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Hagens ERC, van Berge Henegouwen MI, van Sandick JW, Cuesta MA, van der Peet DL, Heisterkamp J, Nieuwenhuijzen GAP, Rosman C, Scheepers JJG, Sosef MN, van Hillegersberg R, Lagarde SM, Nilsson M, Räsänen J, Nafteux P, Pattyn P, Hölscher AH, Schröder W, Schneider PM, Mariette C, Castoro C, Bonavina L, Rosati R, de Manzoni G, Mattioli S, Garcia JR, Pera M, Griffin M, Wilkerson P, Chaudry MA, Sgromo B, Tucker O, Cheong E, Moorthy K, Walsh TN, Reynolds J, Tachimori Y, Inoue H, Matsubara H, Kosugi SI, Chen H, Law SYK, Pramesh CS, Puntambekar SP, Murthy S, Linden P, Hofstetter WL, Kuppusamy MK, Shen KR, Darling GE, Sabino FD, Grimminger PP, Meijer SL, Bergman JJGHM, Hulshof MCCM, van Laarhoven HWM, Mearadji B, Bennink RJ, Annema JT, Dijkgraaf MGW, Gisbertz SS. Distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal carcinoma [TIGER study]: study protocol of a multinational observational study. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:662. [PMID: 31272485 PMCID: PMC6610993 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important parameter for survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma is lymph node status. The distribution of lymph node metastases depends on tumor characteristics such as tumor location, histology, invasion depth, and on neoadjuvant treatment. The exact distribution is unknown. Neoadjuvant treatment and surgical strategy depends on the distribution pattern of nodal metastases but consensus on the extent of lymphadenectomy has not been reached. The aim of this study is to determine the distribution of lymph node metastases in patients with resectable esophageal or gastro-esophageal junction carcinoma in whom a transthoracic esophagectomy with a 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy is performed. This can be the foundation for a uniform worldwide staging system and establishment of the optimal surgical strategy for esophageal cancer patients. METHODS The TIGER study is an international observational cohort study with 50 participating centers. Patients with a resectable esophageal or gastro-esophageal junction carcinoma in whom a transthoracic esophagectomy with a 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy is performed in participating centers will be included. All lymph node stations will be excised and separately individually analyzed by pathological examination. The aim is to include 5000 patients. The primary endpoint is the distribution of lymph node metastases in esophageal and esophago-gastric junction carcinoma specimens following transthoracic esophagectomy with at least 2-field lymphadenectomy in relation to tumor histology, tumor location, invasion depth, number of lymph nodes and lymph node metastases, pre-operative diagnostics, neo-adjuvant therapy and (disease free) survival. DISCUSSION The TIGER study will provide a roadmap of the location of lymph node metastases in relation to tumor histology, tumor location, invasion depth, number of lymph nodes and lymph node metastases, pre-operative diagnostics, neo-adjuvant therapy and survival. Patient-tailored treatment can be developed based on these results, such as the optimal radiation field and extent of lymphadenectomy based on the primary tumor characteristics. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03222895 , date of registration: July 19th, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza R C Hagens
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark I van Berge Henegouwen
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Miguel A Cuesta
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Donald L van der Peet
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Camiel Rosman
- Radboud universitair medisch centrum, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jari Räsänen
- Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul M Schneider
- Triemli Medical Center and Hirslanden Medical Center, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Luigi Bonavina
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Policlinico San Donato, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Pera
- Hospital Universitario del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Griffin
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, New Castle upon Tyne Hospitals, New Castle, UK
| | | | | | | | - Olga Tucker
- Heart of England Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Edward Cheong
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Haruhiro Inoue
- Showa University, Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Shin-Ichi Kosugi
- Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Minami-Uonuma, Japan
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter P Grimminger
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sybren L Meijer
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacques J G H M Bergman
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten C C M Hulshof
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Banafsche Mearadji
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roel J Bennink
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jouke T Annema
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcel G W Dijkgraaf
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne S Gisbertz
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Department of Gastro-Intestinal Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Betancourt Cuellar SL, Palacio DP, Benveniste MF, Carter BW, Hofstetter WL, Marom EM. Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Esophageal Carcinoma: Applications and Limitations. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2017; 38:571-583. [PMID: 29179897 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma represent approximately 98% of esophageal malignant tumors. During the last 30 years, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased in Western countries (including the USA) where adenocarcinoma currently represents more than 60% of esophageal malignancies, although, worldwide, squamous cell carcinoma continues to be the predominant histologic type. Integrated positron emission tomography or computed tomography with 2-[fluorine18] fluro-2-deoxy-d-glucose is used in many institutions routinely as a tool in the initial staging and then repeated after therapy for the assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapy and detection of recurrent disease in patients with esophageal carcinoma. As with any other imaging modality, 2-[fluorine18] fluro-2-deoxy-d-glucose-positron emission tomography or computed tomography has strengths and limitations that should be understood in order to maximize its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia L Betancourt Cuellar
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Address reprint request to Sonia L. Betancourt Cuellar, MD, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030..
