodate, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Keiichi Kitajo
- Rhythm-based Brain Computation Unit, BSI-Toyota Collaboration Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama Japan
- Laboratory for Cognitive Brain Mapping, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Someya
- Ogawa Laboratories for Brain Function Research, Hamano Life Science Research Foundation, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Global COE Program Center for Advanced Research on Logic and Science, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Anami
- Ogawa Laboratories for Brain Function Research, Hamano Life Science Research Foundation, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Ohmiya Musashino Clinic, Saitama, Saitama Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizuhara
- Laboratory for Dynamics of Emergent Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama Japan
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto Japan
| | - Seiji Ogawa
- Ogawa Laboratories for Brain Function Research, Hamano Life Science Research Foundation, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Kansei Fukushi Research Center, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Yoko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Dynamics of Emergent Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama Japan
- Rhythm-based Brain Computation Unit, BSI-Toyota Collaboration Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama Japan
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