| | - Diana P Palacio
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Arizona, Medical Center, Tucson, AZ
| | - Marcelo F Benveniste
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Brett W Carter
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wayne L Hofstetter
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Edith M Marom
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel, affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Liu J, Wang Z, Shao H, Qu D, Liu J, Yao L. Improving CT detection sensitivity for nodal metastases in oesophageal cancer with combination of smaller size and lymph node axial ratio. Eur Radiol 2017; 28:188-195. [PMID: 28677059 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-4935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the value of CT with inclusion of smaller lymph node (LN) sizes and axial ratio to improve the sensitivity in diagnosis of regional lymph node metastases in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS The contrast-enhanced multidetector row spiral CT (MDCT) multiplanar reconstruction images of 204 patients with OSCC were retrospectively analysed. The long-axis and short-axis diameters of the regional LNs were measured and axial ratios were calculated (short-axis/long-axis diameters). Nodes were considered round if the axial ratio exceeded the optimal LN axial ratio, which was determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS A positive predictive value (PPV) exceeding 50% is needed. This was achieved only with LNs larger than 9 mm in short-axis diameter, but nodes of this size were rare (sensitivity 37.3%, specificity 96.4%, accuracy 85.8%). If those round nodes (axial ratio exceeding 0.66 ) between 7 mm and 9 mm in size were considered metastases as well, it might improve the sensitivity to 67.2% with a PPV of 63.9% (specificity 91.6%, accuracy 87.2%). CONCLUSION Combination of a smaller size and axial ratio for LNs in MDCT as criteria improves the detection sensitivity for LN metastases in OSCC. KEY POINTS • CT is widely used to assess metastatic lymph nodes. • CT has low sensitivity in detecting metastases using conventional criteria. • Diagnostic sensitivity of CT was improved by using lymph node axial ratio. • New diagnostic criteria provide greater diagnostic confidence with PPVs exceeding 50%. • New diagnostic criteria may help clinicians assess patients with oesophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Liu
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Capital Medical University Electric Power Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100027, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Huafei Shao
- Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Dong Qu
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, 100028, China
| | - Libo Yao
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
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Cho JW, Choi SC, Jang JY, Shin SK, Choi KD, Lee JH, Kim SG, Sung JK, Jeon SW, Choi IJ, Kim GH, Jee SR, Lee WS, Jung HY. Lymph Node Metastases in Esophageal Carcinoma: An Endoscopist's View. Clin Endosc 2014; 47:523-9. [PMID: 25505718 PMCID: PMC4260100 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2014.47.6.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important prognostic factors in esophageal carcinoma is lymph node metastasis, and in particular, the number of affected lymph nodes, which influences long-term outcomes. The esophageal lymphatic system is connected longitudinally and transversally; thus, the pattern of lymph node metastases is very complex. Early esophageal cancer frequently exhibits skipped metastasis, and minimal surgery using sentinel node navigation cannot be performed. In Korea, most esophageal cancer cases are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), although the incidence of adenocarcinoma has started to increase recently. Most previous reports have failed to differentiate between SCC and adenocarcinoma, despite the fact that the Union for International Cancer Control (7th edition) and American Joint Committee on Cancer staging systems both consider these separately because they differ in cause, biology, lymph node metastasis, and outcome. Endoscopic tumor resection is an effective and safe treatment for lesions with no associated lymph node metastasis. Esophageal mucosal cancer confined to the lamina propria is an absolute indication for endoscopic resection, and a lesion that has invaded the muscularis mucosae can be cured by local resection if invasion to the lymphatic system has not occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Suck Chei Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jae Young Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kwan Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Don Choi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Haeng Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kyu Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seong Woo Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Il Ju Choi
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Gwang Ha Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Sam Ryong Jee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Wan Sik Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hwoon-Yong Jung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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